Truyen thong bSng ngon ngir
cua cac dan toe thigu so ft nguM if Viet Nam
Nguyen Thi Nhung', Nguyen Thi Phuong Thanh^
' Trufmg Dai hgc Thdi Nguyen.
Email: [email protected]
^ Ddi Truydn hinh Viet Nam.
Email: [email protected]
Nh^n ngdy 24 Ihdng 6 ndm 2019. Chap nhan ddng ngay 4 thang 8 ndm 2019.
Tom tat: O Vigt Nam, van de truyen thong bang ngon ngtr ciia cac dan tgc thieu so (DTTS) it ngudi da dugc dat ra ttr lau va hign nay van dugc coi la cap thiet, bdi sy thong nhat y chi va cung cd sue manh doan ket dan toe, ddng thdi the hien sy binh dang giiia cac dan tdc. Ngdn ngir khdng chi la thanh td ca ban trong van hda ma con la phuong tien de hinh thanh va liru truyen trong ddi sdng van hda tinh than cua mgt dan tgc. Truyen thdng bang ngdn ngit cua cac dan tgc, trong do c6 DTTS it ngudi gop phdn bao tdn va phat triSn sy da dang trong van hda Vigt Nam.
Tir khoa: Dan tgc thieu so it ngudi, ngdn ngir, truyln thdng.
Phan loai nganh: Bao chi hgc
Abstract; In Vietnam, the issue of media/communication using the languages of small-number ethnic minorities has been raised for long, and is still considered urgent, given its capacities in uniiying the will and consolidating the strength of national unity, and, at the same time, expressing the equality among ethnic groups. Language is not only a basic element in culture but also a means of formation and dissemination in the cultural and non-material activities of a nation. Media in the languages of ethnic groups, including small-number ethnic minorities, contributes to the preservation and development of diversity in Vietnamese culture.
Keywords: Small-number ethnic minorities, language, media.
Subject classification: Journalism studies
1. Dat van de tdc La Ha, Pa Then, Chut, Ly cd dan sd td nam nghin ngudi trd len ddn dudi mudi Hien nay, Viet Nam cd 15 DTTS vdi ddn sd nghin; 6 ddn tgc Ld Ld, Mdng, Co Lao, Bd chi dudi mudi nghin ngudi. Trong dd, 4 ddn Y, Cdng, Ngdi cd tu mdt nghin ddn ndm
Nguyin Thi Nhung, Nguyin Thj Phuang Thanh nghin ngudi; va 5 ddn tdc Si La, Pu Peo, Ro
Mdm, Brdu, 0 Du cd dan sd ehi dudi mdt nghin ngudi [7].
Theo Didu 4, Nghi dinh 05/2011/ND-CP thi ddy la nhirng DTTS it ngudi. Cac nhd nghien cdu ngdn ngii DTTS cho rang, ngdn ngii cua cdc ddn tdc nay dang bi mai mdt, thdm chi cd nguy co bien mdt [1, tr.I63].
Tren thuc td, cd ngdn ngd da co ban bien mdt nhu tidng 0 Du. 14 ngdn ngu: cdn Iai (tam ggi Id cac ngdn ngu bi mai mgt) dang rdt cdn dugc giir gin, bao ton, phat trien dd khdng bi bidn mdt ma cdn dap ung dugc nhu cdu giao tiep cua thdi dai. Do vdy, cac ngdn ngii bi mai mdt dang thu hut su quan tdm cua Nha nudc, cua nhieu nha khoa hgc.
Tuy nhien, neu 22/38 ngdn ngd eua cdc dan tgc cd sd ddn tu mudi nghin ngudi trd len da dugc dua vao truyen thdng cap trung uong, tinh, huyen (chu yeu d hai loai hinh tmyen hinh, phat thanh) thi 14 ngdn ngu ndi tren deu chua dugc sd dung trong boat ddng truyen thdng d ba cap nay. Truyen thdng bdng ngdn ngii DTTS cd vai trd rat ldn trong vifc bao tdn ngdn ngd, van hda cac dan tdc, trong viec phat tridn bdn viing vung cac DTTS ndi rieng, phat trien bdn viing ddt nudc ndi chung. Nhung vdn dd truyen thdng bang ngdn ngu cua eae DTTS it ngudi d Viet Nam eung ehua dugc cdng trinh ndo ddt ra va giai quyet. Bai viet nay chi ro su can thiet tmyen thdng bang ngdn ngil cua cac dan tgc thidu sd It ngudi; nguydn nhdn ngdn ngft ciia cac ddn tdc thidu sd it ngudi chua dugc su dung d Viet Nam hidn nay.
2. Sy can thiet truyen thong bang ngon ng& cua cac DTTS it ngudi
Thu nhdt, ngdn ngu cua cac DTTS it ngudi cdn ggi la cdc ngdn ngu bi mai mdt d Viet Nam hien nay la ddi tugng can bao tdn, phat tridn. Khdng chi bdi sd ngudi cua cac
dan tdc nay khdng nhidu, ma cdn bdi sd ngudi su dung dugc cac ngdn ngii nay ngay mdt it di. 6 hdu hdt cac DTTS cd mgt thuc trang la nhidu ngudi thudc thd he tre khdng edn nam viing, thdm chi khdng su dung dugc tieng me dd cua minh do hg it dugc kd thua td ngudi ldn, khdng dugc day trong nhd trudng; hg sdm tach khdi mdi trudng tidng me de dd di hgc, di Iam d mdi trudng mdi. Ddi vdi cdc ngdn ngu bi mai mgt, ben canh hien tugng dd, edn cd hien tugng mai mgt ngdn ngG xdy ra ngay d nhitng the he trung, eao tudi khi hg sdng xen ke vdi eac dan tdc khac cd dan sd Idn hon. Theo kdt qua Dieu tra thye trang kinh te xa hdi 53 DTTS nam 2015, sd ngudi bidt tidng me dd d ddn tdc La Ha chiem 67,3%, d dan tdc Ngai chidm 50,8%, d ddn tgc Co Lao chidm 45,5%, d dan tdc 0 Du chidm 27,7%. Dan tdc 0 Du sd dl hdu nhu da mat tieng ndi eiia minh ehinh bdi hg sdng xen Ian vdi ngudi Thdi, ngudi Kho Mu d xa Hiru Khudng va xa Ydn Hda (Tuong Duong, Nghe An).
Hidn tugng nay khdng chi khi hdi hgp hay tham gia cdc hoat ddng giao tiep d ITnh vuc hanh chinh, md ngay ca khi giao tiep trong cdng ddng, trong gia dinh, hg ciing diing ngdn ngft cua dan tdc cd sd dan ldn hon la ngudi Thdi, ngudi Kho Mu. Dung ldu thanh quen, hg da ddn qudn di tieng me de. Ngudi Bd Y ciing sdng xen cai vdi eac ddn tdc Tay, Nimg, Mdng, Dao, Hoa, Thai tai mdt sd huyen midn niii cua Ldo Cai, Ha Giang.
Hidn nay, trong giao tidp hang ngay, eo tinh trang mdt phan ldn ngudi Bd Y da quen tidng me de cua minh ma dimg ngdn ngii cua cac ddn tgc Iang gidng. Ngudi Bd Y tai Lao Cai dung tilng Quan Hda, Ngudi Bd Y tai Ha Giang dung tidng Giay, tidng Tay.
Ngudi La Ha thi sdng xen cai vdi ngudi Khang, ngudi Thai d midn huu ngan sdng Hdng va midn luu vuc sdng Da (thudc Lao Cai, Ydn Bai, Son La). Hg dung tidng Thai
97
Khoa hoc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 9 - 2019 rdt phd bidn, tho ca ddn gian deu the Men bang tieng Thai.
Ben eanh do, pham vi sd dung ngdn ngii me de cung het sue ban hep, ehu ydu chi cdn trong giao tiep gia dinh. Pham vi gia dinh cung cd thd khdng dam bdo gift viing khi moi ngudi bi aiih hudng ngay mdt ldn bdi thdi quen dung ngdn ngu khdc tu giao tidp xa hgi. Pham vi hep keo theo tdn sd sd dung tieng me dd thdp bdi ngudi DTTS eung theo xu thd chung ciia thdi dai, md rdng cac quan he xa hdi. Nhiing dieu nay da ddn tdi hien tugng quen tieng me de d mdt bd phdn ngudi trung, cao tudi; han chd phat tridn tidng me de d nhitng ngudi tre tudi;
khidn muc do mai mdt cua cac ngdn ngu nay ngdy cang cao.
Thie hai, truydn thdng bang ngdn ngu bi mai mdt cdn la phuang tien khdng the thidu giup mgi chu nhdn cua cac ngdn ngii nay thye hien quyen tiep can thdng tin cua minh. Dd la quydn cua cdng ddn dugc de cap trong Ludt Tidp can thdng tin sd lb4/2016/QHI3 dugc Qude hgi Viet Nam thdng qua ngay 09 thang 4 nam 2016 tai ky hgp thu 11, ehinh thuc cd hieu luc tu ngdy 1 thdng 7 nam 2018. Ludt nay cd y nghia quan trgng trong viee cy thd hoa quyen con ngudi trong Hidn phap nam 2013, do la
"quydn dugc biet" cua ddn, la ddu mdc quan trgng trong vide thuc hien ede cam kdt qudc td ma Viet Nam tham gia. Ludt xac djnh ro nguyen tac bdo ddm quyen tidp can thdng tin. Trong do cd nguyen tac: Mgi cdng dan deu binh dang, khdng bi phdn biet ddi xu trong viec thuc hidn quyen tiep can thdng tin; Nha nudc tao dieu kien thudn lgi dd ngudi khuyet tat, ngudi sinh sdng d khu vue bien gidi, hdi dao, mien nui, vung ed dieu kien kinh td - xa hdi ddc biet khd khan tbyc hien quyln tiep can thdng tin [4]. Luat quy dinh trach nhiem cua cdc co quan nha nudc tu CO quan hanh phap, tu phap den co
ddn; ddng thdi quy djnh rd trach nhidm, nghia vu cua co quan Nhd nudc trong viee bao dam quydn tidp can thdng tin cua cdng ddn. Phuong tidn cung cdp thdng tin phd biln, tien lgi ban ca hidn nay chinh la truydn thdng dai chung, dae bidt la phdt thanh, truyen hinh.
Vdn dd ddt ra la, cd phdi hien nay, mgi ngudi ddn Viet Nam diu da dugc thue hien quydn tilp can thdng tin? Qua quan sat so bd cua chung tdi, trong sd cac DTTS d Vidt Nam, nhdm cdc DTTS it ngudi nay dang cdn dang kd nhung ngudi chua bidt tidng Viet cung cac ngdn ngft cd su dung vao truyen thdng dai chiing. Bdi cac DTTS it ngudi hdu het deu sinh sdng d eac dia bdn nui cao, xa xdi, heo Idnh. Ndu hg cu tni ddc lap thanh khu vuc ridng thi kha nang nam dugc ngdn ngft thu hai, thu ba la khdng cao. Chdng han, ngudi Cdng eu tni ggn trong 5 bdn thudc cac xa cua huyen Mudng Te (Lai Chdu). Ngudi Brdu sdng tap trung tai lang Dak Me, xa Bd Y, huydn Nggc Hdi, tinh Kon Tum. Ngudi Ro Mam cu tni tdp trung tai ldng Le, xa Md Rai, huyen Sa Thdy, Kon Tum. Nhiing ngudi cd tudi, it rdi khdi lang thudng khdng biet chft Qudc Ugu, va cd the khdng thao tidng Viet ciing nhu cac ngdn ngft khac. Theo ket qud Didu tra thye trang kinh td xa hdi 53 DTTS ngay 01/8/2015, cd ddn 6 DTTS it ngudi co tf Id ngudi (15 tudi trd ldn) khdng biet dge, biet viet tieng Viet chidm td 40% trd ldn. Trong do, ddn tdc La Ha la 42,5%), ddn tgc Ld Ld la 45,5%, dan tdc Co Lao la 50,2%, dan tdc Brdu la 51,8%, ddn tdc Mdng la 56,2% va dan tdc Ly la 57,2%). Tuy nhidn, ty le ngudi nghe, ndi dugc tidng Viet thi cao hon. Nhu vdy, nhin chung, nliidu ngudi DTTS it ngudi khdng the thuc hidn tdt quyln tidp cdn thdng tin cua minh ndu nhu khdng cd cac hoat dgng truyen tiidng su dung tilng
Nguyin Thi Nhung, Nguydn Thj Phuang Thanh Thie ba, truyln thdng bang ngdn ngii bi
mai mOt gdp phdn ndng cao hidu qua, hieu lyc cua boat dgng tilp can thdng tin. Vide tidng me de dugc dung trdn cac phuang ti?n truyln thdng chinh thdng chac chdn se khiln ngudi ddn cac DTTS it ngudi cd them nidm ty tdn ddn tgc, tu hao ve van hoa ddn tdc minh, tu do hao hdng va thich thii theo ddi dl ndm duge tdt han cac ndi dung truyen thdng. Dieu nay ddng thdi cd tac dgng tdng cudng hieu lue truyen thdng, thu hiit dugc lugng ngudi quan tdm ddn truyen thdng dai chiing nhidu hon.
Thti tu, truydn thdng bdng cac ngdn ngu bi mai mgt Id phuong tidn hiiu hidu de nang cao chdt lugng cudc sdng cua DTTS it ngudi. Cac DTTS it ngudi cdn nhieu tap tue lge hdu, hidu bidt mgi mat con han chd, nhieu hd van sdng trong dieu kien khd khan, kinh te thdp kem. Chdng ban, ddng bao dan tdc Cdng cd cudc sdng nhin chung con ngheo khd, nhung cii mdi dam cudi, dan ban cd thd an udng, vui choi sudt trong 3 ngdy 2 ddm. Mdi ngudi chdt di, cd thd ha ca mgt eay to, khoet rdng, de lam quan tai.
Su lang phi khidn cudc sdng cua ba con da ngheo khd cang them khdn khd, cay Idn bi tri?t ha nhidu, rimg gia ddn bi xda sd.
Nhieu tap tuc van cdn dnh hudng khdng tdt den kinh td, mdi trudng, siic khde, den su tu do trong hdn nhan hay tu do trong phat tridn cudc sdng cua cdng ddng cdc DTTS it ngudi. Chdng han, Ngudi Lu, khi trdng Ida thudng cay ehay, khdng Iam ed, bd phdn. Ngudi Lo Ld ed thd dp dat chuygn hdn nhan (an dinh ngudi vg, ngudi chdng tuong lai) cho mgt dda trd vda sinh ra; cam phy nft dn thit Ign, thit gd. Ngudi Co Lao cd tuc cho ngudi de khd udng nudc rda tay cua ngudi gia hoac nudc rda con thoi. Ngudi Si La cd tuc: cha me cdn sdng, con trai du da cd vg con ciing khdng dugc ra d ridng.
Ngudi Pa Then, ngudi Lu, va nhidu DTTS it ngudi khdc cdn tin van vat deu cd linh
hdn, moi khi cd dieu vui buon thudng Ii giai theo tin nguorig, khdng theo khoa hgc, td chdc Cling ll tdn kem. Nhftng tap tuc, each sdng, ldi nghl nay can dugc thay ddi dd chdt lugng cugc sdng cua bd con dugc eai thidn.
Ben canh do, cac DTTS it ngudi cung cd nhieu net dep trong van hoa. Dd la hdu hit cac dan tgc ddu cd hdn lihdn mdt vg mgt chdng ben viing, it cd hien tugng li di, da the. Ngudi Cdng cd mdi quan he ldng gilng gan bd, cd tinh than tuong trg ldn nhau rdt cao. Ngudi Chut cd ddi sdng tinh thdn phong phii the hidn qua he thdng nhac cu phong phii, ddn ca va truyen ke hdp ddn.
Ngudi Ld Ld co trang phuc nu ddc dao, cdng phu, dep nhu nhiing tac phdm nghe thuat. Nhiing net dep nay can dugc khdng dinh, tdn vinh vd phat huy.
3. Nguyen nhan ngdn nga cua cac DTTS it ngirdi chira dirtfc sw dung vao truyen thdng d Vi^t Nam
3.1. Khd khdn vi kinhphivd nhdn luc Viet Nam dang trong giai doan phat tridn, kinh phi eho truyln thdng ndi chung, cho truyln thdng bang ngdn ngft DTTS ndi rieng ciia qudc gia va cua cac tinh cdn ban hep. Cdc ddi phat thanh truyln hinh (PT- TH) dang budc vdo giai doan ty chii ve tdi chinh. Lam phat thanh, truydn hinh bdng tilng Vigt thi cd thi cai thidn thu nhap bdng quang cao, thuang mai truyen thdng. Lam phdt thanh, truyln hinh tidng ddn tde, khdng cd dilu kidn cdi thien nhu vdy. Thuc te d hdu hit cac dai PT-TH hien nay la thu nhdp cua phdng Tilng ddn tdc ddu rdt ban hep, dieu ki?n lam viec cua anh chi em thuc su khd khdn. Vi vay, tir Trung uong den cac tinh, cac cdp lanh d^o diu phai dat van de lya chgn mdt sd ngdn ngu nhdt dinh cho truydn tiidng bdng ngdn ngii DTTS, chua 99
Khoa hgc xa hdi Viet Nam, sd 9 - 2019 thd dua tdt ca ngdn ngft DTTS vao truyen thdng, vide md rdng them cac ngdn ngu mdi la rat chdm.
Vi kinh phi it, nhdn lyc cung bi cat giam.
Vdi cac ngdn ngu DTTS da dugc duy tri lam phat thanh truyen hinh td ldu, nhdn luc cilng dang bi biln ddng theo hudng di xudng, keo theo tinh trang lam viec cang thang d hau het cac dai PT-TH tinh. Theo quan sat cua chiing tdi, nhidu ngudi lam phdt thanh, truydn binh tieng ddn tgc dang d chd do hgp ddng da bj ehuyen sang thanh cdng tac vien. Hem nda, viec lua chgn nhan luc ngudi DTTS cho truydn thdng ciing khdng hd de dang. Bdi ngudi lam truyen thdng, cy thd la ngudi lam phat thanh, truyen hinh bang ngdn ngft dan tdc thidu sd deu phai dap dng duge nhidu yeu cdu: (1) Phai thao ngdn ngu DTTS; (2) Cd gigng hay; (3) Cd khidu ndi; (4) Cd nghidp vy bao chi; va (5) ndu lam truyen hinh thi cdn cdn tieu chudn ngoai hinh dep. Ydu edu thd hai, thu ba, thd nam la khdng de dat dugc, bdi nd nghidng ve thidn bam. Ydu cau thu nhdt vd thd tu lai dudng nhu ddi lap nhau. Bdi nhiing ngudi da xa mdi trudng tilng me de dd di hgc vdn hda, hgc chuyen nghiep cho ddn tinh thdng nghidp vy bdo ehi thi thudng da bi mai mdt vdn ngdn ngii me de. Nguge lai, ngudi cd vdn ngdn ngft me de phong phu lai thudng la ngudi chua ddt khdi mdi trudng ddn tdc minh, thudmg chua dugc di dao tao chuyen sau ve nghidp vu bdo ehi.
Day la khd khdn chung vdi viec chgn nhan lye cho truyen thdng bang ngdn ngft DTTS.
Hien nay cd bd phdn lam chuang trinh Tieng dan tdc ma khdng cd mdt ngudi DTTS nao nhu d Dai PT-TH Thua Thidn- Hud, hay chi cd mgt ngudi DTTS eho mdi ngdn ngft nhu Dai PT-TH Quang Tri, Dai PT-TH Ninh Thuan, Dai PT-TH Cao Bdng... Vdi cac DTTS it ngudi, viec lya chgn nhdn lyc lai cang khd khdn gap bdi.
Bdi cae dan tdc nay it ngudi, lai thudng
chua phat tridn, rdt khd tim ngudi da duge dao tao nghidp vy bao chi. Viec chgn ngudi cd nhan sdc, cd nang khieu trong rndt tap the nhd hdn khd hon trong mdt tap the ldn.
3.2. Rdo cdn tieu chi lua chpn ngon ngu truyen thdng
Thie nhdt, nudc ta cdn ngheo, kinh phi cho truydn thdng edn it, nen tieu chi ddu tien dugc dua vao lua chgn ngdn ngft truydn thdng chinh Id tilt kiem. Cung mdt boat dgng truydn thdng, ma sd ngudi cd thd tidp can dugc edng ddng, cd the phu sdng cang rdng thi hdn Id cang tdt. Ndn thudng thi ngdn ngft cua ddn tgc ldn, cu tni trdn dia ban rdng; ngdn ngu cua nhung dan tdc cd uy tin, cd dnh hudng ldn tdi cdng ddng, dugc coi la ngdn ngft phd thdng vung d cdc pham vi khac nhau (nhu tidng Gia Rai, tieng Khmer, tidng Cham, tidng Thai, tidng Tay,...) dugc uu tidn lua chgn vao truyen thdng. Cac ngdn ngft bi mai mgt duong nhien khdng dap dng tieu chi nay.
Thie hai, xep sau tidu chi tidt kiem la tidu chi tidn lgi. Vay ndn, cdc ngdn ngu cd vdn td vung phong phu, cd chft vidt duge Bg Giao dye va Dao tao cdng nhdn, cd td dien, sach day chft; ngdn ngu cua ddn tdc cd be day ve van hda se dugc uu tien lua chgn.
Bd day vdn hda se la mdt thudn lgi cho viec tim 6e tai cho cac tin bai. Vdn tu vung phong phu, cung bd chft vidt se tao thudn lgi cho khdu viet bdi, dieh thuat, luu gift.
Nhd ed chft viet, cac phdng vidn cd thi vilt bai bang chu DTTS, van phong se mim mai, chudn muc hon van phong cua cac ban djeh tu tidng Viet. Cung nhd cd chft vilt, cac bien djch vien ed the dich trudc, ghi lai bdng van bdn dd cd thdi gian lua chgn tu ngii, trau chudt cdch didn dat. Cac ngdn ngft bi mai mdt la ngdn ngu ciia cae dan tgc nhd, chua eo chft vidt, kho dap ung dugc tieu chi nay.
Nguyin Thi Nhung, Nguyin Thj Phuang Thanh Thie ba, tidu chi hidu qua. Theo dd, cac
dan tgc eang cdn dugc tuyen truyln, giao due ve chinh tri, kinh te, van hda, qudc phdng, anh ninh, cdn dugc cd kdt edng ddng thi ngdn ngft cua hg cang duge uu tien su dung. Trong tbyc te, vide ap dyng tidu chi nay mdi chd ydu hudng tdi cae DTTS can tuyen truyen ve ehinh tri, qudc phdng, an ninh, edn tang cudng sy gdn kit cua edng ddng ddn toe do vdi dai gia dinh cdc dan tdc Viet Nam. Dieu nay ddng nghia viee van dung tieu chi mdi nghieng vl dap ling nhu cdu chung cua qude gia. Tuy nhien, hidu qud cua truydn thdng cdn phai den td hai phia, ben canh hieu qud nhin td lgi ich qude gia, cdn edn chu y tdi hidu qua ddi vdi ban thdn DTTS dugc tilp can truydn thdng. Ndu xuit phat tu ban thdn cdc DTTS nay thi muc tieu ciing rdt quan trgng cdn quan tdm la tuyen truyen gido due vl van hda, khoa hgc, cdch lam kinh td (ben canh muc tieu vd chinh tri, an ninh). Cdc dan tdc cd sd dan cang nhd (thudng ciing la nhflng ddn tdc cdn ngheo ndn, lac hdu) cdng can dugc tuyen truyen giao dye vl cdc ITnh vuc dd.
Thti tu, cac tidu ehi lua chgn ngdn ngft truydn thdng dua tren didu kidn kinh phi cd mat manh co ban cua chiing. Bdi viec lua chgn ngdn ngft truydn thong theo eae tieu chi nay da giup cho truyen thdng bang ngdn ngu DTTS tdn tai dugc trong dilu kidn kinh phi ngat ngheo. Ben eanh do, nd cdn It nhieu ddp ung trong viec nang cao hidu qua, hi?u luc truyen thdng va nang cao chdt lugng cugc sdng.
Tuy nhien, vide lua chgn ngdn ngft truyen thdng theo cac tidu chi tren cdng khidn cho hai muc tieu quan trgng hang ddu cua truydn thdng bang ngdn ngii DTTS la muc tidu bao tdn, phat triln ngdn ngu, vdn hda vd thuc hidn quydn tidp can thdng tin lai chua dugc dap dng tdt. Ddnh rang, tdt ca eac ngdn ngft DTTS ddu cdn dugc bdo tdn
d mgt muc nao do nen viec truyln thdng bdng ngdn ngft DTTS nao ciing diu gdp phdn thuc hidn muc tieu bao tdn, phdt triln ngdn ngu, van hda. Nhung theo cac tieu chi lua chgn h^n, hon mdt nua ngdn ngir DTTS, bg p h p cd mdc do mai mdt cao hon, nhu cdu bdo tdn, phdt tridn bue thilt ban, cd nhidu ngudi khdng bidt tilng Viet lai chinh la bg phdn eac ngdn ngu chua dugc dua vao hoat dgng truyen thdng.
Nhiing phan tieh trdn eho thdy cac tidu chi lua chgn ngdn ngft cho truydn thdng bang ngdn ngu DTTS hidn hanh cd thi van dung trong mgt giai doan nhdt dinh, nhung khdng the mai keo dai. Bdi nlu cd keo dai viec su dung cac tieu ehi nay thi kit qua lua chgn ngdn ngft truyen thdng se lam cho nhflng muc tieu co bdn cua boat ddng truyln thdng bdng ngdn ngft DTTS d Viet Nam ehua thd thuc hien dugc.
Khi didu kidn kinh td ciia ddt nudc di len, kinh phi danh cho truydn thdng DTTS dugc cai thien, cdn uu tien hang dau eho vide truyen thdng bang ngdn ngft bi mai mgt. Va ngay tu bdy gid, ndn chudn bj timg bude, de dua cac ngdn ngft bi mai mgt vao hoat dgng truyen thdng.
4. Ket luan
Hoat ddng truydn thdng bang ngdn ngu ciia cdc ddn tdc thidu sd it ngudi ed vai trd ddc bidt vdi vide bao tdn, phdt tridn ngdn ngft, gift gin ban sac van hda ciia dan tgc, gdp phdn bao vd ve dep da sac cua vdn hda Viet Nam. Ddng thdi, hoat ddng nay cung giiip ddng bao cac DTTS cd lugng ngudi it nhat Vidt Nam, cd dilu kien tidp can thdng tin dk md mang nhdn thuc, thay ddi hdnh vi theo hudng tich cue; gdp phdn phdt trien kinh tl, van hda xa hdi d vung mien mii, bidn gidi, tao tidn dd quan trgng cho cdng tac an ninh, qudc phdng cua ddt nudc; gop 101
Khoa hoc xa hgi Viet Nam, so 9 - 2019 phan thye hidn Ludt Tiep can thdng tin va nhung chu truong cua Dang, chinh sach cua Nha nudc ve phat triln bin vitng viing DTTS d Viet Nam. Tuy nhidn, dd truyen thdng bdng ngdn ngft cua cac dan tgc thieu sd It ngudi d Viet Nam thanh edng, ehiing tdi cho rdng:
Mpt Id, Bd Thdng tin va Truyen thdng can true tiep chi dao thuc hien boat ddng truydn thdng bdng ngdn ngu bi mai mdt, bdi day la mdt boat ddng tuong ddi phuc tap, tdn kem, can mdt sy didu hanh ehung.
Hai Id, dd chudn bi cho hoat ddng nay, Bd Thdng tin va Truyen thdng cdn chi dao viec tuydn chgn ngudi thudc cac DTTS it ngudi da tdt nghiep phd thdng, nam viing tidng me de, cd nang khidu bdo chi, uu tien ngudi CO ngoai hinh dep de dao tao vd nghiep vu bao ehi. Ndn uu tidn viee chudn bi cho nhiing ngdn ngft cd muc do mai mdt cao va cd nhieu ngudi ddn cdn thuc hien quydn tidp cdn thdng tin nhu tidng La Ha, Ngai, Cd Lao, Ld Ld, Brdu, Mang, Ly.
Ben canh do, cdn phdi hgp vdi Vidn Ngdn ngft hgc, Bd giao dye va Dao tao cd kl hoach timg bude xay dyng bg chft viet v^ day tieng cho the hd tre o^a cac dan tdc cd ngdn ngft bi mai mdt.
Ba Id, tung budc dua cac ngdn ngu bi mai mdt da dugc chuan bi vao truyen thdng.
Cac ngdn ngu da dao tao dugc ddi ngu lam truydn thdng, dugc nhieu ngudi sd dung va dua vao truyen thdng trude.
Bdn let, cdc DTTS It ngudi ddu ed sd ddn nhd, nen cdp truydn thdng khdng gdy tdn kem, phu hgp vdi cdc dan tdc nay la truyen thdng cdp huydn, xa. Neu dan tdc khdng qua it ngudi (nhu La Ha, Pa Then, Chut, Ly, Mang, Ld Ld, Co Lao, Bd Y, Cdng) thi thye hidn truyen thdng cap huyen d mdt hoac mdt sd huyen ma hg sinh sdng. Vdi cac ngdn ngft qua it ngudi (nhu Ngai, Si La, Pu Peo, Ro Mam, Brdu) thi cd the thye hien
truyln thdng cdp xa. Du d cdp nao thi Nha nude eiing cdn quan tam, chi dao va tai trg ve kinh phi.
Ndm Id, budc ddu, vdi dilu kien kinh phi ban che, cd thd chi chgn loai hinh truyen thdng it tdn kem la phat thanh va truyen thdng true tidp. Khi cd dilu kien hon, ed the them cac loai hinh khac. Nen dua cac chuang trinh Tilng ddn tdc len trang web dd luu gift, tao ddn mdt dang kho bao tdn ngdn ngft, va ciing dl ngudi ddn tiep can dugc thudn Igi.
Sdu Id, cac chuong trinh phdt thanh bdng nhung ngdn ngu bi mai mdt ndn bat ddu vdi thdi lugng nhd (15 phut), sau tang dan Ien khi cd dilu kien. Tdn sudt ciing ed the bdt ddu d mue do thdp (I chuang trinh/ tudn), sau cd thd tang dan.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Trdn Tri DOi (2016), Ngdn ngit cdc ddn tgc thiiu sd d Viet Nam, Nxb Dai hgc Quic gia Hd Ngi, HdNgi.
[2] Nguyin Vdn Diing (2012), Ca sd ly lugn bdo chi, Nxb Lao dgng, Hd Ngi.
[3] Nguyen H&u Hodnh (Chu bien) (2012), Ngdn ngic, chic viet cdc ddn tgc thieu sd a Vi4t Nam (Nhung vdn di chung), Nxb Tu dien Bdch khoa. Ha Ngi.
[4] Quoc hgi nu6c cgng h6a xd hgi chu nghia Viet Nam (2016), Luat tiep csin thong tin s6
104/2016QH13, ngdy 9 thdng 4, HdN6i.
[5] Vi^n Dan tgc hgc (2014), Cdc ddn tdc it ngudi a Vi4t Nam (cdc tinh phia Bdc), Nxb Khoa hgc xa hpi. Ha Ngi.
[6] Vien Dan tgc hgc (2014), Cdc ddn tdc it ngudi a Vi4t Nam (cdc tinh phia Nam), Nxb Khoa hgc xahgi, HdNgi.
[7] http://www.cema.gov.vn/cong-bo-ket-qua-dieu- tra-thuc-trang-tinh-hinh-kinh-te-xa-hoi-cua-53- dan-toc-thieu-so-nara-2015.htm
