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C0 CHE BOI THlrilNG THIET HAI TRONG HOAT DONG CONG CHONG THEO LUAT CONG C H O N G N A M 2014
• PGS.TS. D O A N H O N G N H U N G * ThS. N G U Y S N V A N M ( C H **
Tdm t&t: Trong bdi viet ndy, chung toi tap trung phdn tich vd chi ra nhimg diem bdt hap ly ciia ca che bdi thudng thiet hgi trong hogt dgng cong chung theo Ludt Cong chung ndm 2014, tir do dua ra kien nghi nham hodn thien quy dinh ve boi thuang trong hogt dgng cong chimg d nu&c ta.
Abstract: In this article, we focus on analyzing and indicating irrational issues of compensation mechanism in notary activities according to the Law on Notary of 2014, and from that point, put forward proposals for completing legal provisions on compensation in notary activities in our country.
C
o the ndi, van ban cdng chung chinh la sin phdm lao dpng cua cdng chung vien (CCV), san pham do co dap flng ydu cau cua ngudi yeu cau cdng chflng, dap ung quy chuan tbeo quy dinh cua phap luat hay khdng phSn 1cm phu thudc vao nang lire, kinh nghi?m v^ trinh dp cflng nhu muc dp tuan thu phap luat cua CCV. CCV phai chiu trach nhiem truac phap luat ddi vdi van ban cdng chflng do minh chflng nhan. Tuy thudc tinh chat, mflc dp vi pham phap luat, vi pham quy tac dao dflc trong qua trinh hanh nghe ma CCV phai chju trach nhiem bdi thudng thipt hai, chiu che tai xfl phat hanh chinh hoac bi truy cflu trach nhiem hinh sy.Khi nghien cflu ve trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai trong boat dpng cdng chflng cua mpt sd qudc gia tren thd gidi, chung tdi nhan thSy, cd hai co che ca ban thuc hien trach nhipm bdi thudng thipt hai tnrdc ngudi yeu ciu cong chflng do CCV gay ra:
- Ca chl thfl nhat: CCV chju trach nhiem ca
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nhan va true tidp bdi thucmg thiet hai cho ngudi yeu cau cdng chflng nhung thipt hai do hanh vi trai phap luat eua minh gay ra. Ca che nay dupe ghi nhan trong he thong phap luat cua da sd cac qudc gia theo mo hinh cdng chflng ty do. Minh chflng cho nhan dinh neu tren, Dieu 4 Luat Cdng chung cua nuac Cpng boa Ba Lan quy dinh;
"Nhieu cdng chflng vien cd the tap hop thanh mot cong ty dan su. Trong trudng hpp nay, moi thanh vien chi chiu trach nhiem ca nhan ve van ban do ehinh minh da thyc hien"^ hoac "cdng chflng vien phai chiu trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai cho ngucri bi h^i do hanh vi vi pham nghia vu cdng vu gay ra theo quy dinh cua phap luat dan su"^ la noi dung dugc quy dinh tai khoan 1 Didu 18 Nghi dinh ngay 20/6/1990 cua Cdng hda lien bang Dflc ve ho?t dpng cua CCV cd van phdng tu. Quan diem neu tren dugc xay dyng dua tren ca sd cho rang, CCV la chu th6 cua hanh vi cdng chflng; trong khi thyc hien chue nghipp cua minh, CCV phai fliyet ddi tuan thfl cac nguyen
* Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Noi
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tac nhu: Ddc lap, tuSn thu phap luat, giu bi mat thdng tin cua khach hang... va vi vay, CCV phai chiu trach nhiem ca nhSn trong viec bdi thudng.
- Ca ehe thfl hai: Td chflc hanh nghe cdng chflng chiu trach nhiem true tidp bdi thudng thiet hai eho ngudi bi thiet hai do hanh vi trai phap luat cua CCV thudc td chflc minh gay ra. Ca ehe nay tdn tai phd bien trong he thdng phap luat cac qudc gia theo md hinh cdng chung nha nuoc (mo hinh cdng chung bao cap) ma d dd, td chflc hanh nghe cong chflng dugc thanh lap va hoat dpng dudi su bao cap cua Nha nudc, ca quan cdng chflng la ca quan nha nude, CCV la vien chflc nha nudc. Md hinh cdng chung nay hinh thanh trong khoang thap ky 70 den thap ky 90 cua the ky trudc d cac nudc xa hdi chu nghia nhu: Lidn bang Xd Viet, Cu Ba, Ba Lan, Cdng hda dan chu Dflc, Himg-ga-ri, Ru-ma-ni, Bun-ga-ri..., trong do cd Viet Nam.
Luat Cdng chflng nam 2014 lua chgn ea che thfl hai, theo dd, Dieu 38 quy dinh ca che bdi thudng, bdi hoan trong hoat ddng cdng chflng nhu sau:
" 1 . Td chflc hanh nghe cdng chflng phai bdi thudng thiet hai cho ngudi yeu cau cdng chflng va ca nhan, td chflc khae do ldi ma cdng chung vien, nhan vien hoac ngudi phien djch la cdng tac vien cua td chflc minh gay ra trong qua trinh cdng chflng.
2. Cdng chflng vien, nhan vien hoac ngucri phien dich la cdng tac vien gay thiet hai phai hoan tra lai mot khoan tien cho td chue hanh nghe edng chflng da chi tra khoan tien bdi thudng cho ngudi bi thiet hai theo quy dinh cua phap luat; trudng hgp khdng hoan tra thi td chuc hanh nghd cdng chflng cd quyen yeu cau Tda an
giai quyet".
Xet vd mat ngir nghia, khai niem "bdi thudng"
va "bdi hoan" cd ndi dung hoan toan khae nhau.
Theo Tfl didn tidng Viet do Nha xudt ban Hdng Dflc xuit ban nam 2017, "bdi thudng" dugc hidu la "ddn bu bing tidn nhung thiet hai vd vat chat ma minh phai chiu trach nhiem", trong khi "trach nhiem" dugc hieu la "phan viec dugc giao cho hoac coi nhu dugc giao cho, phai bao dam lam trdn, ndu kdt qua khdng tdt thi phai ganh chiu hau qua"; "bdi hoan" dugc hieu la "tra lai tien cua, tai san da lay trai phep va hien cdn giu". NghTa vy
"bdi hoan" cua CCV, ngudi phien dich trong boat dpng cdng chung dudng nhu tuang ddng vdi nghia vu "hoan tra" cua ngudi thi hanh cdng vy dugc quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 64 Luat Trach nhiem bdi thudng cua Nha nudc nam 2017, cu the: "Ngudi thi hanh cdng vu cd ldi gay thipt hai cd nghia vu hoan tra cho ngan sach nha nudc mdt phan hoac toan bd sd tien ma Nha nudc da bdi thudfng cho ngudi bi thidt hai"; cdn nghia vy bdi thudng cua td chflc hanh nghe cdng chung trong hoat dgng cdng chung dudng nhu dugc xSy dyng theo quan diem: "Phap nhan phai bdi thudng thiet hai do ngudi cua minh gay ra trong khi thuc hien nhiem vy dugc phap nhan giao; neu phap nhan da bdi thudng thiet hai thi cd quyen yeu eau ngudi cd ldi trong viec gay thiet hai phai hoan tra mdt khoan tien theo quy dinh cua phap luat"
(Didu 597 Bd luat Dan su nam 2015).
Nhu vay, dac diem co ban cua co che bdi thudng trong hoat ddng cdng chung neu tren la khdng xac lap quan he boi thudng true tidp giua ngudi gay thiet hai voi ngudi bi thiet hai, ma dugc bao dam thuc hidn qua trung gian la td chflc hanh nghe cdng chung (Phdng cdng chflng hoac
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Van phdng cdng chflng - VPCC). VPCC dugc xac dinh la chu thd efla nghia vy bdi thudng chfl khdng phai CCV hoac ngudi phien dich.
Chung tdi cho ring, khdng thd ddng nhat VPCC vdi ca quan nha nudc dudi gdc dp la ehu thd cua trach nhiem bdi thudng hay chu thd bao dam thyc hipn nghia vy bdi thudng trong ca ehd bdi thudng thipt hai, bdi Nha nudc la chu the dae bipt, tdn tai dn dinh, ben vung va thuc hien chflc nang mang tinh cdng ich, cdn VPCC la chu the cua hoat ddng kinh doanh, tinh dn dinh thudng khdng cao, khdng ben vimg va ludn mang tinh tu Ich. Hon nira, ngudi thi hanh cdng vy la ngudi dai dien, nhan danh Nha nudc thyc hien nhiem vy edng, do do, khi ngudi thi hanh cdng vu gay ra thiet hai thi Nha nudc phai cd trach nhiem bdi thudng, trong khi CCV (hgp danh hoac lam thue), ngudi phien dich deu khdng nhan danh VPCC, khdng thyc hipn chflc nang, nhiem vy cua VPCC, ma hp thye hien chflc nghiep rieng dugc Nha nudc fly thac ddi vdi CCV hoac dugc phap luat cho phep cung flng dich vy ddi vdi ngudi phien dieh.
Cd quan diem cho rang, trdch nhiem bdi thudng thiSt hai trong hoat dpng cdng chflng thudc ve VPCC bdi VPCC la ca quan tryc tidp quan ly CCV, quan ly ngudi phien dieh. Chung tdi khdng ddng tinh vdi quan diem neu tren, bdi le, cdng chflng la mpt nghe cd tinh dac thu, khi thuc hien chflc nghiep cua minh (tao lap va xac nhan chflng cfl), CCV phai giu bi mat thdng tin efla ngudi yeu cau cdng chflng, CCV phai dpc liip, khach quan, vd tu va chi tu§n theo phap luat.
Phap luat quy dinh VPCC cd trach nhiem quan ly CCV nhung lgi khdng tao lap va trao cho VPCC cdng cu quan ly thi VPCC khdng thd thye hien
vipc kiem tra, giam sat sy tuan thfl phap luat, tuan thfl eac nguyen tie trong qua trinh hanh nghe doi vdi CCV. Tuong ty, ddi vdi boat dpng cdng chflng ban dich, chflc nang chuyen the tfl ngdn ngu nay sang ngdn ngu khae khdng phai chflc nang cua VPCC ma thudc vd ngudi phien dich, ngudi phien dich ciing khdng phai la nhan vien, ngudi lao dpng thupc sy quan ly ciia VPCC ma hp cd dia vj phap ly dpc l^p vdi td chflc hanh nghd cdng chflng vdi tu each la ddi tac, la cpng tac vien cua VPCC. Hon nua, CCV khong xU kidm soat dugc ngi dung van ban bang tieng nudc ngoai nhung phap luat lai quy dinh CCV phai chflng nhan ngi dung ban dich la ehinh xac, khdng vi pham phap luat, khdng trai d^o dflc xa hdi^ la didu vd ly va phi thyc te. Chung nh^n ban djch khdng phai la hanh vi cdng chflng ma chi la hanh vi chflng thyc chu ky cua ngudi dich. Dieu do cho thiy CCV khdng the chiu trach nhipm ve tinh xac thyc, tinh hgp phap cua ndi dung van ban bang tieng nudc ngoai, cd chang CCV chi chiu trach nhiem ddi vdi chu ky cua ngudi dich ma thdi. Chung tdi cho rang, VPCC khdng cd kha nang kiem tra, giam sat tac nhan gay ra thiet hai thi phap luat khdng nen quy dinh VPCC phai chiu trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai do chu the khac ed dia vi phap ly dgc l^p gay ra.
Theo ea che bdi thudng, bdi hoan trong hoat dgng cdng chflng quy dinh tai Didu 38 Lu^t Cdng chflng nam 2014, quan hd bdi thudng dugc xac lap giua VPCC vdi ngudi bi thiet hai la tien dS xac lap quan he bdi hoan giua VPCC voi ngudi gay thidt hai. Quan hd bdi hoan ehi phat sinh sau khi quan hp bdi thudng da kdt thuc. Dieu dd cd nghia, ngudi gay thipt hai chi cd nghia vy bdi hoan sau khi VPCC da chi tra khoan tidn bdi
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thudng cho ngudi bi thipt hai. Chung tdi khdng tim thay bat ky sy rang bugc trach nhipm phap ly nao giiia ngudi gay thiet hai vdi ngudi bi thiet hai tren phucmg dipn bdi thudng thipt hai dugc quy dinh t^i Luat Cdng chung nam 2014. Nhu vay, phai chang trach nhiem bdi thudng trong boat dpng cdng chflng chi thudc vd VPCC ma khdng thugc trach nhiem cua CCV, efla ngudi phien dich? CCV, ngudi phien dich khdng thd trd thanh bj dan trong vy an yeu cau bdi thudng thiet hai ma chi cd the la bi don trong vy kipn yeu ciu bdi hoan trong hoat ddng cdng chflng? Ndu xac dinh VPCC la chfl the cua nghia vu bdi thudng thipt hai va khdng cd bat cfl chfl the nao khac thi khi VPCC cham dflt tdn tai se dan tdi nghia vy bdi thudng cung chim dflt (khoan 8 DiSu 372 Bp luat Dan sy nam 2015). Khi dd, CCV, ngudi phien djch se duge giai phdng khdi trach nhiem bdi thudng, bdi hoan?
Khi nghien cflu quy dinh xfl ly vi pham trong boat ddng cdng chflng, chung tdi nhan thay, Dieu 71 Luat Cdng chflng nam 2014 quy dinh xfl ly vi pham ddi vdi CCV nhu sau: "Cdng chflng vien vi ph^m quy dinh cua Luat nay thi tfly theo tmh chat, mflc dp vi pham ma bi xfl ly ky luat, xfl phat vi pb^m hanh ehinh hoac bi truy cflu trach nhiem hinh sy, neu gay thiet hai thi phai bdi thudng theo quy dinh cua phap luat". Dieu do cho thay, CCV khdng chi ed nghia vy bdi hoan ma cd ca nghia vu bdi thudng, phai chang trong trudng hgp VPCC chim dflt boat d^ng, ca chd bdi thudng, bdi hoan quy dinh t^i Dieu 38 Luat Cdng chflng nam 2014 se khdng duge van dung va thay vao dd la ca che chiu traeh nhipm bdi thudng true tidp tfl phia CCV ddi vdi ngudi bi thipt hai?
Chflng tdi khdng tim thay bat ky ngi dung nao
trong Lu|t Cdng chflng nam 2014 quy dinh trach nhipm bdi thudng efla ngudi phidn dich.
Nhu vay, trach nhiem bdi thudng cua VPCC trong CO chd bdi thudng thipt h^i dugc quy djnh tai Didu 38 Luat Cdng chflng nam 2014 khdng dugc xay dung dua tren cac nguyen tac xac dinh trach nhiem bdi thudng thipt hai ndi chung (cd thipt hai xay ra, hanh vi gay thipt hai la hanh vi trai phap luat, cd ldi cua ngudi gay thiet hai va ed mdi lien hp nhan qua giua thi^t hai va hanh vi trai phdp luat) ma muc dich cua nhd lam lu^t la tao ra mdt CO che bao dam thyc hipn nghia vy bdi thudng thiet hai ddi vdi ngudi bi thiet hai, Luat Cdng chflng nam 2014 ddng vai trd efla ben bao dam trong quan he bao dam thyc hien nghia vy bdi thudng thiet hai. Tuy nhidn, ca che nay cdn gian tiep "thu hflt" mpt sd ehu the khac tham gia vao quan he bdi thudng thipt h^i nham bao dam kha nang tdi da ngudi bi thipt hai se cd co hpi nhan dugc khoan tien bdi thudng. Cy the, khi phat sinh trach nhiem bdi thudng, doanh nghipp bao hiem se thay VPCC dflng ra true tiep thyc hipn bdi thucmg cho ngudi bi thipt hai theo eac didu ki^n, mflc bdi thudng Sn djnh trong hgp ddng bao hiem dugc ky ket giua cdng ty bao hiem vdi VPCC. Trudng hgp khdng thupc pham vi dugc bao hiem hoac vugt qua pham vi bao hiem thi VPCC se phai dem tai san ciia minh ra de thyc hipn nghia vy bdi thudng cho ngudi bi thipt hai. Ngoai ra, dudi danh nghia la khoan ng cua VPCC (cdng ty hgp danh), cac CCV hgp danh se phai lien ddi chiu trach nhiem thanh toan het sd ng cdn lai cua VPCC neu tai san cua VPCC khdng dfl.
Chu truang xa hgi hda boat dpng cdng chflng thdng qua viec chuyen ddi Phdng cdng chflng
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thanh VPCC da dugc luat hda. Mdt trong nhung nguyen tic chuydn ddi la VPCC dugc thanh lap tfl vipc chuydn ddi Phdng cdng chflng phai ke thfla toan bp quyen, nghia vy va tiep nhan toan bd hd sa cdng chflng cua Phdng cdng chung dd^.
Dieu do cd nghia, VPCC dugc thanh lap tfl viec chuydn ddi Phdng cdng chflng se phai bdi thudng mpi thiet hai do CCV cua Phdng cdng chflng da gay ra trudc thdi diem chuydn ddi thanh VPCC.
Trudng hgp tai san cua VPCC sau khi chuyen ddi khdng du dd bdi thudng thi cac CCV hgp danh phai lien ddi chiu trach nhipm bdi thudng thiet hai. Day la dieu ma khdng phai CCV nao cung dfl diing khi, can dam de tiep nhan chuyen ddi Phdng cdng chflng. Nguyen tac kd tren dudng nhu lai khdng dugc ap dung trong trudng hgp chuyen nhugng VPCC, bdi CCV nhan chuydn nhugng VPCC se phai ke thfla quyen va nghia vu efla VPCC dugc chuyen nhugng la npi dung dugc quy dinh tai diem c khoan 2 Didu 29 Luat Cdng chflng nam 2014. Phai chang trong trudng hgp nay, CCV nh5n chuyen nhugng vdi tu each ca nhan se phai bdi thudng mpi thiet hai da xay ra trudc thdi diem nhan chuyen nhugng VPCC ehfl khdng phai VPCC?
Sau khi nghien cflu co ehe bdi thudng, bdi hoan trong boat ddng cdng chflng theo Luat Cdng chflng nam 2014, chung tdi cd mdt sd nhan xet sau:
Thu nhdt, trudng hgp VPCC chim dflt boat ddng thi ca chd bdi thudng, bdi hoan quy dinh tai Didu 38 Luat Cdng chflng nam 2014 se khdng thd dugc thyc thi. Khi do co chd nao se bao dam quydn va igi ich hgp phap cua ngudi bi thiet hai?
Ngudi bi thiet hai cd quydn trye tidp khdi kipn CCV va ngudi phien dich da gay ra thipt hai hay
1 3 Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt
khdng thi chua cd cau tra ldi thda dang. Chung tdi cho rang, phap luat cin quy dinh theo hudng, ngudi bi thi^t hai cd quyen truy cflu trach nhiem bdi thudng ddi vdi CCV va ngudi phien dich la tac nhan gay ra thiet hai ngay ca khi VPCC da chim dflt boat ddng.
Thu hai, LuSt Cdng chflng nam 2014 quy djnh VPCC chi dugc phep tdn tai va hoat ddng dudi loai hinh edng ty hgp danh. Do dd, CCV hpp danh phai chiu trach nhipm trudc phap luat ve hoat ddng cua VPCC, CCV hgp danh cd nghia vu lien ddi chiu trach nhiem thanh toan het sd np cdn l^i efla VPCC trong trudng hgp tai s^n ciia VPCC khdng dfl^. Didu nay cd nghia, CCV hpp danh hoan toan cd the phai tryc tiep tham gia vao quan he bdi thudng va ngudi bi thiet hai cd the khdi kipn yeu cau CCV hgp danh thyc bien nghia vu bdi thudng thay the VPCC. Tuy nhien, ca chS bdi thudng, bdi hoan trong boat ddng cdng chflng khdng he nhac tdi vai trd, trach nhipm cua CCV hgp danh.
Thir ba, ca che bdi thudng trong boat ddng edng chflng khdng de cao trach nhiem cua CCV va ngudi phien dich vcri tu each la tac nhan gSy thiet hai. Trong khi VPCC va CCV hgp danh co thd phai "quay cudng" trong quan he bdi thudng thi CCV vdi tu each la tac nhan gay thipt hai Iai
"ung dung" ngdi chd dd thyc hipn nghia vy bdi hoan. Co che bdi thudng, bdi hoan trong hoat ddng cdng ehung eung chua chfl trgng tdi cac bipn phap bao dam thuc hien nghia vy bdi thudng dudi gdc dp rang bupc traeh nhipm bdi thudng, bdi hoan efla CCV va cua ngudi phien dich. Do vay, khi phat sinh trach nhipm bdi thudng, bdi hoan, CCV, ngudi phien djch cd hanh vi trai phap luat gay thiet hai cd the da chu ddng "cao chay xa
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bay" de lai khoan ng cho VPCC, cho cac CCV hgp danh.
Thu tu, vipc thyc hien nghia vy cua VPCC dudng nhu mang tinh tuypt ddi ma khong cd ngoai le, VPCC hay ndi cy thd ban chinh cac CCV hgp danh se phai bdi thudng trong mpi trudng hgp ngay ca khi nghTa vy bdi hoan tu phia ngudi gay thiet hai khdng the trd thanh hien thyc, chang h^n ngudi gay ra thiet hai chdt khdng the truy cflu trach nhiem bdi hoan. Nhu vay, phap luat da khdng tao ra le cdng bang trong vipc bdi thudng thipt hai ma chi lam cdng vice chuyen rui ro tfl ngudi nay sang ngudi khac mpt each bat hgp ly.
Thu ndm, nghia vu mua bao hiem trach nhiem nghd nghidp cho CCV la nghTa v\i bat bupe ddi vdi VPCC. Tuy nhien, Luat Cdng chflng nam 2014 va cac van ban hudng din thi hanh khdng he de cap tdi vai trd cua doanh nghipp bao hiem trong CO che bdi thudng, bdi hoan trong boat ddng cdng chflng.
Chflng tdi cho rang, khi Luat Quy hoach nam 2017 cd hipu lyc thi hanh (ke tfl ngay 01/01/2019), viec thanh lap VPCC se khdng cdn bi han che sd lugng theo quy hoach nhu hien nay, dieu kipn thanh lap VPCC vi the cung don gian han, sd lugng VPCC dugc
thanh lap mdi se nhidu ban, tinh trang canh tranh giua cac VPCC cung gia tang. Trong nhung nam tdi, hien tugng VPCC tu chim dflt boat dpng, ty giai thd hoac pha san se la tat yeu khach quan. Dieu do cho thay, co che boi thudng thiet hai trong boat ddng cdng chflng khdng thd dya vao VPCC, yeu td cd dac tinh
"mong manh de v a " de lam ca sd bao dam nghTa vy bdi thudng thipt hai ma nen quy dinh CO chd ty chiu trach nhiem ca nhan efla CCV, cua ngudi phien dich vdi tu each la ngudi cd hanh vi trai phap luat, la tac nhan tryc tiep gay thipt hai. Ben canh dd, phap luat can bd sung mdt sd bien phap bao dam mang tinh tai san nham rang bugc trach nhiem bdi thudng thiet hai ddi vdi CCV; ddng thdi, tang cudng vai trd cua td chflc xa hpi - nghe nghiep cua CCV cung nhu phat huy ca che bao hiem trach nhiem nghe nghiep trong viec bdi thudng thiet hai do CCV gay ra. Viec chuyen ddi co che bdi thudng thipt hai trong boat ddng cdng chflng tu VPCC sang cho CCV tren ca sd de cao trach nhiem ca nhan cua CCV, cua ngudi phien dieh khdng chi giflp eho VPCC tdn tai va phat trien dn dinh, ben vung ma edn xda bd sy bat hgp Iy trong viee gach chiu ban qua bat Igi ddi vdi CCV hgp danh tai VPCC •
1. Vu Hdnh chinh tuphdp, Bg Tuphdp (2005), Ludt Cong chung cua nuac Cgng hoa Ba Lan ngdy 14/02/1991 (bdn dich), Hd Ngi.
2. Bg Tuphdp, Quy Hgp tde quoc le Due vi phdp lugt (2012), Tdi lieu Hgi thdo Dinh hudng sua doi bo sung mgt sd dieu cua Lugt Cong chung.
3. Khodn 1 Diiu 2 Lugt Cong chimg ndm 2014.
4. Biiu 12 Nghi djnh s6 04/2013/ND-CP cua Chinh phu ngdy 07/01/2013 quy dinh chi tiet vd hudng dan thi hdnh mot so dieu cda Ludt Cong chung
5. Diem g khodn 2 Diiu 17 Lugt Cong chung ndm 2014 vd diem d khodn 2 Bieu 176 Lugt Doanh nghiep nam 2014.
