TAF c m KHOA HOC - S6 3 7 / 2 0 2 0 || 5
LUAN V£ NHCTNG D A C DIEM N O I BAT CUA THO CHtT HAN T H d l LE
(Phan mot)
V6 Thi Minh Phung, Van Ming Bai hpc An Giang Bai hpc Supham Thuang Hdi
Tom tdt: Trieu dgi nhd Le v&i lich sie gdn bon tram ndm co tdm quan trpng trong lich sic van hoa trung dgi Viet Nam. Th&i ky ndy, cdc sic than Trung Quoc vd Dgi Viet co su giao lieu mat thiet. Vua quan lay tha ca lam phuang thicc doi dap ngdm vinh trong nhieng buoi giao Iicu long trpng giira cdc su than. Hdn hpc co vi Iri cao trong xa hpi the hien nhicng lam tie sdu xa cua cdc nhd Nho lam tha, lam cho nhieng sdng tdc tha chic Hdn trong th&i ky nay chiem linh nhieng dinh cao cua thi ddn ddn tpc. Npi dung chinh cita bdi viit gom nhieng thdnh luy chii yeu cda tha chic Hdn th&i Le, noi bdt nhdt la yeu to con ngic&i trong tdc phdm, ddc biit Id tdc phdm it ngudi biit din Bdi viit phdn thdnh hai phdn: mpt vd hai Phdn mot tap trung thdo luan ba npi dung chinh: (1) Sdng tdc tha chii Hdn cua vua quan khai quae triiu Le, (2) Tho gido hudn tri qudc ciia Le Thdnh Tong, vd (3) giao luu giica vdn nhdn Dgi Viet vd triiu Minh.
Tie khoa: vua quan nhd Le xu&ng hpa. tha sic thdn. tha ngie&i Viit goc hoa, dgc diem noi bdt tha chic Hdn.
Nhan bai ngay 13.2.2020; gui phan bien, chinh sira, duyet dang ngay 25.2.2020 Lien he tac gia: Vo Thi Minh Phung; Email: [email protected]
1. M O D A U
Minh Thanh T6 vao nam VTnh Lac thii 5, thang 6 nam 1407 am mim sap nhap ban db Dai Viet vao ban do Dai Minh, dong thai doi thanh quan huyen va bo nhiem quan lai hanh chinh. Nguai Dai Viet khong phuc, khip nai noi day phan doi voi mong muon lap lai con chau dai sau nha Tran, trong do manh nhat la anh hirng Le Lgi voi khai nghTa Lam San. Den nam Tuyen Due thu 2 (1427), quan Minh danh lau khong thang, tir do ky cam k^t vai Le Lgi rut quan ra khoi Dai Viet. Nam sau, Le Lgi (Le Thai To) len ngoi hoang di idy nien hieu Thuan Thien. Trieu Le (1428 - 1789) tri vi hon 370 nam, trai dai song song qua hai trieu dai Minh va Thanh. Trong thai gian do, vao nam Minh Gia TTnh thu 5 (1526) quyen than Mac Dang Dung chilm ngoi vua Le Cung Hoang da dan den ngi loan gan 70 nam. Su kien nay phan lara hai thai ky: thai ky dau han 100 nam la thai
TRtrft-NG DAI HOC THO BO HA JM Vj gian d4t nuac thai bmh va phat tri6n, thai ky sau nha Le roi vao canh Nam Bac doi dau npi chiln. Chinh trong b6i canh kho klian nay. y thu-c dan tpc cua cac nlia tha Dai Viet ngay cang sau sic, thi hien ro cac vin dl lich sir xa hpi trong npi dung tha chii Han, d6ng thoi co xu huong di vao van hoa nghe thuat va tha chu Han tra thanh tho cua dan tpc Dai Viet.
2. NOI DUNG
2.1. Sang tac tho* chir Han cua vua quan khai quoc trieu Le
Vua Le Lgi trong nhiing ngay diu xay dung dit nuac da thi hanli nhiing chinli sach chieu rap hiln tai, cai each triiu dinh,... nhu ma rpng truong hpc, phat trien nen hoc van qu6c gia, tuyln chpn con em quan lai va ngucri tai due trong dan gian lam quan, to chuc thi vl kinh diln Nho hpc va co chinh sach khen thuang trong giao due. (Ngo ST Lien, 1998; Chu thich 1). Ngoai ra, dii voi chinh sach coi trpng ca Tam giao - Nho Phat Lao da co tu thai Ly Trin; nha Le da thay dii, coi trpng Nho hpc, dl xuong ly hpc cua Trinh Di va Chu Hy. Thuc thi chinh sach nay, Le Thai T6 khong chi tl chuc khoa cu theo chii de Nho hpc de lay ngucri lam quan, ma con tien hanh in khac Tu thu dai toan, lam cho Nho hgc Trinh Di va Chu Hy tai Viet Nam ngay cang pho bien. Sy kien nay, theo Dgi Viet sic ky todn thu viet rang:
Dat nuac ta tu khi phai trai qua thai ky binh lira chien tranh, anh tai con lai nhu la miia thu, tuan sT hiem hoi nhu sao buoi som. Vua Thai To trong nhiing ngay dau dung nuoc, lay viec xay dung trudng hpc va den tha Khong Tu lam viec dau tien. Viec lam nay cho thay tam quan trgng ciia giao due (Nho giao) doi vai dat nuac. Thuo ban dau khi dang con mong raupi, khoa cir chua co vi tri, tram da co chi ke thira tri hue cua To tien, mong cau gap dugc nguoi hien tai. Nay da to chuc dugc cac ky thi, dy tinh din nam Thieu Binh thii 5, cac nod trong nuac deu to chiec dugc ky thi Huong, den nam thii 6 thi Hgi tai cac tinh thanh. Tir do ve sau, 3 nam mgt lan, coi soc cho thanh le. (Ngo ST Lien, 1998, Ban ky, quyen 2; Le ky, quyen 2)
Ton simg Nho giao, thyc thi che do khoa cii Nho hpc de chpn nguai tai lam quan tao dieu kien trong viec chan hung nen van hpc thai Le. Trong lich sii van hpc trung dai Viet Nam, van hpc chU Han thai nha Le co dac diera rieng so voi thai Ly - Trin, dat din dinh cao ve so lugng va chat lugng. Viec chgn mon Tho va Phti lam mon thi theo quy dinh thi cii thai nha Le, ciing che dp khoa cir vo hinh trung da hinh thanh con duong giii gin, tiep lira cho nhirng sang tac tha chii Han va tho Han Viet dot pha vong vay cua hoang gia quy tpc, buac dau di vao tang lop binh dan thanh thi. Dilu nay khong chi c6 y nghTa mo rpng pham vi truyen ba tho chir Han, ma con lam cho tho chil Han thuc sy di vao nen van hoa va van hpc ciia dan tpc, tao nen dpng lyc phat triln tha chii Han, hinh thanh ban sac van hoa Dai Viet va ma rpng ra den cac ting lap khac trong xa hpi.
Nhiing sang tac buoi dau cua vua, quan nha Le thi hien ro y chi bit khuit quat cuong ciia dan tpc. Le Thai To xuit than nha vo, cupc doi da trai qua nhilu chinh chiln da tao nen niem cam hirng rieng khi ngam tho. Hao khi trong tho co thi thoang thiy trong hai bai tho sau ciia ong:
TAF CHi KHOA HOC - S5 37/2020 || 7
^mr-^^f-w, ^mni&m\hm. ((MtiEici^j-H)) (BUI Huy Bich, Quyen 1)
Dich tha: Than di danli dep o chau Thai Nguyen
Chang e muon dam phai ra quan; Chi cot ngoai bien curu chung dan.
Troi dat khong dung phuong phan boi; Xua nay ai xa tpi gian than.
Hien ngay at dugc ban nhieu phiic; Bao ngugc cuoi ciing kho trpn than.
Than tu sat son vi phan su; Luu thom muon thua vai giang son.
Hiing Nam Yen dich (trich trong Dmh Gia Khanh, Tap 4, tr. 70)
Le Lgi smh vao thoi loan the, ong la mgt nguoi trung nghTa kiu tiet, co khi phach hao hiing manh me, the nen tho ong the hien ro net tinh each cua ong. Trong buoi diu xay dyng dat nuoc, trong nhirng van than ciia nha Le, tieu bieu la Nguyen Trai (1380 - 1442), mgt nha tho van noi tieng bac nhat thai nay. Ong ngoai cua Nguyln Trai la Tran Nguyen Dan, mpt nha tho noi tieng vao nhung nam cuoi thoi Tran. Than phu ong la Nguyen Phi Khanh, Cling thi do Thai hpc sinh vac thai cuoi nha Tran va timg giil chile Ngu sir trong thai nha Ho. Sau do, phy than Nguyen Trai bi quan nha Minh bat dem ve Kim Lang, cha con ong roi le tir biet tai Ai Nam Quan, tir do ong mgt long trg giiip Le Lgi danh duoi quan Minh va sau do ong tra thanh ragt cong than dung nuoc cua nha Le. Nguyen Trai co hgc thirc sau sac uyen bae, nguoi doi xem ong la mgt van hao toa sang duong thoi. Sang tac cua ong gom cac tac phim chu Han nhu; Qudn trung tie menh tap. Lam san thuc luc, Ifc Trai thi tap, Uc Trai du dia chi..., ngoai ra ong con dimg cha Nom de sang tac tap tho Qudc dm thi tap.
Nguyen Trai de lai khong it nhirng tac pham the hien cam xiic ve cupc doi, ve canh ngo bat hanh, qua hai bai tho dem dau thuyen 6 cira bien:
^^n^^W^t^, ^ ^ i S ^ i t ^ B E ^ ^ (Biii Huy Bich, Quyln 3) Dich tho: Cam xiic dem dau thuyen cua biln
Giang ho luu lac may muoi nien; Cua biln dem nay lai huge thuyen.
Mat song menh mong trang bai chiiu; Anh cay ma to khoi duenh len.
Viec xua bong qua khon diu lai; On nuac thuang gia chua bao den.
Lo truac binh sinh 6m mgt chi, Thilc chong ngii lanh chi 6m chien.
(Vien su hgc, 1976, tr. 285)
TRITCmG DAI HOC THO B 6 HA NQj,
" ^ * m ^ i i ^ > mm&^^mBl^ (BUI Huy Bich, Quyin 3) Dich tha: Dem dau thuyen a cira bien
Ho bien ngao du hung chua chan; Dat troi dau ciing thoang tam can.
Sac xuan quanh raat, long ngay ngat; Tieng song hoa ma lanh duoi man.
Nam thang v6 tinh hai mai bac; Long son trgn ven nghTa quan than.
Dang cuoi sy nghiep doi ta nhi? Dugc chiit phu sinh giiia the gian.
(Vien su hpc, 1976, tr. 310) Hai bai tho tren mieu ta cara xiic ciia tac gia trong hai lan dau thuyen 6 ciia bien vao dem khuya. Ca hai bai tho deu co anh trang, song nuac, mat bien, bong cay va may khoi; nhung bai tho thir nhat nhu la lai ty sy, ban khoan cua tac gia vi thai gian qua nhanh, viec doi thay d6i, ban than da gia nhung chua giiip dugc gi cho dat nuofc,... Den bai tho thu hai thi tac gia voi tara trang vui hon, tam h6n liha tha nhu dugc mo rpng hoa nhap cimg nhip dieu ciia bau troi va bien ca, tir anh trang, song nuoc, bong cay va khoi nuoc. Tac gia mim cuoi vi nhan ra sy nghiep cuoc doi la v6 thuang. Bai tho dugc viet theo the tho Duong luat, tho ong gan vai tho cua To Dong Pha va Hoang Son Coc thai nha T6ng Trung Qu6c.
2.2. Thcr giao huan tri quoc cua Le Thanh Tong
Thai gian Le Thanh Tong tai vi, eo nhieu sang tac tho chii Han. Day la ket qua cua nha Le sau mgt thoi gian tich eye lay chlnh sach phat trien van hoa giao due de xay dyng va phat trien dat nuoc. Le Thanh Tong (1442 - 1497) ten that la Tu Thanh, mgt ten khac nira la Hao, 18 tu6i len ng6i vua, tri vi dat nuoc 37 nam. Trong thoi gian 6 ng6i, ong da CO nhiing dong gop to lan trong viec phat trien dat nuofc tir mo mang bof coi, xay dung va phat trien van hoa nghe thuat, khoa cii giao due, chinh tri phap luat, ngon ngii dan tgc,... Nhiing dong gop do da tao nen nhiing gia tri raang tinh dac trung cua thai dai:
thoi dai Quang Thuan (thoi dai thuan theo anh sang ciia chan ly) va H6ng Due (thai dai cua due hanh to lan), danh dau mpt moc son trong lich sir Viet Nam. Vao nam Quang Thuan thir 4 (1463), vua ban chieu mo ky thi quoc gia, ca nuoc co hon bin ngan bin tram nguoi dy tuyen. Sau ky thi, bon tram nguoi da dugc bl nhiem. Theo Dai Viet Su ky todn thu, thang 3 nam 1467 cac giam sinh (con em t6n thit va quan lai trong triiu) hpc kinh sach Nho gia. Giam sinh thien nhieu ve Kinh thi, Kinh thu so voi hpc Ll ley, Chu dich, Xuan thu, nen trieu dinh da b6 tri cac tien sT chuyen vl Ngu kinh dl h6 trg. (Ngo ST Lien, 1998, Ban ky thyc luc, Quyln 3; Le ky, Quyln 3) Le Thanh T6ng nam H6ng Dilc thiir 3 (1472), xac dinh thoi gian te ll Khing Tir; nam Hdng Diic 14 (1483) xay dyng mo rgng mieu Khing Tit. Vua con nhieu lin ha chiiu thu thap sach va tai lieu chu Han 6 cac tu gia con luu giU, va co chinh sach trgng thuang dii voi nhiing nguoi hiln tang sach, nen kho tai lieu kinh sach quoc gia ngay cang phong phii. Nha vua rit yeu
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - SO 37/2020 || 9 thich tha van, dac biet la lam tho chG Han. Vua ty xung minh la Thien Nam Dpng chu Tao dan dai nguyen sodi. Trong trieu, Vua sip xep rieng mot thu quan danh rieng cho van hpc, thu quan nay con dugc ggi ten la "Quynh uyin curu ca". Noi day thuorng diln ra cac buoi vua t6i cimg lam tho ngam tang, da luu lai cho hau the khong it tac pham (Chii thich 3). Theo nhan dinh cua Mai Xuan Hai trong Khdi qudt tinh hinh vdn bdn cdc tdc phdm tho vdn Le Thdnh Tdng chuyen muc Tho chic Hdn. "Le Thanh Tong sang tac rat nhieu tho chii Han. Kh6i lugng sang tac tho chii Han cua ong neu kh6ng roi rung, mat mat thi co le ciing tdi con so hang nghin bai. Hien nay so tho cua 6ng con khoang 320 bai" (Vien nghien cilu Han Nom, 1986, tr. 58).
Trong lich su cac trieu dai vua chiia Viet Nam, vua Le Thanh Tong dugc xem la mpt "nlia vua - thi sT, thi sT - nha vua". Tho cua ong hay chir, y tha phong khoang. La mpt vi vua a ngoi kha lau, gan 40 nam dat nudc trong thdi gian ong tri vi thanh binh;
vua lai co dieu kien ngy gia khap dat nudc, day la ngu6n cam hung cho ong sang tac nhieu bai tho hay, la dpng lyc cho nen van hoa nghe thuat dat nudc phat trien rye ro.
Bui Huy Bich trong Todn Viet thi tap khi tuyen tap tha thai Ly, Tran, Le 3 ddi vua gom CO 70 bai, trong do tho Le Thanh T6ng da co han mgt nira so bai tho (35 bai). Co the thay, trong each nhin cac nha tuyen chpn tho hay tai Viet Nam, kha nang sang tac tha cua Le Thanh Tong dugc danh gia rat cao, trong do kha nang sang tac tho chii Han cua vua rat thuan thyc, vi vay vua Thanh Tong dugc xem la Thdng sodi thi dan. Nhin chung, npi dung chinh trong nhirng tac pham tho vua g6m 2 phuong dien:
Mpt la mieu ta phong canh thanh binh thinh the vdi mot long yeu thien nhien dat nudc, nhu bai tho Cdnh vat viing An Bang:
ftisioisfisas. #.«f«ji*ff.
mmXmWi^it, ra+i**5Fli:S. { S ; » a ± » (BUI Huy Bich, Quyin l) Dich tho:
Mat bien chon von niii may hang; Chap chong xanh biec doc ngang hang.
Bien nhieu ca muoi dan no du; Ruong thieu hoa mau thue nhe nhang.
Song vo sucm non don cho thap; Thuyen theo vach da doc ducmg hang.
Hoa binh huong mai dan vui ve; Hon bon muoi nam song an nhan.
(Vien nghien ciiu Han Nom, 1986, tr. 261) Bai tho la cam hiing tiic thai cua vua Le Thanh Tong trong chuyen tuan du den ciia biln Bach Dang tai virng dit An Bang. Bit nuac thanh binh thinh thi, phong canh troi dit trong xanh mot mau, Thanh Tong than lam vua mot nuac, trong long day hoan hy. Song Bach Dang tir ngan xua da co mot vai tro trgng yeu doi voi Viet Nam. Con song nay ciing la nhan chiing 3 tran thuy chiln giua Viet Nam vai cac dao quan phong Isiln phuang BSc: tran thuy chiln song Bach Ding nam 938, Ngo Quyln danh thing
10 II TRirCmG DAI HOC T H O D O H A j ^ i quan Nam Han, tran thuy chiln nam 981 vua Le Dai Hanh pha tan quan Nam Tong va tran thuy chiln nam 1288 nha Trin danh thing quan Nguyen M6ng. Tir khi vua Le Thanh T6ng len ng6i, hai nudc Trung Hoa va Dai Viet giao luu huu nghi, viec due guom dao trudc nay trd thanh diic cay cu6c, nhan dan an cu lac nghiep, day la nguon cara hirng tho cua nha vua.
Hai la vua co cai nhin mdi ve lich sii va cam ngp ve cupc ddi, chinh cam xiic do da tao nen nhiing van tha song dpng va tinh te, nhu hai bai tho sau:
^mUnm^m, nm^l^^m^^ (BUI Huy Bich, Quyin 2) Dich tho:
Thanh hoa chon von niii mpt day; Leo qua deo da vieng am may.
Chuyen ky vua Ly bia con do; Tpi ac giac Minh chiia d6i thay.
Dudng vang chan ngudi reu biec phii; Xuan nhieu mua niii ngan xanh day.
Len cao tam mat nhin cang rpng; Muon dam menh mong co lan cay.
(Vien nghien ciru Han Nom, 1986, tr. 141)
\h%'^-^ntm, m^^m-Wn^ ((M-^^I^LIJ)) (Bui Huy Bich, Quyin 2) Dich tha:
Due Thiiy ben song u6n khuc ba; Dinh cao chot vot ve nguy nga.
Chiia xua tim thay qua luong gio; Bia cu xem xong dudi bong ta.
Hang kin ngd rang trdi dat hep; Non cao thay ro nudc may xa.
Niii song quang canh kh6ng thay d6i; Ngam lai anh hung mpt thoang qua.
Ban dich ciia HVTVT (trich trong Vien Nghien cilu Han Nom, 1986, tr. 139) Bai tho thu nhat dugc viet vao nam Quang Thuan thii 8 (1467), dudi dl bai tho co ldi tua rang: "Ta di tham son lang, klii di qua con dudng ve phia trai ngpn nui, ben treo len ngam canh, cudi vua toi cuoi ddi nha Ly lara viec quai dan, dan din triiu chinh h6n loan; den ddi nha Tran vao nhiing nara cuoi, ngudi trong triiu tranh ng6i tudc vi hai lln nhau de rli quan Minh vao xam luge". Nhirng kinh nghiem tu lich sir da khic sau vao long Le Thanh Tong. Dirng yen cao thi dugc y6ng rgng, quang canh ttdi dit vo ban, va cliinh thdi khac nay Le Thanh Tdng nhu dimg tren dinh cao ciia ngpn niii lich sir. nglm nghT lai nhiing hinh anh thang tram ciia dat nudc thu lai trong tim mit, cam xiic cua ong
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - SO 37/2020 | H liic nay kho cd thi trong mpt ldi noi hit dugc. Bai tho thil hai ciing dugc sang tac vao nam Quang Thuan thir 8 (1467), Thanh Tong ciing cd ldi tya rang: "Ta di tham son lang tren dudng trd vl, bupc thuyin dudi chan mii, treo dinh gap ghenh, len noi chdt vot, vin may treo da, mit doi xa xam, nhd den nhiing anh hung da qua, cam xiic voi quang canh hien tai, liin vilt mgt bai tho vao vach da" (Tnrong Dang Que, 1963, tr.l40).
Phong canh non xanh nudc biec cua niii Due Thiiy tir lau ddi nay van tuai dep, cdn cupc ddi ngudi thi ngin ngui ma kho nhieu, phon hoa phu quy qua nhanh nhu chdp mat, va canh chiia khdng bia tring h6m nay la minh chung s6ng dgng cua sy thinh suy v6 thudng cua cupc ddi. La vua cua mpt dat nudc, vdi mgt nhan thilc sau sac tir lich sii dan tgc, Le Thanh Tdng khing quyet mgt sy that rang: niii s6ng quang canh khong thay d6i, ngim lai anh hirng mpt thoang qua. Nui song thi khong thay doi, nhung anh hirng thi mgt thoang qua, dieu ma hon hai ttam nam tnrdc, vua Tran Thai Tong (1218-1277) trong bai Rpng khuyen mpi ngudi md long bd de cam than len rang: gio lira tan tanh ke chi gia tie, niii khe mdn radi biet may anh hirng (Nguyen Hue Chi, 1998, tr. 64). Trong tho ciia vua Tran Thai T6ng va vua Le Thanh T6ng deu lay hinh anh cua niii tugng tnmg cho sy vung chai, anh himg va sy trudng tdn, d6i lap vdi hinh anh mil la than phan con ngudi, dii ngudi anh hung cijng phai chiu quy luat vo thudng chi phdi, theo nhu Tran Thai Tdng la: niii khe mdn mdi may anh himg va Le Thanh Tong viet la anh himg mgt thoang qua. Bai tha cho ta thay the gidi npi tam ciia mgt vi vua anh himg tai luge, la cam ngp ve chan ly vd thudng ciia cupc ddi trong chdc lat, ty bat ra tir day long nha vua. Vua Thanh Tong mpt ddi yeu thien nhien non nudc hiiu tinh, trong qua trinh vua tuan du sdng niii da sang tac khdng it bai tho ghi lai cupc hanh trinh, va ciing chinh tir trong nhung bai tha ta canh nay da ghi lai khong it nhirng tam tu va nhan thuc ve cudc ddi. Bai tha la mdt tai lieu quy cho ngudi ddi sau tim hieu ve lir tudng va ca tinh cua nha vua.
2.3. Giao liru giii'a van nhan Dai Viet va nha Minh
Trong thdi gian Thanh Tdng d ngdi, nha vua cd mdi quan he tdt dep vdi nha Minh, nhd do sir than giira hai nudc giao luu thudng xuyen. Vao nam Thien Thuan thu IV (1462), vua nha Minh la Anh Tong da phai Tiln Phd, mgt hpc sT Thi dgc (hd Xra dgc sach) thugc Han lam vien di sil sang Dai Viet de sac phong Le Thanh Tdng. Vua Thanh Tong tilp le vdi nghi thiic long trgng, chii khach lam tho xudng hpa trong bau khdng khi am ap tinh hiru nghi.
Nhihig bai tho giao dai xuit phat tir tmh cam tu nhien tudn trao yong nhiing van tho diln nha hai hda. Sil thin Tiln Phd cua triiu dinh nha Minh khi di su sang Dai Viet, trong cudc hanh trinh dudng dai cua minh, dng da vilt nhieu bai tha tya nhu nhiing bdng hoa tten dudng khi dng trd ve dat nudc. Thdi nay, nhung cudc lam tha ddi dap dien ra hau het ttong cac hoat dgng ngoai giao, nhu vao nam "Hdng Dilc thil 6 (1475) miia xuan thang gieng, triiu dinh nha Minh phai Kim ngd ve chi huy su la Quach Canh sang dudi bat nhirng ke chay ttdn. Quach Canh di dudng sdng Thao din, khi Canh vl, vua sai Thai phd ky quan cong la Le Niem, Lai bd thugng thu la Hoang Nhan Thiem, Binh bp thugng thu la Dao Tuin,... va su quan tu soan Ngd ST Lien lam tha. Vua vilt bai Tua dl tiln dua Quach Canh.
Bai Tua dl la Thien Nam Dgng Chii Dao Am ty" (Chii thich 4).
12 II TRU-erNG DAI HOC TH& D 6 H A J J Q I
Cd thi thiy, duong thcri qua trinh giao luu giiia quan chuc nha Minh va quan chirc Dai Viet khong thi thilu hoat dgng lam tho phil; tliam chi ngay ca quan chirc ttieu nha Mmh din Dai Viet dl bit cac tdi pham lin ttdn. Sau khi hoan thanh cdng viec xong, phia Dai Viet ciing khdng quen thu xip radt budi xudng hpa tho ca ciing vdi cac sir than;
ddng thai hr minh vilt bai Tua dl ghi lai ky niem nay. Qua do, chiing ta co tlie thay dugc mdt diu tich biu khi nhiet thanh, phong nha cua vua tdi ttieu Le. Trieu Le mpt ttara nam trudc, nhan tai thi dan vdi tac phim hay nhieu nliu ttam rimg hoa dua nd.
Trong cac nlia tha chii Han cd nhilu hpc gia tinh thong ve Han hgc, trong tha hg cd anh hudng tu tudng Trung Quic. Vi dy triiu thin Ly Tir Tan la mdt vi dgc khap kinh sach Han hpc, dng dugc Le Thai Tdng quy trgng va mdi lam quan van cua trieu dinh. Trai thdi Le Thai Tdng rdi din Le Nhan Tdng, dng lara din chile quan Han lam, phu ttach giang kinh sir ttong triiu dinh, trudc tac Chuyet am tap. Ly Tir Tan am hieu ve chuyen ddi, vi vay ong chpn cupc sdng an phan giii gin sy vung dai cua minh, dieu ma hai bai tho Man hung ciia ong da the hien:
n-^mm.^^^> m^mmiMm^ «}#»)) (BUI Huy Bich, Quyin S) Dich tho. Hiing chai
Tat ca vi dau tliir hdi ttdi? Van vuang mac miu lgi danh hoai.
Tya song ngam canh ttdi dat rdng; Ke gdi nam mo ngay thang dai.
Ran ve them chan cho met xac; Cua bo rdng rudt khd lira ai.
Sao bang yeu menh vui cimg dao; Dii thiet dii hon ciing the thdi.
(Dinh Gia Khanh, 2000, Tap 4, tt. 249) Bai tho dugc viet vdi tieu de Man hicng, nghTa la ngau nhien tir rapt cam hung cam xuc.
Nhung ngau nliien ay la ca mpt kinh nghiem due nit tir cupc ddi bang cau hdi md dau cua hai bai tho: Thir hdi ngudi ddi cd sao phai ngugc xudi tat ta, mac muu vudng vit mai ttong trudng lgi danh; de roi cudc ddi trai qua bao dugc mat vui budn nhu mdt giac mdng, khi nhin lai minh da la dng gia 49 tudi. Day la hai cau hdi va ciing la dgng ca de hp xa lia cudc ddi phon hoa dd hgi, khdng dam chim vao lac thii phii du tam bg ciia danh lgi, dilu ma nhiing bac si phu nhu nha tha Ly Tir Tan het Idng mong mdi, cac vi yeu thich sy ving ve va yen tTnh, song ttong sach. Thanh danh, sy nghiep, hoan canh vinh hiln chi nhu mdt giic mdng, khdng the lam cho nha tho quen ldi sdng thanh dam cua minh. Trong tho, hiu nhu mdi cau deu cd dimg dien tich tir tu tudng Lao Trang. Mo tip nay ttd thanh ca sd niim tin khi ddi nhan xu the ttong cudc ddi ciia tac gia. Vdi phuang phap so sanh, in du, dugc diln dat bang ngdn tir rage mac ttong sang cimg cau tnic tho ca chat che, nhip dieu hai hda nhu kl, nhu thi tham. nhu ngam nga chiem ngliiera ve cuge ddi ma ty minh da quan sat suy ngam tir lau, giiia cudc thang ttam ciia the su. Ao mdng ciia ngudi ddi nhu thi, nha tho tu nhu: sao bang vui vdi dao d yen theo menh trdi.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC - SO 37/2020 || 13 Vao nhiing nam diu nha L6 ciing co khdng it nha tlio chir Han cy tuyet con dudng lam quan, cam nguyen sing cudc ddi an ban giu dao. Ly Tir Cau la nha tho tieu bieu ttong sd cac nha tha nay. Bai tho Thuat chi sau the hien tuong ddi ro chi hudng cua dng:
^ j ^ m A ^ n i W . - d i i i i S ^ P J ^ ^ o <(^'*^» (Biii Huy Bich, Quyln 3) Bich tha: Thuat chi
Ching rimg chang chg chang khanh cdng; Chang hgc Td Tan ao rach bong.
Tho hiing gid trang ngam chang can; Rugu say sdng mii dao khdng cung.
Tang quan nghien cii khdng thay ddi; Vuong Xan "lau cao" ludng nhd trdng.
Gia phdng ngudi ddi nhieu qud trach; Cam bang khdng gian chiec thuyen khdng.
(Dinh Gia Khanh, 2000, Tap 4, tr. 310) Ly Tir Cau la Thai hgc sinh vdi pham chat liem khiet, khi tiet thanh cao. Thdi nha Hd, vua radi dng lam quan den chiic Thai tir hiiu dy dire, nhung dng tir chdi. Vac thdi nha Le nhieu lan mdi dng ra lam quan, song dng khdng chiu ra. Duong thdi, da cd khdng it nha tho bang Idng xa rdi chdn quyen quy: mdt la de giii tiet thao, hai la anh hudng ciia phong trao mudn tim cudc sdng an cu cua giai tang tri thuc quy tdc d Trung Quoc, raudn coi ddi sdng lang que la ddi sdng thanh cao. Trong khong khi sdng ddi an cu nay, cho dii trong xa hdi cd nhieu ke sT nhan chile lam quan, thi ttong sd dd khdng it ngudi trong tham tam hp van mong mudn sdng an cu nhan, dieu nay thudng thay ttong mdt sd lugng Idn bai tha chii Han cd mau sac huong vi cua ly hgc thai nha Tdng.
3. KET LUAN
Nhin chung, Dai Viet sau khi ddc lap, tien trinh phat ttien tho chii Han ve the tai va hinh thirc chi sau tho Trung Qudc va da hinh thanh nen ddng van hpc chu luu cua tho ca Viet Nam. Tho chii Han da gdp phan lam phong phii hon the gidi ndi tam cua con ngudi, md ra trudc mat ngudi dpc mdt tam tinh vdi cudc ddi, mdt thien nhien, mgt que huong day cam xuc va thanh sac; mang den mdt cai tdi vira hda nhap trong thien nhien, vira ca thi hda trong each cam thy thi gidi. Hoat ddng tho chii Han liic do la chuyen sang ttpng, thieng lieng, la ly tudng sdng cua mdt lop ngudi. Lam tho la each giri gam tam tinh sau lang, cho nen ngudi xua da di vao tho vdi tit ca niem say me va tam huyet cua minh.
Lich su tho chu Han ttai qua triiu Dinh, Le, Ly, Trin din thdi hau Le, Nguyen vdi hon 1000 nam lich sir. Trong hon mdt ngan nam nay, co nhieu nha tho va tac pham tho cd anh hudng Idn den lich su nen van hgc Viet Nam. Nhan dinh ve tim quan ttgng cua van hgc chii Han ddi vdi nen van hda dan tdc, Ngd Thdi ST, mgt hgc gia \^et Nam viet rang:
Nudc Dai Viet lay van hien lap nudc. Tho ca tir thdi Dinh, Ly qua thdi Tran, rdi den nha Le thai vua Hdng Diic tlu phat triln rye ra. Mdt bd Todn Viet thi vdi hinh thiic tha cd
TRlfMSAl HQC TWBQHANS' the, that khong thua kem tho nhiing bai tl^o hay giap ngoc xao kim (go ngoc khe vang) ^ tho ca thai Duong, T6ng, Nguyen, Minh cua Trung Quic, that dang goi la mot dit nuoc tho ca. Trong so nhung tac phim hay, nhung nha tho co tac phim dat den trinh do cao ve cau va bd cue tho g i m Thai Lu Ducmg, Bach Van Am,... rli tilp din cac nha tlio nSi tieng sau thai Le Trung Himg. Ngoai ra, nliirng tac phim hay ta co thi thiy dan xen trong nliOng tap tha cua cac sii gia Dai Viet ttong hanh trinh di sii din Trung Quic. Trong s l do, co vi thic den nhimg noi son thuy xa xoi heo lanh d l dm huong vi c6 xua, cd vi cam xuc truoc phong canh him tinh, co vi di xa thi nha que huong, co vi nhan su viec de noi len clii liuong,. .^
ca deu ttd thanh di san van hda quy bau, nhu ngudn nudc mat tham nhuan cho cac the h?
ddi sau Tho cflng nhu vay, di qua hang rao cua tlio Trinli Chu, bang qua dat nudc tha phu cua Khuit Nguyen va Tdng Ngpc thdi Chien qudc, vuot qua can phdng cua Han Du ya Pham Trong Yem tac gia van hoc ndi tilng ddi Tdng, ma vugt len tten con dudng Idn cua tho Ly Bach va Do Phu" (Phan Huy fch, tt. 5).
Lap luan ciia hp Ngd my cd diem tu minh klioe sang, nhung nhung thanh tuu cua tho chu Han lam cho nudc Dai Viet trd thanh dit nudc cua thi ca ttong A Ddng, tudi nhuin cho ddi sau. Tdm lai, thdi ky diu nha Le, tho chir Han phat ttien manh, va day ciing la thdi ky phat trien rue rd tho ca chir Han thdi trung dai.
Chu thich:
1. Sach Minh Thai To Thuc Luc, quyen 5, muc 13 viet ring: "Thang 10 nam Vihh Lac thu 5 (Dinh Hgi), quan tdng binh tai Giao Chi gom co Tan Tiianh Hau, Truong Phu...dang bilu den vua nha Minh rang: khi den tim quan Giao Chi tham hdi tim kiem ngudi cd tai co due, am hieu kinh dien, thdng Kinh gidi Van, hpc rpng cd tai, thdng minh chinh true, hieu de luc dien, hien luong phuang chinh, thdng dat the sir, gidi ve binh phap, quen thudc viec quan, va nhifng ngudi tai vo song toan thi cd khoang 9 ngan ngudi. Hp lien tuc dupe phai sang Kinh do. Noi day vao miia ddng thdi tiet lanh gia, nhimg ngudi d mien Nam mat miia chiu dung vit va thdi tiet nay, nay ta lenh Bd cdng vao kho lay ao quan men gdi tit giay de cung cap cho nhirng ngudi dang gap nan".
2. http://www.thivien.net/Le-Thai-Td/Chinh-Dieu-Cat-Han-hoan-qua-Long-Thuy-de/
3. Tap tho Quynh Uyen Curu Ca chu yen ghi lai nhimg tac phim tlio cua Le Thanh Tdng sang tac cung 24 vi ttieu than ciing hpa van, gom Than Nhan Trung, Dd Nhuan, Ngd Luan, Ngd Hoan, Nguyen Xung Xac, Luu Hung Hilu, Nguyln Quang Bat, Nguyln Dire Huin, Vfl Duong, Ngd Tham, Pham Duong Phi^ Chu Huyen, Ngd Van Canh, Pham Tri Khiem, Luu Thu Ngan, Nguyln Nhan Bi, Nguyln Tdn Miet, Ngd Quyln, Nguyen Bao Khue, Biii Phd, Duong True Nguyen, Dd Thuin Nhu, Pham Nhu Hue, Chu Hoan, Pham Cin Tnic, Nguyln Ich Tdn, Luu Yi ( ^ ) , Dam Than Huy.... ngudi duong thdi gpi la "Tao dan nhi thap bat tii". Ngoai ra cdn cd cac tap tho nhu Van Minh Cd Suy, Minh Luong Cam Tii, Xuan Phuong Thi tap, Hilu Tri thi tap,..,
4. Dgi Viet sir ky tocm llur. Ban ky, Quyln Xm (file PDF), Ha Npi: Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hdi, tt. 481.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Ngo ST Lien (1998), Dai Viel Sir ky Toan tliu (Npi cac quan ban), Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hoi Ha Ndi, Quyen 2.
a±js.*s*ia4:4i (rtiSfiR) iM] .-M^ : n^m^^tamt. 1998.
i / i r L.ni RjiuA n u u - SO 3 7 / 2 0 2 0 |[ 15 2. Biii Huy Bich, Hoang Viet Thi Tuyin (Ban chtr Han), Vien nghien cuu Han Nom, Ha Npi,
Ban A306, Quyln 1,2,3.
3. Dinh Gia Khang, Biii Van Nguyen, (2000),7o'«g tap Van hpc Viet Nam. Tap 4, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hpi. Ha Ngi, tr.70, 249, 310.
4. Vien Su hpc (1976), Nguyen Trai todn tap, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hoi. Ha Npi, tt. 285,310.
5. Vien nghien cuu Han Nom (1986), Tha van Le Thdnh Tdng, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi. Ha Ndi.
6. Nguyln Hue Chi (1998), Tha van Ly Trdn, Tap 2, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hpi. Ha Ngi.
7. Tnrong Dang Que (1963), Dgi Nam Thuc Luc. Nxb Huu Lan dudng, Vien nghien cuu Ngon ngu Van hoa Dai hgc Khanh Ung Nghia Thuc, Nhat Ban.
8. Ly Van Phuong (1997), Viet kieu thu, Quyln 20, Tur kho toan tliu tin muc timg thu. Sir bp 161, Nxb Te L6 thu xa, Son Dong.
m^-XR mm^)) # 1 : + = 0 ) $ ^ ^ # @ A ^ , i g p i 6 i , ^ # ^ ? ± i 9 9 7 ^ i } 5 . 9. Phan Huy Ich, Tinh sd ky hdnh, Tha tap tu, Vien nghien ciiu Han Nom, Ha Npi, Ban
A.603, tr. 5.
mn^.mmi^'if. {%m^) \^-m^.mnm^'m%'^mi'i>if~ (A.603)
DISCUSSING ON THE OUTSTANDING EXPRESSION OF CLASSICAL CHINESE POEMS WRITTEN BY VIETNAMESE
IN THE LE DYNASTY (PART ONE)
Abstract: The Le dynasty with a history of nearly four hundred years plays an important role in cultural history in medieval Viet Nam. During this period, Chinese and Dai Viet envoys had Jrequent contacts. Sinology has a high position in society, from the leading mandarin taking poetry as a way of responding to recite verses, the solemnity of the association between the envoys, and the deep in thought of the scholar writing poetry, so the classical Chinese poems written by Vietnameseduring this period reached its peak. This paper presents the outstanding expression of classical Chinese poems written by Vietnameseunder the perspective of human being in the works, especially the lesser known works including tn'o parts: part one and part two. The part one focuses on discussing three main contents: first, the classical Chinese poems written by the founding monachs and ministers of the Le dynasty:
second, Le Thanh Tong's poetry teaching and ruling the country; and third, the communication of poems between the Le dynasty and the Ming dynasty.
Keywords: the emperors and ministers of the Le dynasty sing hymns, envoy poetry, poems written by Chinese Vietnamese people, highlight characteristic of the classical Chinese poems written by Vietnamese.
