Tgp chi Dan tpc hpc s62 - 2020
KHAI NIEM VA NOI HAM VE "VUNG DAN TOC THifeU SO",
"VUNG DAN TOC THlfeU SO VA M I E N NUI"
P G S . T S . Vutrag Xuan Tinh TS. N g u y i n Thi T h a n h Binh Vien D a n toe hoc
Tom tat: Phdt triin khdi niim trong Nghi dinh sd 5/201I/NB-CP cua Chinh phii ve cdng tdc ddn tdc, cdc tdc gid cho rdng: Viing ddn tdc thieu sd Id dia bdn cd ddng cdc ddn tpc thiiu sd ciing sinh sdng dn dinh thdnh cpng ddng tren lanh thd nu&c Cdng hda xd hdi chu nghia Viet Nam, dugc chia thdnh 6 vung chit yeu' Viing Bdng Bdc, Vung Tdy Bdc, Vung Ven bien Nam Trung Bd. Viing Ddng Nam Bp. Viing Tdy Nam Bp. vd Vung Tru&ng Scm - Tdy Nguyen. Tgi cdc dia phuang khac cd ddn tdc thiiu sd cu tru, niu dam bdo tieu chi ve ddn sd cua diim 1, muc III cua "Bi dn tdng the phdt triin kinh ti-xahpi vung ddng bdo ddn tpc thiiu sd vd miin nui giai dogn 2021 - 2030" cung thupc viing ddn tpc thiiu sd. Theo cdc tdc gid, chi nen diing khdi niem "viing ddn tpc thieu sd", cdn khdi niem "mien nui" nin su dung la mpt trong nhihig tieu chi cho viic xdc dinh khu vuc dgc biet khd khdn ciia viing ndy.
Tii- khda. Khdi niim, viing ddn tdc thiiu sd, vung ddn tpc thieu sd vd miin nui, 6 viing chil yeu, tiiu chi.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 29/2/2019; ngdy gin phdn bien: 5/3/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 16/4/2020
Ngay 18 thang 11 nam 2019, Quoc hpi nuoc Cong hoa xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam da ban hanh Nghi quyit so 88/2019/QH14 phe duyet Be dn tdng thi phdt triin kinh ti - xd hpi viing ddng bdo ddn tdc thiiu sd vd miin nui giai dogn 2021 - 2030 ; va ngay 15 thang 2 nam 2020, Chinh phu da ra Nghi quyit 12/NQ-CP 2020 nhfim thuc hien D I an noi tren. De gop ph§n triln khai cac Nghi quyit cua Q u i c hpi va Chinh phii, bai vilt nay se thao luan va d l xukt khai niem, npi ham v l "Vung dan tpc thieu so", "Vung dan tpc thieu so va mien nui". Viec thao luan va d l xu4t cac khai niein, npi ham da neu duac tiep can tu goc dp dan tpc hpc va tiep can lien nganh.
1. Doi net ve cac tpc ngnoi ff Viet Nam
Nhu nhilu nuac a khu vuc Dong Nam A, hay rpng hon la chau A va nhu'ng nai khac tren t h i giai, Viet Nam la quic gia da tpc nguai - co tai 54 dan tpc (tpc nguoi), trong do ' Nguyen ban ciia De an trinh Qu6c hoi co tieu d l : DS dn tong the phdt then kinh te - xa hoi viing dong bdo ddn toe thieu so vd mien nui, vung co dieu kien dac biet kho khdn giai doan 2021 - 2030.
VirangXuan Tmh - Nguyen Tin Thanh Bmh_
dan toe Kinh (Viet) chi6m hem 85% dan s6, con lai la cac dan toe thilu s6 (DTTS) Tuy voi s6 dan chi hon 14%, song cae DTTS a Viet Nam lai co vai tro rit quan trong iTong cong cuoc bao ve, xay dtmg va phat hiln ik nuoc. Boi vay, Dang Cong san va I^a niroe Viet Nam luon quan tam din vin dl dan toe, ma thue ehjt la vl moi quan he ciia dan ipe da so voi DTTS, vl ehinh saeh phat triln dii voi eac DTTS dl thitc hien binh djng, dam bao su nghiep dai doan kit dan toe.
Cae dan tge o Viet Nam, nlu xet theo tieu chi ngon ngu, thuoc 3 ngii he (Nam A, Ma Lai- Da Dao va Han-Tang), voi 7 nhom ngon ngii (Viet-Muong, Tay-Thdi Kadai, Mon-Khome, Hmong-Dao, Han, Tang-Miln, Ma Lai-Da Dao). Theo kit qua T6ng dilu tra dan sfl va nha a nam 2019, 53 DTTS cr Viet Nam co 11.118.232 nguoi; va eo 15 dan tpc duoi 10.000 nguoi, trong do CO 5 dan toe ehi co dual 1.000 nguoi, do la Si La, Pu Peo, Ro-mam, Brau, 0-du (Be dn tong the phdt trien kinh te - xd hoi viing dong hdo ddn toe thieu so vd mien nui giai dogn 2021 - 2030, tr.7). Trong 53 DTTS, cac dan toe Hoa, Cham va Kha-me co truyin thflng sinh sflng a vung dong bang, eon lai diu o miln nui.
Tir khi tien hanh cflng cupc Dfli mai (1986), viec phan bfl ctia cae DTTS a Viet Nam da eo nhiing doi thay. Nhieu dan tpc tnroc day phan bfl chu yeu o mien niii phia Bac dii di cu vao Tay Nguyen, nhu Hmong, Tay, Nung, Muong, Thai, Dao. Nhilu DTTS co nguofi di cu ve thanh pho, ma dong nhat la o Ha Npi, TP. Hfl Chi Minh dl kilm vice lam. Trong sfl ho, CO nguoi di cu theo mua vu, eo nguai dinh cu o moi truang mai. Tinh trang neu tren dien ra khflng chi o cac dan tflc song tai vung dflng bang, thung liing nhu Kha-me, Cham, Tay, Nimg, Muong, Thai, ma vo^i ca nhirng dan tflc song a viing cao nhu Kha-mu, Hmflng (Virong Xuan Tinh - Tran Hflng Hanh dflng ehii bien, 2012, tr. 104-105; Ngfl Thi Phutmg Lan chii bien, 2019, tr. 254-275).
Vflfi dae diem phan bfl va qua trinh tpc nguoi nhir tren, o Viet Nam, viee eu tru dan xen dien ra tir lau dai, nen khong co su phiin chia thanh lanh thfl tpc nguoi. Viec xen eu giOa eac dan tpc dac biet phat trien trong nhimg thap ky gSn day, duoi tac dpng ciia cae yeu tfl nhu di chuyen eu, giao liru tiep xiie van hoa, hon nhan hon hpp dan tpc, kinh tl thi tru'ong. Den nay, khflng eon xa nao o viing DTTS va mien niii chi co mpt dan toe smh sflng (Khflng Diln, 1995).
2. T6ng quan vi vSn dl "viing dan tpc thiiu $6", "vung dan tgc thiiu s6 va miin niii"
Viee phan dinh viing theo toe nguoi hay nhom dan cu gSn voi cae ehinh saeh phat triln va quflc phong, an ninh thuotig thSy o nhilu quflc gia. Song, ttiy theo bli canh lich sir, chinh trj, kinh te - xa hpi ma cac quflc gia eo each phan vung khae nhau.
Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc so 2 - 2020
2.1. Cdch phdn vung & nu&c ngoai
Tai Thai Lan, nha nuoc da thuc hien chinh sach rieng ddi voi cac bp tpc vung cao (Hill tribes), ma truac hit la de kilm soat viec cong nhan cu dan nay tra thanh cong dan Thai', ding thai thuc hien kl hoach phat trien lau dai a viing cao qua tien hanh Viing Du an Hoang gia (Royal Project Area), trien khai tir nam 1969^. Du an duac thuc hien d 5 tinh miln BSc Thai Lan, vai 17 trieu ha va duoc chia thanh 3 khu vuc theo dp cao; (1) Khu vuc cao tren 1.000m; (2) Khu vuc cao hJ 800 - 1.000m; va (3) Khu vu'c cao tir 400 - 800m. Trai qua hon 50 nam, Vung Du an Hoang gia da trien khai nhieu hoat dpng lien quan den trong va bao ve rung, canh tac tren dat doc, gan san xuat vai thi truang, giao due, phat trien Phat giao.
Ci Trang Quoc, chinh sach doi vai vung DTTS duoc the hien qua xay dimg cac khu/chau/huyen tu tri. Den nay, Trung Quoc c6 5 khu, 30 chau va 120 huyen tu' tri'^. Cau tnic hanh chinh cap dia phuang ciia Trung Quoc gom cac cap: tinh, dia khu, huyen va huang. Theo do, khu tu tri thupc cap tinh, chau tu tri thupc cap dia khu. Neu tinli a cap huang, nuoc nay con CO 270 hucmg DTTS; tuy nhien, tinh tir tri ciia hucmg DTTS khong co. Theo hien phap Tmng Quic, cac khu, chau, huyen tu tri co dac thii ve to chuc, quan ly hanh chinh lien quan den cac quyen ve chinh tri, kinh te, xa hpi, van hoa. Song nhin chung, miic dp tu tri cua cac cap deu thap, khong co quyen luc cao han so vai cap hanli chinh tuong duang.
Tai nhung nuoc nhu My hoac Australia, chinh phii cung xac dinh cac viing tho dan hay viing nguoi ban dia va co chinh sach dac thii vai vung nay. Q My, tinh den thang 6/2018, c6 573 bp lac tho dan da do duoc cong nhan, vai dia vuc cu tni trong 48 bang lien ke . Tai Australia, din nam 2020, co 76 viing nguai ban dia voi dia giai duac xac dinh de bao ve, tren dien tich hom 67 trieu ha, chilm gan 44% khu vuc bao tin cua quic gia . Ca a My va Australia, viing cua thi dan da do hay cu dan ban dia thuang gSn vai vSn de bao ton tai nguyen, bao ton cac gia tri van hoa va phat trien ciia hp. Theo do, nha nuac cong nhan mot so thiet che tu quan ciia nhiing cpng dong nay.
Qua cac vi du tren day, co thi rut ra hai mo hinh vl viing DTTS hay nguoi ban dja cua mpt sl nuoc tren thi gioi: (1) Vung duac dinh danh, song kliong co bien giai ro rang, khong
^ UM, "More than 900 Hill Tribe People Are Now Thai Citizens - And that just Beginning", in https://www.ijm. org/news/more-than-900-hill-tribe-people-are-now-thai-citizens-and-thats-just-the-beginning, truy cap ngay 26/2/ 2020.
^ Highland Research and Development Institute, "The Royal Project Area", https://www.hrdi.or.th/en/Where We Work/TheRoyalProjectArea (Truy cap ngay 26/2/2019).
^ "Regional Autonomy for Ethnic Minorities in China", in http://www.china-un.ch/eng/rqrd/jblc/tl87368.htm (Truy cap ngay 26/2/2020).
^ "Indian Tribal Entities within the Contiguous 48 States Recognized and Eligible to Receive Services from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs", in https://www.govinfo.gov/contcnt/pkg/FR-2018-07-23/pdf/2018-
15679.pdf (Truy cap ngay 26/2/2020),
* National Indigenous Australians Agency, "Indigenous Protected Areas" (IPA), https://wwwniaa.gov.au/
indigenous-affairs/environment/indigenous-protected-areas-ipas (Truy cap ngay 26/2/2020).
Virang Xiidn Ttnh - Nguyen Thj Tlu iBiiijl_
gan vai quan ly hanh chinh ma chi la co sa d l dinh huong, xay dung cac chuang trinli. du an phat triln. Trucmg hap ve vdn d l quan ly va phat triln vdi cac bp tpc d viing cao cua Thai Lan la diln hmh cho mo hinh nay; (2) Viing duac dinh danh, co dia gioi ro rang, gkn vdi quan ly hanh chmh hoac thill chi tu quan. Trudng hpp khu/chau/huyen nr tri dan tpc d Trung Quoc, viing tho dan ciia My, va viing ngudi ban dia d Australia la diln hinh ctia mo hinh nay.
2.2. Cdch phdn viing & VietNam
Tong quan van de "Viing dan tpc thilu s6", "Vimg dan tpc thieu so va mien niii" d Viet Nam can gan vdi boi canh chinh tri, kinh t l - xa hpi cua dkx nudc va can co tiep can lien nganh.
Den nay, trong van ban phap quy, khai niem "Viing dan tpc thieu so" da dugc Dieu 4 trong Nghi dinh s6 5/2011/ND-CP, nam 2011 cua Chinh phii v l cong tac dan tpc xac dinh:
"Viing dan tpc thieu so la dia ban c6 dong cac dan tgc thilu s l ciing sinh song on dinh thanh cpng dong tren lanh tho nudc Cpng hoa xa hpi chii nghTa Viet Nam". Nhu vay, theo Nghi dinh nay, day la vung chua co xac djnh ve ranh gidi va ciing chua co tieu chi cu the ve dan so, thdi gian cu tni va the nao la "dn dinh thanh cpng dong". Con theo Nguyen Lam Thanh va Nguyen Van Tien (2018), xiing DTTS, miln niii da duac phan dinh theo trinh dp phat trien, ma "Doi tuang phan dinh vimg dan tpc thieu so, mien niii theo trinh dp phat trien la cac xa/thi tran va cac thon/ban". Trinh dp phat trien cua cap xa dupe chia thanh 3 khu vuc:
Khu vuc I la kliu vyc budc dau phat trien; Khu vuc 11 la khu virc tam on djnh, van cdn khd khan; Khu vuc III la khu vyc dac biet khd khan. Viec phan djnh nay duoc thyc hien tir nam 1996, d i n nay da trai qua 4 giai doan: 1 9 9 6 - 2 0 0 5 , 2 0 0 6 - 2 0 1 1 , 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 5 , 2 0 1 6 - 2 0 2 0 . Ke tir giai doan 2 - 4 , ngoai cap xa, con them cap thon/ban dac biet khd khan. 6 day thieu logic: trong khi chua xac dinh cu the vung DTTS la gi, lai co xac dinh muc dp phat trien cua cap hanh chinh la cap xa va cap thon/ban; va "khu vyc" cung tning, hay dong nghia vdi cSp nay. Mat khac, viec phan djnh nhu vay lai khdng chi ap dyng cho vung DTTS va miln niii, ma ca vung dan tpc da sd va dong bang.
Trong khi do, khai niem "mien nui" hay "vimg cao" lai duac dinh vj ro hon. Ngay 9/4/1992, Van phong Mien niii va Dan tpc (nay la Uy ban Dan tpc) cd Td trinh Chinh phu sd 98/MNDT ve tieu chi phan dinh xa, huyen, tinh la mien nui, viing cao. Theo do, tieu chi miln mii: (I) Xa mien mii - cd 2/3 dien tich dat dai ty nhien vdi dp cao tir 200m trd len so vdi mat bien; (2) Huyen mien nui - co 2/3 sd xa la mien mii; (3) Tinh miln nui - cd 2/3 s l huyen la mien niii. Cdn tieu chi vung cao: (1) Ban viing cao - co 2/3 dien tich dkt dai ty nhien d dp cao 600m trd len so vdi mat biln; (2) Xa vimg cao - cd 2/3 dien tich dkt dai ty nhien vdi dp cao 600m trd len so vdi mat bien; (3) Huyen vimg cao - co 2/3 sd xa la \aing cao; (4) Tmh viing cao - co 2/3 sd huyen \aing cao.
Nhin lai viec xay dyng khai niem va tieu chi lien quan den vimg DTTS va miln niii, cac tac gia Nguyen Lam Thanh va Nguyen Van Tien (2018) cho rang, trong cac van ban cua
Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sd2 - 2020
Chinh phu va Uy ban Dan tdc chua the hien sy thdng nhat ve cac khai niem "miln mii, viing cao", "viing dan tpc thilu so, mien mii", "vimg miln niii, dan tpc thilu sl", "viing khd khan", "viing dac biet khd khan". Theo chuc nang, nhiem vy, viec xac dinh bp tieu chi va thyc hien cac loai phan djnh lien quan din dia ban miln nui, viing cao, vimg dac biet khd khan, viing DTTS va mien niii, khu vuc bien gidi, hai dao dang thupc trach nhiem ciia mpt sl bp, nganh khac nhau, nhu Uy ban Dan tpc, Bd Npi vu, Bd Lao dpng - Thuang binh va Xa hpi, Bp Quoc phdng. Trong Di dn tdng the phdt triin kinh ti - xd hdi viing ddng bdo ddn tpc thieu sd vd miin nin giai dogn 2021 - 2030, d diem 1, muc III "Giai phap chu yeu ve phat triln kinh te - xa hpi vung ddng bao dan tpc thieu sd va mien nui", ciing dl xuSt viec xay dyng va ban hanh tieu chi phan dinh vimg ddng bao DTTS va mien mii. Song, viec dl xu4t nay van anh hudng ciia each cii, do la khdng dinh danh khai niem "Vimg dan tpc thieu sd va mien niii", ma chi dua ra tieu chi thdn va xa dac biet kho khan, trong dd c6 ket hop mpt sd tieu chi ve dan so tdc ngu'di, ca sd ha tang, giao due, y te, dieu kien tiep can vdi djch vy va dp cao nai cu tru. Qua dd cho thay, viec phdi hap giua cac co quan, lay y kien cua cac nha khoa hpc va hoat dpng thuc tien nham de xuat khai niem, each phan dinh va xay dyng tieu chi danh gia, phyc vy cho nhiem vu quan ly nha nudc trong ITnli vyc nay la rat can thiet.
3. Thao luan viec de xuat khai niem, noi ham ve "Viing dan toe thieu so", "Viing dan tpc thieu so va mien niii" & Viet Nam hien nay
Xay dyng khai niem, npi ham ve "Vimg dan tpc thieu sd", "Vimg dan tpc thieu so va mien mii" d Viet Nam hien nay la nhiem vy khd khan, bdi lien quan den nhieu van de, nhieu CO quan cd trach nhiem. Mdi td chirc hay ca nhan thudng nhin nhan tir goc dp gan vdi chuc nang, nhiem vy cua minh. Bdi vay, cac y kien khac nhau ciing la de hieu. Song qua day, nhiing co quan cd trach nhiem chinh nhu Hdi ddng Dan tpc cua Qudc hpi, Uy ban Dan tpc se tdng ket, chat lpc dl co khai niem, tieu chi hap ly nh4t. Vdi tinh than nay, chiing toi de xuat cac khai niem, ngi ham tir tiep can dan tpc hgc va tiep can lien nganh.
- Vi "Viing ddn tdc thieu sd "
Den nay trong nghien ciiu, cac nha dan tpc hpc va van hoa hpc d Viet Nam tuy chua co khai niem thing nhkt vl "Vung dan tpc thilu sd", song da co nhieu cdng trinh vl cac tgc ngudi d nhilu viing, nhu vimg trung du B5c Bd (Nguyen KhSc Tung, 1978); viing Ddng Bdc (Vucmg Xuan Tinh - Trk Hdng Hanh ddng chu bien, 2012); viing Tay B5c (Trin Van Binh chii bien, 2004); vimg Nam Bg (Phan An, 2009); hay viing Tra'dng Son - Tay Nguyen (Luu Hiing, 2014). 6 day, cac nha dan tpc hpc va van hoa hpc da theo each phan dinh vimg van hda, von dupe nhilu nha khoa hpc xa hgi ddng tinh. Theo do, co nha khoa hpc xac dinh 7 viing van hda d Viet Nam, do la: (1) Vimg Ddng bSng va frung du B5c Bp; (2) Vimg Ddng BSc; (3) Viing Tay BSc; (4) Vimg B^c Trung Bp; (5) Viing Ven biln Nam Trang Bd; (6) Vimg Nam Bp; (7)
Vuang Xuan Tinh-Nguyen Thi Tluinh^jUlL^
Viing Trudng Son - Tay Nguyen (Ngd Diic Thinh, 2004); hoac c6 8 viing van hoa. ma trong do, vung Nam Bg dupe phan thanh hai vung la Dong Nam Bd va Tay Nam Bd (Vuang Xuan Tinh, 2019b, tr. 80-87). Trong moi viing lai co cac tieu viing.
Dudi gdc nhin dan tdc hpc, viing van hoa thuc chSt la van hda tdc ngudi, hay \ ung tpc ngudi'^. Tai moi vimg nay, diu da tdc ngudi, song van cd nhiing ban sac rieng hay net trdi ciia mdt sd tpc ngudi nao dd. Ch§ng han, vimg Ddng B4C la vimg ciia cac sac thai van hda ctia nhiing tpc ngudi thudc nhdm ngdn ngu Tay-Thai Kadai, Hmong-Dao, Tang-Mien, Han;
Vung Tay Bic: cac tpc ngudi thudc nhom ngdn ngii Viet-Mudng, Tay-Thai Kadai, Mdn- Khame, Hmong-Dao, Tang-Miln; Vimg Ven biln Nam Tmng Bp: cac tgc ngudi thupc nhdm ngon ngu Viet-Mudng, Ma Lai-Da Dao; Vimg Tay Nam Bp: cac tdc ngirdi thudc nhdm ngdn ngu Viet-Mudng, Mdn-Kha-me, Han; Viing Tradng Son - Tay Nguyen: cd cac tdc ngudi tai cho thupc nhdm ngdn ngii Mon-Khome, Ma Lai-Da Dao, va nay do tac dpng cua di dan, da hpi tu hau het cac tpc ngudi thupc 7 nhom ngon ngii d Viet Nam.
Cach phan viing van hoa - tpc ngudi neu tren ciing gan tuang ddng vdi phan vimg dja ly va phan viing kinh tl - xa hpi. Ching han vira qua, Bp Ke hoach va Dau tu da de xuat chia ca nudc thanh 7 vimg kinh te - xa hdi, gom: Vimg Dong Bac, Viing Tay Bac, Vimg Ddng bang song H6ng, Vung BSc Trung Bp, Vimg Nam Trang Bg (duyen hai Nam Trang Bd va Tay Nguyen), Viing Dong Nam Bd, Viing Ddng bang song Ciru Long. Nhu vay, chi co Viing Tay Nguyen, hay Tradng San - Tay Nguyen - vimg co nen van hoa tpc ngudi rat dac sac la khong cdn tdn tai vdi tu each mpt vimg, ma bj ghep trong Vimg Nam Trang Bd. Theo Bg Ke hoach va Dau tu, uu diem ciia phuang an phan vimg nhu tren la c6 tinh den cac yeu td thi trudng, dat tinh lien ket viing cao han tinh tucmg dong ve dieu kien ty nhien, lich sir, xa hdi, khac phuc han che cua viing co khoang each qua dai. Theo do, quy mo viing vira phai, khoang each giira cac dia phuang trong vimg khdng qua ldn, thuan lgi cho viec hgp tac, quan ly phat triln^ Tuy nhien sau do, do nhilu y kien khdng ddng tinh nen Bp K I hoach va Ddu txx lai phai dl xu4t Tay Nguyen van la mpt vimg kinh te - xa hpi^.
v l phuong dien qudc phdng, an ninh, Viet Nam ciing rat chii trpng vung DTTS, va cd liic da thanh lap ba Ban Chi dao d ba vimg chiln luac: Tay Nguyen, Tay Bic, Tay Nam Bp.
Ban Chi dao Tay Nguyen dupe thanh lap nam 2002; Ban Chi dao Tay Bfic va Tay Nam Bd dugc thanh lap nam 2004. Nhung Ban nay chiu trach nhiem chi dao, hudng dan va giam sat cac tinh thudc khu vuc da neu. Vdi Ban Chi dao Tay Nguyen, ngoai cac tinh thudc vimg Tay
' Viec xac dinh thanh phan dan tgc 6 Viet Nam dugc dita tren 3 tieu chi: ngon ngii, van hoa va y thiic tu "iac tgc nguoi. Thirc ra, cac tieu chi ngon ngii va y thtic tu giac tgc nguoi xet cho ciing d i u la van hoa Boi vay, vung van hoa toe nguoi cung chinh la viing tgc nguoi.
^ L. Biing, "Chia ca nuoc thanh 7 vimg: Doi moi, dot pha, tat ca dong y", tren trang https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/'kinh- doanh/dau-tu/thay-doi-quan-trong-ca-iiuoc-co-7-Yung-kinh-te-xa-hoi-4997I4.httnl (Truy cap ngay 28/2/2020).
'' Nguyln Hanh, "Du kiSn ca nuac co 7 vung kinh te - xa hoi, tren trang https 7/congthuong.vn/du-kien-ca-nuoc- co-7-vung-kinh-te-xa-hoi-I33215.html (Truy cap ngay 28/2/2020)
Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc sd2-2020
Nguyen, cdn cd hoat ddng tren dia ban vimg nui cua cac tinh Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Binh Djnli, Phil Yen, Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Binh Phudc. Vdi Ban Chi dao Tay Bic, dja ban hoat ddng khdng chi d Tay Bac theo vimg dja ly trayen thing, ma cdn d ca miln niii thudc cac tinh vimg Ddng Bac va vimg Thanh - Nghe. Cac Ban Chi dao nay do Bd Chinh trj, Ban Bi thu, Ban Chkp hanh Trang ucmg Dang Cdng san Viet Nam quan ly. Sau 15 nam thanh lap ke tii khi cd Ban Chi dao Tay Nguyen, ngay 11/10/2017, tai Hpi nghj Trang uong 6, Khda XII cua Dang Cgng san Viet Nam da quyet dinh kit thuc hoat dpng ciia ba Ban chi dao.
Lien quan den ba vung chien luge neu tren, cdn cd cac Chuang trinh khoa hpc - cdng nghe phyc vu cho phat trien kinh te - xa hpi. Dd la: Chuong trinh Khoa hpc va cdng nghe phuc vy phat trien kmh te - xa hpi ben vung viing Tay Nguyen giai doan 2011 - 2015 (gpi tit la Chuang trinh Tay Nguyen 3); Chuong trinh Khoa hgc va cong nghe phyc vu phat trien kinh te - xa hgi vimg Tay Nguyen trong lien ket vimg va hpi nhap qudc te (Chuang trinh Tay Nguyen 2016 - 2020); Chuang trinh Khoa hpc va cdng nghe phuc vu phat trien ben vung vimg Tay Bac (2013 - 2018) (gpi tat la Chuong trinh Tay Bac); Chuong trinh Khoa hpc va cdng nghe phuc vy phat trien ben vung vimg Tay Nam Bd (Giai doan klidi ddng: 2013 - 2015; Giai doan thuc hien toan dien: 2016 - 2020; Giai doan phat triln: 2021 - 2030) (ggi tit la Chuang trinh Tay Nam Bp). Vdi cac Chuong trinh nay, cd hang tram de tai khoa hpc va cdng nghe cap Nha nudc dupe trien khai (Vuang Xuan Tinh, 2019a, tr. 48-49).
Nhiing trinh bay tren day cho thay, viec phan dinh thanh "Viing dan tpc thieu sd" d Viet Nam khdng chi dupe thao tac trong nghien ciru, ma da duoc sir dyng trong hoat dpng thyc tien; va ben canh viec dinh danh mpt each khai quat nhu d Nghi djnh so 5/2011/ND-CP, cdn duac xac dinh thanh nhirng vimg cu thi, cd ranh gidi ro rang. Vay tyu trang, "Vimg dan tdc thilu sd" la gi? Theo chiing tdi, co the ke thira khai niem ciia Nghj dinh so 5/2011/ND-CP, ddng thdi lam rd them ndi ham nhu sau:
"Viing dan tgc thilu sl la dia ban cd ddng cac dan tdc thieu sd ciing sinh sdng dn dmh thanh cdng ddng tren lanh thd nudc Cdng hda xa hdi chii nghia Viet Nam, dupe chia thanh 6 viing chil ylu: Viing Ddng Bic, Vimg Tay Bic, Vung Ven bien Nam Trang Bd, Vimg Ddng Nam Bp, Vimg Tay Nam Bd, va Vimg Tradng Son - Tay Nguyen. Tai cac dia phuang khac CO dan tgc thieu sd cu tni, nlu dam bao tieu chi ve dan sd cua diem 1, muc III ciia Be dn tdng the phdt triin kinh te - xd hdi viing ddng bdo ddn tpc thieu sd vd miin nui giai dogn 2021 - 2030, ciing thugc vimg dan tdc thieu sd".
Nhu da dl cap, cu dan cac DTTS trong 6 vimg dugc neu d khai niem nay duong nhien thupc vimg DTTS, vi day la dja ban sinh sdng lau ddi cua nhilu tdc ngudi. Cdn cu dan tai
VieangXudn Tinh -Nguyin Thi T}ia!}l}J}!!L- dia phuang khac, viec xac djnh nhu khai niem la de thdng nhdt vdi tieu chi ciia De sn da dugc Qudc hpi phe chuin. V i n d l dat ra la tai sao lai can xac dinh 6 vung DTTS neu tren?
Vdi each xac djnh ciia D I an chi tap trung vao cac thon, xa dac biet kho khan thudc vimg DTTS va m i l n niii, se khd thuc day toan dien chiln luac phat triln kmh t l - xa hgi, an ninh, qudc phdng tai viing nay. Bdi cd nhiing van d l phat trien vimg DTTS va mien mii khdng chi d khu vuc thon, xa dac biet khd khan, ma con d ben ngoai khu vuc ay, song lai cd tac dgng manh rae d i n chinh khu vyc do, nhu vdi cac trang tam kinh te. Bdi cd nhiing van de nhu bao tin, phat huy ban sic van hoa tpc ngudi lai chua hoan toan dat ra d khu vuc dac biet khd khan. Mat khac, 6 vimg DTTS da neu cd nhiing dac trung va v i n de phat trien khae nhau, neu khdng phan dinh nhu vay, cac quyet sach se kho trung. Viec phan djnh do cdn ke thira nhiing ket qua nghien ciiu khoa hpc, hoat dpng thuc tien va tao nen su ket ndi nhat duih vdi vung phat trien kmh t l - xa hgi.
- Ve "Viing ddn tpc thieu so vd miin niii"
Khi da phan dinh "Vimg dan tpc thieu sd", thi khai niem "Vimg dan tdc thieu so va mien nui" chi can them xac djnh the nao la "mien mii". Trong van ban phap quy trudc day, da xac dinh "mien nui" la nai cd do cao so vdi myc nudc bien tren 200m; va ly giai tuong tu, "vimg cao" la tren 600m. Trong diem 1, myc III cita Be dn tong the phdt trien kinh ti - xd hpi vung ddng bdo ddn tpc thieu sd vd miin niii giai dogn 2021 - 2030 quy dinh, dia hinh thap nhat cua thdn va xa thugc khu vyc dac biet khd khan d vimg dan tdc va mien mii phai cao hon muc nudc bien 600m; hoac cac thon, xa d nai khong den do cao nhu vay, phai dap img cac tieu chi khac.
Vdi boi canh do, chimg toi cho rang, chi nen dimg khai niem va npi ham "Vimg dan tdc thilu s l " , con khai niem "mien mii" chi nen sir dung de trd thanh mdt trong nhiing tieu chi cho viec xac dinh cac thdn, xa thugc khu vuc dac biet khd khan ciia vimg nay. Nhu vay, khai niem se khdng bi roi va de thao tac, de ap dyng cho ca vung DTTS d dong bing.
- Vi xdc dinh thang bgc phdt trien vd dinh hu&ng phdt trien cua viing ddn tpc thiiu sd Trong Di dn tdng thi phdt trien kinh te - xa hpi viing ddng bdo ddn tpc thiiu sd vd miin nid giai dogn 2021 - 2030, chi co tieu chi xac djnh thdn, xa thudc khu vyc dac biet kho khan. Dilu dd cd nghia, D I an da phan djnh vimg DTTS chi cdn hai thang bac: dac biet kho khan va khdng thupc khu vyc dac biet kho khan, theo do la cac chinh sach uu tien cho d i u tu, phat triln, Chiing toi ddng y vdi each phan dinh nay, vi se tranh dugc sy radm ra; d i n g thdi, viec thyc hien De an se co trgng tam, trgng dilm. Song, theo quan dilm cua chiing tdi (Vuong Xuan Tinh, 2016, tr. 209-222), viec diu tu phat triln vdi tmh chit la vung DTTS, can dac biet chii trpng 4 van de: (1) Bao ton va phat huy cac gia trj van hda tdc ngudi; (2) Phat triln giao due, trong do c6 ndi dung phu hop ve van hoa va dieu kien cua timg \aing cu
Tgp chi Ddn tpc hpc s6'2 - 2020 11
thi; (3) Tang cudng cdng tac can bd; va (4) Quan tam ve dan sd, siic khde cita cac dan tdc thilu sd rit it ngudi. Cdn nhung v i n de phat trien khac, nen ldng ghep trong cac chuang trinh, du an cua vung kinh te - xa hdi.
Ket luan
Do bdi canh lich sir tu cu va tac ddng ciia dieu kien kinh t l , xa hpi, van hda, cac DTTS d Viet Nam phan ldn cu tni tai mien mii. Can cu vao dac diem van hda kit hgp vdi dilu kien tu nhien, co the chia vung DTTS thanh 6 vimg chu yeu, dd la Viing Ddng Bic, Viing Tay Bic, Vimg Ven bien Nam Trang Bd, Vung Ddng Nam Bd, Vung Tay Nam Bp va Viing Tradng Son - Tay Nguyen. Moi vimg nay deu cd nhieu tdc ngudi thupc 7 nhom ngdn ngii' sinh sing;
trong dd hai vimg thupc mien niii phia Bac la dja ban quen thudc cua nhihig tpc ngudi thieu so thupc cac nhom ngdn ngir Viet-Mudng, Tay-Thai Kadai, Mdn-Khome, Hmong-Dao, Han, Tang-Mien; cdn cac viing d mien mii va ddng bang phia Nam thudng la noi sinh tu cua nhiing tdc ngudi thudc cac nhdm ngdn ngii Mdn-Khome, Han va Ma Lai-Da Dao,
De thyc hien tot chinh sach dan tpc d Viet Nam vdi trpng tam la dam bao dai doan ket, binh dang va cac dan tpc giiip dd nhau cimg phat trien, trong thdi gian tdi can thyc hien thang lgi De dn tdng thi phdt triin kinh te - xd hdi viing ddng bdo ddn tpc thiiu so vd mien nui giai dogn 2021 - 2030 cua Chinh phu, da dugc Qudc hdi phe chuan. Theo do, xay dyng khai niem, npi ham ve "Vimg dan tdc thieu sd", "Viing dan tdc thieu so va mien niii" la rat can thiet. Tuy nhien, viec xay dyng nay can ke thira ket qua nghien ciiu khoa hpc va hoat dpng thyc tien theo 6 viing DTTS da neu de giai quyet tdt nhirng muc tieu, nhiem vu ciia De an, dong thdi ket ndi vdi viee thue hien nhiem vy ciia cac vimg kinh te - xa hpi.
Tai lieu t h a m khao
1. Phan An (2009), Ddn tpc Khmer Nam Bp, Nxb. Chinh trj qudc gia, Ha Npi.
2. Trin Van Binh (Chu bien, 2004), Vdn hda cdc ddn tdc Tdy Bac - Thicc trgng vd nhieng vdn di dgt ra, Nxb. Chinh trj qudc gia. Ha Ngi.
3. Khing Diln (1995), Ddn sd vd ddn sd tdc ngudi d Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hdi, HaNpi.
4. De dn tdng thi phdt trien kinh te - xd hpi vung dong bdo ddn tdc thieu so vd mien nid giai dogn 2021 - 2030, tren trang http;//www.cema.gov.vn/thong-bao/ho-so-de-an-tong- the-phat-trien-kt-xh-vung-dong-bao-dtts-va-mien-nui-giai-doan%C2%A02021'2030.htm (Tray cap ngay 26/2/2020).
5. Luu Hiing (2014), Gdp phdn tim hiiu Tru&ng San - Tdy Nguyen, ^xh. Khoa hoc xa hgi. Ha Npi.
^^ Vuang Xuan Tinh-Nguyen Vn Tliai^jE!^
6. Ngd Thi Phuang Lan (Chii bien, 2019), Sinh ki tdc nguai trong bdi cdnh Vi?' ^^^
duang dgi, Nxb. Dai hpc Qudc gia TP. Hd Chi Mmh, TP. Hd Chi Mmh.
7. Nghj djnh so 5/2011/ND-CP, tren ttang http://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/
portal/chinhphu/hethongvanban?class_id=l&jiage^l&mode^detail&document_id=98691 (Tmy cap ngay 26/2/2020).
8. Nguyen Lam Thanh - Nguyln Van Tiln (2018), "Tang cudng quan ly chinh sach dan tdc tren co sd phan dinh miln niii, vimg cao va viing dan tpc thieu sd theo trinh dp phat triln, Tgp chi Nghien cuu lap phdp (dien tir), http://lapphap.vn/Pages/tintuc/tinchitiet.aspx?
tintticid-207053 (Tray cap ngay 26/2/2020).
9. Ngd Diic Thinh (2004), Vdn hda viing vd phdn viing vdn vdn hda a Viet Nam, Nxb.
Tre, TP. Hd Chi Minh.
10. Vuang Xuan Tinh - Trin Hdng Hanh (Ding chu bien, 2012), Phdt triin bin vdng vdn hda tpc ngudi trong qud trinh hpi nhdp d vung Ddng Bdc, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi.
11. Vuang Xuan Tinh (2016), "Vin d l dan tdc sau 30 nam ddi mdi d Viet Nam: Gdc nhin ly luan va thuc tien", m ttong cuon: Dang Nguyen Anh (Chu bien, 2016), Biin doi xa hpi a Viet Nam: Truyin thdng vd hien dgi, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Ndi, tr. 209-222.
12. Vuong Xuan Tinh (2019a), Cdng ddng kien tgo: Tpc ngu&i v&i qudc gia - ddn tpc tren the gidi vd a Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi, Ha Npi.
13. Vuang Xuan Tinh (2019b), "Nghien ciiu, bien soan Bach khoa toan thu i m thyc VietNam", Tgp chi Khoa hpc xd hpi Viet Nam, tr. 80-87.
14. Nguyen Khac Tung (1978), Nhd cua cdc ddn tpc a trung du Bac Bp Viet Nam, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi, Ha Npi.
