THOA THUAN TRONG TAI KHONG THE THlTC HIEN D l / a C : Ttr CO SOf PHAP LY DEN THlTC TIEN XET Xlf
Trdn Thanh Tdm*
Phgm Thi Dung**
Tom tat: Bdi viit nghien ciiu ve chi dinh thoa thudn trgng tdi khdng thi thuc hiin tren hai phuong diin: Ca sd phdp ly vd thuc tien xet xu. Thdng qua vi$c tim hiiu che dinh ndy trong Cdng uoc New York 1958, Ludt Mdu UNCfTRAL 1985, Ludt Trong tdi thuong mgi Viet Nam 2010 cung vdi viec nghien cicu cdc bdn dn lien quan tren the gidi vd tgi Viet Nam, bdi viit da nit ra dugc: (1) Khdi niem thda thudn trgng tdi khdng thi thuc hien dugc (2) Nhdn dgng nhiing trudng hgp thda thudn trgng tdi khong thi thttc hiin dugc (3) Phdn biet thoa thudn trgng tdi khong the thuc hiin dugc vdi thda thugn trgng tdi bi vd hiiu.
Abstract: The article focuses on the issue of unenforceable arbitration agreements from two perspectives, namely legal basis and adjudicative practice. On the basis of
studying this issue pursuant to New York Convention 1958, UNCITRAL Model Law 1985, Vietnam's Law on Commercial Arbitration Law 2010 as well as studying typical cases, the article draws some conclusions relating to: (1) the definition of unenforceable arbitration agreements; (2) identifying unenforceable arbitration agreements; and (3) distinguishing null and void arbitration agreements and unenforceable ones.
"Thda thudn trpng tai khdng thd thuc hidn dugc" la chd dinh phap ly xuat hidn cung vdi su ra ddi cua Cdng ude New York 1958 ldn Ludt mdu UNCITRAL1985, cung nhu cac ludt vd trgng tai cua nhieu nudc tren the gidi nhu Anh, Hoa Ky. Tuy nhidn, tai Vidt Nam, cho ddn khi Luat Trgng tai thuang mai 2010 ra ddi dya trdn nhung sua ddi, bd sung tir Phap Idnh Trgng tai thuang mai 2003 thi khai niem nay mdi dugc dd cap ddn.
1. Ctf sd phap 1^ va thuc tien xet xu lien quan den thda thuan trpng tai khong
Giang vien Luat truang Dai hoc Ngoai thuong - Ca so II tai Tp, H6 Chi Minh.
" Sinh vifin tnr6Tig Dai hpc Ngoai thucmg - Co scr II tai Tp. H6 Chi Minh.
the thuc hien dirp'c theo Cdng irdc New York 1958' va Luat mau 1985^
1.2. Co sd"phdp ly
Xuat phat diem cua cac tidu chuan qudc td vd thda thugn trpng tai phai kd den Cdng ude New York 1958. Cdng ude nay dugc midu ta la "tru cot quan trgng nhdt cua toa dn trgng tdi quoc te " va dugc col la "mgt vi du diin hinh nhdt, hieu qud nhdt vi phdp lugt qudc ti trong lich su phdp lugt thuong mai ^.
' Cong ude New York 1958 ve cong nhgin va thi hanh phan quyet trpng t^i nir6c ngoai (gpi tSt la C6ng \i6c New York).
^ LusLt miu ve trpng t^i thuong mai qu6c tk ciia IJy ban phap ludt thucmg mai qu6c tS Lien hi?p quoc (UNCITRAL) ban h ^ h nSm 1985, siia d6i, b6 sung nam 2006 (gpi tat la Lu^t mau 1985).
^ A.Redfem, M.Hunter, N.Blackaby va C.Partasides:
Phap luSt va th\rc tiln trpng tH thuang meii qu6c t^
(2004), tr. 161.
62
THOA THU AN TRQNG TAI..
Thuat ngii "thda thuan trpng tai khdng thd thyc hien dugc" dugc nhic ddn tai Didu II ciia Cdng ude New York 1958: "Tda dn cua mgt qudc gia thdnh viin, khi nhdn dugc mgt don kien vi mgt vdn di md vdn de do cdc bin da cd thda thudn theo ngi dung cda diiu ndy, se, theo yeu cdu cua mot bin, dua cdc ben ra trgng tdi, tru khi tda dn thdy rdng thda thudn noi tren khdng cd hieu luc hodc khdng the thuc hiin duoc ".
Tuang tu vdi didu khoan ndu trdn ciia Cdng ude New York 1958, Luat mdu 1985 ciing quy djnh tai Dieu 8.1: "Tda dn, noi cd khieu kien vi vdn di ddi tuong cua thda thudn dugc dua ra, neu mot bin yeu cdu khdng mudn hon thai gian khi nop bdn gidi trinh ddu tiin cua minh vi ngi dung tranh chdp, se chuyen tranh chdp ra trong tdi trir khi thdy rdng thda thudn trgng tdi vd hiiu, khdng cd hieu luc hodc khong thi thuc hien dugc "
Ngoai hai dieu khoan tren thi trong phan cdn lai cua ca Cdng ude New York lan Ludt mdu 1985 ddu khdng dua ra djnh nghTa cu the nhu the nao la "thda thuan trgng tai khdng the thuc hien dugc", ciing nhu khdng neu ra nhirng trudng hgp ddn ddn mdt "thda thuan trpng tai khdng the thyc hien dugc"
de cd thd tir do khai quat hda, dua ra dugc dinh nghTa phu hgp.
Nghidn cuu phap luat trpng tai cua mpt sd qudc gia nhu Anh, Hoa Ky cho thdy, cd sy tuong ddng vdi Cdng ude New York 1958 va Luat mau 1985 vd che djnh thda thuan trpng tai khdng thd thuc hien dugc.
Cu thd, Didu 9(4) cua Ludt Trgng tai Anh 1996 quy djnh: "Tda dn khong thu ly trir khi thda thudn trgng tdi bi v6 hiiu hodc khdng thi thuc hien duac". Trong khi dd, tai Hoa Ky, Dao luat Trgng tai lidn bang FAA 1990 (Federal Arbitration Act) kd thira nguydn
ven ndi dung cua Cdng ude New York 1958 va theo dd, toan bp ndi dung Cdng ude dugc npi luat hda thanh Chuang 2 cua Dao luat FAA. Didu nay ddng nghTa vdi vide phdp luat cac qudc gia nay ciing khdng dua ra khai nidm ve thda thuan trpng tai khdng the thuc hien dugc va cung khdng lidt kd cac trudng hgp cd thd nhan bidt mdt thda thudn trpng tai la khdng thd thyc hidn dugc.
Binh luan vd chd djnh ndy trong Cdng ude New York 1958, Giao su Albert Jan van den Berg cho rang, thda thuan trpng tai khdng thd thyc hidn dugc dudng nhu dd ap dung cho cac vu vide ma tai dd trpng tai khdng the dugc tidn hanh mpt each thuc td.
Cd nhieu nguydn nhan khac nhau ly giai cho sy tdn tai ciia thda thuan trpng tai khdng thd thuc hidn dugc: (i) Didu khoan trpng tai cd cau chii qua ma hd; (ii) Cac didu khoan khac ciia hgp ddng xung dot vdi y chi dua ra trpng tai giai quydt cua cac ben; (iii) Trgng tai vien dugc ndu tdn trong thda thuan trgng tai tir chdi vide dugc chi djnh;
(iv) Ca quan cd tham quydn chi dinh trong thda thudn trpng tai tir chdi tien hanh chi djnh trpng tai vien''.
Ve hau qua phap ly, ndu thda thudn trpng tai dugc phat hidn la khdng thd thuc hidn, thi cac ben trong vu tranh chap cd the de trinh vu vide Idn tda an. Sau khi xem xet, ndu cd ca sd de kdt luan thda thuan la khdng thd thyc hidn dugc, tda an cd quydn bac bd thda thudn trgng tai dd tidn tdi thu ly vu an.
Trong trudng hgp tda an nhan thay thda thuan trpng tai khdng thupc ve cac trudng hgp khdng thd thyc hien dugc, tiic van cd tinh kha thi, tda an bat budc phai tir chdi thy ly va dua vu viec ddn trpng tai (Didu 3 khoan 3 Cdng ude New York 1958).
* Berg, A J. V. D., Cong ir&c New York ndm 1958, Vien T.M.C Asser La Hay, 2009, tr. 153.
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NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUATSO 9/2014 1.2. Thuc tien xet xu 1.2.1. Vuviicthunhdr
Vu viec dudi .ddy trinh bay vd mdt trudng hgp dd gay nham ldn cho vide quydt dinh mpt thda thuan trpng tai cd phai khdng thuc hidn dugc hay khdng.
Trong ban an cua Tda an Hai quan (Queen's Bench Division) ngay 13/01/1978 vd vu Rena K (Anh, sd 6), theo dd ben nguyen dan lap luan trudc Tda an Hai qudn Anh rang, ndn tir chdi ydu cdu cua bj dan vd vide hodn qua trinh td tung tda an, bdi vi bi don khdng cd dii ngudn luc tai chinh dd thi hanh quydt djnh trpng tai (quydt djnh cd thd bat lgi cho bj don). Thda thuan trgng tai do do "khong thd thyc hien dugc". Tham phan da bac lap ludn cua nguyen dan ndi trdn nhu sau:
"Budc dau tien cdn thidt cho vide cdng nhan va thi hanh quyet dinh trpng tai la chinh thoa thuan trpng tai ma dya vao dd quydt djnh dugc cdng bd phai dugc cdng nhdn vd thi hanh. Ngii canh sir dung thuat ngii "khdng thd thyc hidn dugc" chinh la ngii canh cho viec cdng nhan va thi hanh mdt thda thuan trpng tai ma, ndu thda thuan nay cd hidu lyc, se dan tdi quydt dinh trpng tai dugc cdng bd, chii khdng phai la ngu canh cho vide cdng nhan va thi hdnh chinh quydt djnh trpng tai khi da dugc cdng bd".
Do do, trong trudng hgp nay, thuat ngii
"khdng thd thyc hien dugc" ndn dugc xem xet dudi goc do, nd chi dd cap ddn vin dd lieu mdt thoa thudn trpng tai cd kha thi cho tdi giai doan dua ra quydt dinh trpng tai; va khdng nen phdn tich md rdng vin dd kha nang thi hanh.
Xem thSm t?i vu viec Rena K (Anh, s6 6) ciia T6a an Hai qu^n (Queen's Bench Division) ngay 13/01/1978 dugc vien din trong Cong ude New York nam 1958, Berg, A J. V. D., 2009, tr.l53.
Day dugc coi la mpt vi du dien hinh cho trudng hgp mdt bdn trong tranh chap vien dan ly do thidu ngudn luc tai chinh dd lam nguydn cd cho mot thda thuan trpng tai khdng thd thyc hidn dugc. Trdn thuc td, ly do nay se khdng dan tdi thda thudn trgng tai khdng thd thyc hien dugc theo nhu trinh bay dtren.
1.2.3. Vu viec tha hai^
Mdt vy vide dang thu hiit nhidu sy quan tam cua gidi trgng tai qudc td, dd la trudng hgp giiia Seidel va Telus, 2009 CarswellBC 608, dugc xet xii bdi Tda phiic thim British Columbia (BCCA) vd mdt phan quydt dua ra bdi Tda an tdi cao Canada.
Ddy la tranh chip phat sinh tir hgp ddng mua ban didn thoai di ddng; trong van ban bd sung mdi cd didu khoan vd thda thuan trpng tai quy djnh ring, hinh thiic td tung trpng tai se dugc ap dung khi cd bit ky tranh chip ndo. Ngudi mua, Michelle Seidel, khdi kidn ben ban la Telus Communications Inc (TCI) vi cho ring, ben ban da phd vd thda thuan khi khdng trung thyc trong thyc hidn hgp ddng. TCI da dd nghi tda an tien hanh dua vu vide ra trpng tai theo dung nhu thda thuan trpng tai da dugc xac lap. Tda sa tham Tda an tdi cao British Columbia da ra phan quydt thoa thuan trpng tai la khdng thd thuc hidn dugc vdi ly do bdn bi dan khdng du kha ndng thyc hidn quy djnh trgng tai do gap nhung khd khan vd tai chinh vd do dd td chdi yeu cau dua ra trpng tai cua bj dan.
Tda phiic thim British Columbia xem xet lai phan quydt ciia Tda sa thim va ra quydt dinh cudi cimg la thda thuan trpng tai vdn dii hieu luc va do dd, dugc chip nhan
" Xem npi dung chi tiet vy vi^c tai: httD://scc- csc.Iexum.com/scc-csc/scc csc/en/item/7927/index.do
7-^0.4 THUAN TRONG TAI..
ap dung. Tuong ddng nhu vu vide thu nhat da trinh bay d tren, mdt thda thuan trpng tai khdng thuc hidn dugc hay khdng chi xem xet tdi miic do pham vi ap dung tinh ddn thdi didm thda thuan trpng tai dugc cdng nhan, chii khdng phai den thdi diem ban hanh phan quyet trgng tai.
Do do, cd thd thdy cac bdn da, hoac vd tinh khdng nhan ra vide ap dung sai quy dinh vd thda thudn trpng tai khdng thyc hidn dugc, hoac cd tinh lgi dung ke hd de gay nhim ldn nay dd bao vd lgi ich cho ban thdn trudc nguy ca thua kien.
2. Cc sd phap ly va thuc tien xet xu*
thoa thuan trpng tai kh6ng the thuc hien duffc tai Vi^t Nam
2.7. Giai doan thuc thi Phdp lenh Trong tdi thuong mgi 2003
2.1.1. Co so phdp ly
Nhu da phan tich, thudt ngG thda thuan trpng tai "khdng thd thuc hidn dugc" diing dd dp dung cho cac vu vide ma tai do trpng tai khdng thd dugc tidn hanh, du thda thuan do khong bj vd hidu. Cd the minh hpa thdng qua mdt sd thda thuan nhu sau: "Mpi tranh chip phat sinh tir hgp ddng nay se dugc giai quydt trudc tien tai Trung tam Trpng tai Qudc td Vidt Nam, sau dd se dugc giai quydt chung thdm tai Tda an"; hoac "Mpi tranh chip phat sinh tir hodc cd lidn quan ddn hgp ddng nay se dugc giai quydt tai Trung tam Trpng tai Qudc td Viet Nam theo Phap ldnh Thii tuc giai quyet cac vy an kinh td"; hoac "Tranh chap ndu cd se dugc giai quydt tai Trung tam Trgng tai Qudc td Vidt Nam va Tda an Trgng tai Qudc td ICC" ...
Theo nhiing phdn tich vd thda thuan trgng tai vd hidu, cac dieu khoan trpng tai neu trdn khdng thudc vao nhiiiig trudng hgp vd hidu vi da chi rd dugc td chiic trpng tai cd thim quydn giai quydt vu tranh chip, va
vai trd cua cac td chiic dugc chi djnh la cd hidu lyc phii hgp phdp ludt. Tuy nhidn, trong thuc tien, nhiing didu khoan trpng tai nay lal khdng thd ap dung dugc bdi chinh ndi dung thda thuan cd sy mau thuan. Vi du trong didu khoan: "Mpi tranh chip phat sinh tu hgp ddng nay se dugc giai quydt trudc tien tai Trung tam Trgng tai Qudc td Viet Nam, sau dd sd dugc giai quyet chung tham tai Tda an", ndu dua ra Tda an thi Tda an se tir chdi thy ly vy vide chidu theo Didu 5 Phap ldnh Trpng tai thuang mai vi "trong trudng hgp vu tranh chap da cd thda thuan trpng tai, ndu mdt bdn khdi kien ra Tda an thi Tda an phai tir chdi thy ly, trir trudng hgp thda thuan trpng tai vd hidu". Do dd, se cd nhidu vu tranh chap phdt sinh nhung khdng dugc co quan nao giai quyet, dan ddn thda thuan trpng tai khdng thd thyc hidn dugc.
Tuy nhien, ban than Phap lenh Trpng tdi thucmg mai 2003 lai hoan toan bd sdt chd djnh thoa thudn trpng tai khdng thd thyc hidn dugc. Trong thyc te, tdn tai nhieu vu vide khdng thd giai quydt dugc bang trpng tai bdi thda thudn cd nhiing nham lan, mau thudn, khdng phii hgp vdi nguydn tac giai quydt tranh chdp ciia trgng tai nhu mdt sd trudng hgp ndu tren. Vi Phap ldnh chua giai quydt van dd nay ndn se cd nhieu vu tranh chip phat sinh nhung khdng dugc ca quan nao gidi quydt, cac bdn phai tu ganh chiu nii ro phap ly. Day dugc xem la mdt trong nhiing diem han chd ciia Phdp Idnh Trpng tai thuang mai nam 2003. Chimg tdi se trinh bay vd mdt sd vy vide dd minh hpa ro han cho thyc te nay.
2.1.2. Thuc tiin xet xu 2.1.2.1. Vu vide thii nhit'
' Xem them "Quyk djnh s6 02/UBTP-KT ngay 02/01/1998 ciia Uy ban Thim phan - T6a ^n nhan dan toi cao" trong Tuyen tap cdc bdn dn, qttyet djnh
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NHA NUdC VA PHAPLUATSO 9/2014 Noi dung vu viec:
Tai phidn tda ngay 02/01/1998 da xet xu vy an kinh td ve tranh chap hgp ddng mua ban thep xdy dyng giiia nguyen don la Cdng ty thyc pham midn Trung (ggi tat la Fococev) va bi don la Cdng ty Voest Alpine Intertrading (gpi tat la Vait).
Theo dd, vao ngay 13/05/1996, Fococev ky kdt hgp ddng mua ban thep xay dyng sd 22.505 vdi Vait. Thyc hidn hgp ddng da ky, ngay 14/08/1996, tau Baffin Bay chd Id hang cap cang Da Ndng va Vait da giao cho Fococev 6874,7947 tin thep cac loai.
Sau khi nhan hang, can cii vao Didu 5 ciia hgp ddng da ky, Fococev da mdi Vinacontrol giam djnh sd lugng va chat lugng hang. Can cii vao chiing thu giam djnh cua Vinacontrol, Fococev cho rang:
Vait da ban hang khdng diing theo hgp ddng da ky vd ngay 6/11/1996, Fococev cd dan khdi kien ddi vdi Vait tdi Trung tam Trgng tai Qudc td ben canh Phdng Thuong mai va Cdng nghidp Viet Nam (gpi tat la VIAC).
Vait cd cdng van gui cho VIAC dd nghj td chiic giai quydt vu kidn la Trung tam Trpng tai Qudc td tai Paris (Phap). Ngay 16/12/1996, VIAC cd Cdng van so 434/PIM-TT gui cho Fococev vdi ndi dimg la VIAC nhan dugc thu cua Vait dd ngay 11/12/1996 dd nghj Chu tjch Trung tdm Trpng tai Qudc td Viet Nam tir chdi giai quydt vu kidn giua Fococev va Vait. Ngay 26/12/1996, VIAC cd Cdng van sd 451/PTM-TT gui cho Fococev vdi npi dung: vi hai bdn khdng cd thda thuan lua chpn quy tac td tyng cua VIAC, do dd VIAC khdng cd tham quydn giai quydt.
cua Ida dn Viet Nam ve trong tdi thuang mai. Do van Dai - TrSn Hoang Hai, 2010, tr. 18.
Ngay 11/01/1997, Cdng ty Fococev giri dan kien Cdng ty Vait tdi Tda an nhan dan thanh phd Da Ndng va dd nghi Tda an nhdn ddn thanh phd Da Ning dp dung bidn phap khin cip t^m thdi phong tda 200.000 USD.
Ngay 23/01/1997, Tda an nhdn ddn thanh phd Da Ndng da thu Iy vu an, bdn canh ban dn kinh td sa thdm sd 01/KTST ngay 4/4/1997, Tda an nhan dan thanh phd Da Ndng dd ra quydt djnh sd 16 dp dung bidn phap khan cap tam thdi phong toa 200.000 USD. Ngay 10/04/1997, Vait co dan khang cao. Hai ngay sau, Fococev co don khang cao. Tai ban an kinh td phiic thdm sd 04 ngay 14/08/1997, Tda phiic tham Tda an nhan dan tdi cao tai Da Ndng da quydt djnh: buy todn bp ban an s6 01/KTST ngay 4/4/1997 va buy quydt djnh sd 16 ngay 23/01/1997 cua Tda an nhdn dan thdnh phd Da Nang. Ddng thdi, Tda ydu cdu giao toan bd hd so vy kidn cho VIAC giai quyet neu hai bdn cd ydu cdu.
Tai quydt dinh khang nghj sd 08/KT ngdy 10/11/1997, Chanh an Tda an nhdn dan tdi cao dd nghi Oy ban tham phan Toa dn nhdn ddn tdi cao hiiy ban an ndu trdn va giao hd sa vu an cho Tda phiic tham Tda an nhan dan tdi cao tai Da Ndng xet xir phiic thdm lai theo thu tuc chung.
Tai Kdt luan sd 311/KL-KT ngay 16/12/1997 ciia Vidn trudng Vidn kidm sat nhdn ddn tdi cao hoan toan nhat tri vdi khang nghi ciia Chanh an Tda an nhan dan tdi cao va de nghj Uy ban tham phan Tda dn nhan ddn tdi cao xet xu giam ddc thim huy ban an phiic thim kinh td sd 04 ngdy 14/08/1997 cua Tda phiic thdm Tda an nhan dan tdi cao tai Da Ndng, giao hd so vy an cho Tda phiic tham Tda an nhan dan tdi cao tai Da Ndng xet xii phiic thim lgi.
Ket qua:
THOA THUAN TRQNG TAI..
Uy ban Thdm phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao dd ra quydt dinh sd 02/UBTP-KT ngay 02/01/1998 buy ban an phiic thim kinh td sd 04 ngay 14/08/1997 cua Tda phiic thim Tda an nhan dan tdi cao tai Da Ndng, giao hd so vu an cho Tda phuc tham Tda an nhan ddn toi cao tai Da Ndng xet xii phiic tham lai.
Tir vu vide ndu tren, cd thd nhan thiy, trong hgp ddng mua ban thep giira Fococev va Vait cac bdn ky kdt hgp ddng da thda thuan khi cd tranh chap se chgn Trung tam Trpng tai Qudc td bdn canh Phdng Thuang mai va Cdng nghidp Viet Nam giai quydt, nhung lai theo thu tuc td tung ciia Trung tam Trpng tai Qudc td Paris. Mac dii thda thudn trpng tai nay vdn cd hieu luc, nhung neu dp dung Quy tac td tung cua ICC thi nguydn dan se nop don kien ddn Ban Thu ky (Secretariat) ddng thdi vdi vide ddng phi trpng tai^. Didu nay mdt each gian tidp loai bd thdm quydn cua VIAC va thda thuan trpng tai nay khdng the thuc hien dugc.
Vide Tda kinh td Tda an nhan dan Da Nang thu ly giai quydt la hoan toan diing.
2.1.2.2. Vy viec thir hai^
Noi dungvu viec:
Tai phidn tda ngay 10/09/1998 da xet xii so thdm vu an kinh td vd tranh chap Hgp dong mua ban ngoai thuang ky ngay 25/10/1997 giiia nguydn don la Cdng ty Kolon International Corporation Han Qudc (gpi tat la Cdng ty Kolon) va bj dan la
" Xem chi tiet tai Dieu 4 cua Quy tac ICC tai:
http://www.iccwbo.org/Products-and-Services/
Arbi(ralion-and-ADR/Arbitration/lCC-Rules-of- Arbitration/#artic!e 4
' Xem theni "An kinh tS so tham so 39/KTST ng^y 10/09/1998 ciia T6a an nhan dSn Tp. Wh Chi Minh"
trong Tuyen ldp cdc bdn dn, quyet djnh cua toa dn Viet Nam vi trpng tdi /huang mgt. Do VSn Dai - Trin Hoang Hai, 2010, tr. 20.
Tdng cdng ty luong thyc midn Nam Vinafood II (ggi tit la Cdng ty Vinafood II).
Tai Didu 9 cua Hgp ddng vd tranh chip va trpng tdi: "Trong qua trinh thyc hien hgp ddng nay, tat ca nhiing tranh chap khdng cd sy thda thuan hiiu nghi ciia hai bdn se dugc giai quydt d Trung tam Trgng tai Qudc td d Ha Ndi theo quy tac ciia Phdng thuang mai qudctd..."
Trudc khi khdi kien ddn Tda an, ngdy 18/04/1998, cdng ty Kolon da cd Cdng van thu giii ddn Trung tam Trgng tai Qudc td d Ha Ndi. Ngay 02/05/1998, Trung tam Trpng tdi Qudc te d Ha Ndi cd Cdng van sd 180/PTM-TT tra Idi Kolon la khdng thd thy ly vy kipn vi didu khoan trpng tai ma hai bdn thda thudn trong Hgp ddng khdng phu hgp vdi didu Id va quy tic td tung cua Trung tdm.
Vi Iy do trdn, Kolon da khdi kien ddn Tda Kinh td Tda an nhdn dan Tp. Hd Chi Minh. Dan khdi kidn dd ngay 29/04/1998.
Ngay 18/05/1998, Tda an nhdn ddn Tp. Hd Chi Minh cd Cdng van s6 288/CV-KT giri Tda an nhdn dan tdi cao xin y kidn chi dao vd thdm quydn giai quydt vu kien nay.
Ngay 27/05/1998, Tda an nhan dan tdi cao cd Cdng van sd 42/CVKT tra Idi Cdng van sd 288/CV-KT cua Tda an nhan dan Tp.
Hd Chi Minh nhu sau: "Vide Cdng ty Kolon International (Han Qudc) kidn Tdng cdng ty luong thuc midn Nam (Vinafood) theo hgp ddng mua ban 20.000 tan phdn DAP. Tuy trdn hgp ddng cd ghi chpn Trung tam Trpng tdi Qudc td d Ha Ndi giai quyet, song lai ghi theo quy tac td tung ICC do vay khi kidn ra Trung tam Trpng tai Qudc td d Ha Ndi da bj Trung tdm tir chdi giai quydt, Cdng ty Kolon da chdp nhan kidn ra Tda an nhan dan Tp. Hd Chi Minh. Cd thd ndi dieu khoan chpn trgng tai cua hgp ddng ghi khdng phii hgp vdi phap ludt va nguydn don
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NHA NU'dC VA PHJPLUATSd 9/2014
da chip nhan giai quyet bing tda an. Vi vdy Tda an nhan dan Tp. Hd Chi Minh thy ly gidi quydt la diing thim quydn".
Nhu vdy, vide Tda Kinh td Tda an nhan dan Tp. Hd Chi Minh thu ly giai quydt vu kidn theo dan khdi kidn cua Kolon la phii hgp vdi quy dinh cua Phap ldnh Thu tuc gidi quydt cac vu an kinh td vd thdm quyen giai quydt vu kien, cung nhu giii diing tinh than cua khai nidm thda thudn trpng tai khdng thyc hien dugc.
Qua ca hai vu vide vira ndu, cd thd nhdn thiy do phap luat thdi didm do chua hd de cap ddn vin de "thda thudn trpng tai khdng thyc hien dugc" nen h-ong thyc tien xet xir, khai niem "thda thuan vd hidu" dugc diing bao trum cho ca cac trudng hgp mang ban chit ciia thda thuan khdng thyc hidn dugc.
Didu nay phu hgp vdi phap ludt liic dd nhung lai khdng hgp Iy ndu phan tich ban chit va cac trudng hgp cua thda thuan trgng tai vd hidu.
2.2. Giai dogn thuc thi Lugt Trong tdi thuong mgi 2010
2.2.1. Cosdphdp ly
Khic phuc bat cfip cua Phap ldnh Trgng tai thucmg mai 2003, Ludt Trpng tai thuang mai 2010 ra ddi vdi mdt su bd simg quan hrpng khi dd cap chd djnh "thda thuan trpng tai khdng thuc hidn dugc". Tai Didu 6 quy djnh: "Trong truong hgp cdc ben tranh chdp da cd thod thugn trgng tdi md mgt bin khdi kien tgi Tod dn thi Tod dn phdi tic chdi thu ly, trie truong hop thod thugn trgng tdi v6 hiiu hogc thod thugn trgng tdi khong thi thuc hi^ndugc".
Ddng thdi, Ludt ciing dua ra mpt sd trudng hgp thda thuan trgng tai khdng the thuc hidn dugc va hudng giai quydt ddi vdi cac trudng hgp nay tai khoan 3, khoan 4, khoan 5 Didu 43, cu thd nhu sau:
"3. Truong hgp cdc ben dd co thda thudn gidi quyit tranh chdp tgi mgt Trung tdm trgng tdi cu thi nhung Trung tdm trgng tdi ndy dd ehdm dirt hogt dgng md khdng cd td chirc trong tdi ki thira, thi cdc ben cd the thoa thugn lua chgn Trung tdm trgng tdi khdc; niu khong thda thugn dugc, thi co quyen khdi kiin ra toa dn di gidi quyit.
4. Truang hgp cdc bin da co thoa thugn cu the ve viec lua chgn Trgng tdi vien trgng tdi vu viic, nhung tgi thdi diem xdy ra tranh chdp, vi su kiin bdt khd khdng hodc trd nggi khdeh quan md Trgng tdi vien khdng the tham gia gidi quyit tranh chap, thi cdc ben cd the thda thudn ly:a chgn Trgng tdi viin khdc de thay the; niu khong thda thugn dugc, thi CO quyin khoi kiin ra tda dn di gidi quyet.
5. Trudng hop cdc bin da cd thda thugn trgng tdi nhung khong chi ro hlnh thirc trgng tdi hodc khong the xde dinh dugc to chuc trong tdi cu the, thi khi co tranh chdp, cdc ben phdi thda thugn lgi vi hinh thuc trgng tdi hogc td chuc trgng tdi cu the de gidi quyit tranh chdp. Niu khong thda thudn duoc thi viic lua chgn hinh thirc, to chiic trgng tdi di gidi quyit tranh chdp dugc thuc hiin theo yeu cdu ciia nguyen don".
Vide quyet djnh thda thuan trpng tai la khdng thd thuc hien dugc thugc tham quydn cua ca tda an va trpng tai thuong mai.
Theo dd, trudc khi xem xet ngi dung vu tranh chip, Hdi ddng trpng tai phai xem xet thda thudn trpng tai cd thd thuc hidn dugc hay khdng. Trong trudng hgp xac djnh ro thda thudn trgng tai khdng thd thyc hien dugc thi Hgi ddng frgng tai quydt djnh dinh chi viec giai quydt va thdng bdo ngay cho cac bdn bidt (khoan I Didu 43 Luat Trgng tai thuong mai 2010). Neu cac ben khdng
THOA THUAN TRONG TAI..
ddng y vdi quyet dinh cua Hdi ddng trpng tai thi cd quydn gOri don ydu cdu toa an cd tham quydn xem xet lai quyet djnh cua Hdi ddng trpng tai. Khi da khidu nai ra tda an thi quydt dinh cua tda an la cudi cung. Trong trudng hgp toa an quydt djnh thda thuan trpng tdi khdng thd thyc hidn dugc, Hpi ddng trpng tai ra quyet djnh dinh chi giai quydt tranh chap. Neu khdng cd thoa thudn khac, cac bdn cd quydn khdi kidn vu tranh chdp ra Tod an (khoan 6 Didu 44 Ludt Trpng tai thuang mai 2010).
Day cd the coi la mdt budc tidn ro ret ciia phap luat vd trgng tai thuang mai tai Vidt Nam. Vdi vide chi ro nhung thda thuan trpng tai khdng thd thyc hidn dugc, ludt da chi rd tham quydn cua tda an trong nhiing trudng hgp ndy, gdp phan ban chd nhiing tranh chap vd tham quyen giiia trgng tai vd toa an trong thuc td.
2.1.2. Thuc tiin xet xir
Kd tir khi Ludt Trgng tai thuang mai 2010 cd hieu lyc cho ddn nay, nhdm tac gia chua tidp can dugc vu vide vd thda thuan trgng tdi khdng thuc hien dugc tai Viet Nam.
Tuy nhien, cac vu vide hoan toan cd thd xay ra trong tuong lai ndn dy Hdu trudc nhiing khd khan, bat cap, ddng thdi dua ra cdc dd xudt la dieii vd cimg can thidt va cd tinh quydt djnh ddi vdi tinh hidu qua cua vide ap dung Luat Trpng tai thuang mai 2010 ciing nhu ddi vdi sy phat tridn cua trpng tai thuang mai Viet Nam trong tuang lai.
3. Ket luan
Qua viec tim hidu co sd phap ly va thuc tidn xet xu lidn quan ddn thda thudn trpng tai khdng thd thyc hidn dugc, cd thd nit ra kdt ludn mdt sd van dd sau:
Thu nhdt, mac dii dugc nhac ddn trong Cdng ude New York 1958, Luat mau 1985, Luat Trgng tai thuang mai cua cac qudc
gia tren the gidi nhu Anh, Hoa Ky, Viet Nam, nhimg thudt ngu "thda thuan trpng tai khdng the thyc hidn dugc" vdn chua dugc djnh nghia va xac djnh mpt each cy thd. Didu nay cd thd gdy nhieu khd khan cho cac chii thd khi xac dinh thda thuan trpng tai cd thd thuc hidn dugc hay khdng dd khdi kidn ra tda an'".
Tir ca sd Iy ludn va thyc tien xet xu lien quan ddn chd dinh nay tai Viet Nam va trdn thd gidi, nhdm tac gia dua ra khai nidm vd
"Thda thudn trpng tai khdng thd thuc hidn dugc", dd la: mdt thda thudn cd diy dii hidu lyc phap Iy, nhimg trdn thyc te khdng thd thuc thi dugc, hoac qud trinh thyc thi gap nhidu vudng mac, rui ro do nguydn nhdn khdeh quan, dan ddn vide buy bd thda thudn trgng tai de chuyen sang phuang dn giai quydt, xet xir khac thuan lgi han.
Thie hai, can phdn bidt chd djnh "thda thudn trpng tai khdng thd thyc hidn dugc"
vdi che djnh "thda thuan trgng tai vd hidu".
Nguydn nhan dan ddn thda thudn ygng tdi vd hidu thudng dugc quy djnh mpt cdch tryc tidp" hoac gian tidp'^ trong cac Didu ude qudc td hay ludt qudc gia cac nudc. Vd ca ban, gdm cd nhiing trudng hgp nhu:
Hinh thiic ciia thda thuan trgng tai khdng dap ling ydu cau theo luat didu chinh;\thda thuan trpng tdi dieu chinh tranh chip khdng phat sinh tir mdt quan he phap Iy xac dinh;
(Xem tiep trang 84) '" Tnin Qu;ynh Anh (2012), Mpt s6 virong mac vh huong hoin thien Luat trpng tii thucmg mai, Tap chi Luat hpc, s6 7, tr. 5.
" Luat Trpng tai thuang mai 2010 Met ke nh&ng truang hpp thoa thuan trpng tai bj xem la v6 hieu tai Diau 18.
'" Xem them tai khoan 1 DiSu II, diim a khoan 1 DiSu V ciia C6ng uac New York; khoan 1 Dilu 7;
diem b khoan 2 Dilu 34 va diim a(i) khoan 1 Dilu 36 cua Luat miu 1985 vl dilu kien hi?u luc cua thoa thuan trpng tai.
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NHA NU'dC VA PHAPLUATSO 9/2014 3. Trinh tu, thu tuc tien hdnh phien tda phiic thdm theo TTRG
Trinh tu. thu tuc tien hdnh phien toa phiic thdm khi xet xu vu dn theo TTRG dugc thuc hien nhu sau:
Phdn thu tuc bdt ddu phien tda theo thu luc chung; ngudi khdng cdo, viin kiim sdt khdng nghi trinh bdy y kiin; viin kiem sdt neu quan diem gidi quyit vu dn trong trudng hgp viin kiim sdt khdng khdng nghi;
ngudi tham gia td tung co lien quan den khdng cdo trinh bdy y kien trong truong hgp
viin kiim sdt khdng nghi; thdm phdn xem xet vd tuyin dn ngay tgi phong xet xu md khong cdn phdi vdo phdng nghi dn".
Ngoai ra, c i n sira ddi, bd sung 02 nguydn tic ciia BLTTHS tai Didu 15 vd thyc hien chd dp xet x u cd hpi tham tham gia va Didu 17 vd vide toa an xet xii tap the cho phii hgp vdi quy djnh tai khodn 1 va khodn 4 Didu 103 Hidn phap sira ddi nam 2013. Theo dd, vide dp dung 02 nguydn tac nay se khdng dp dung trong trudng hgp vu an duac xet xir theo TTRG.
(Tiep theo trang 69 - Thda thugn trgng tdi khong ...) tranh chap phat sinh khdng thudc tham
quydn ciia trpng tai; cac ben trong thda thuan trpng tai khdng cd dii nang luc phap ludt. Trong khi dd, nguyen nhan dan ddn thda thuan trpng tai khdng thd thuc hidn dugc khdng dugc quy djnh trong ludt va mang tinh chat da dang, phiic tap, cd thd li y vi du nhu: Cdc ben da thda thudn lya chpn Trung tdm trpng tdi nhung Trung tam trgng tdi khdng thd giai quydt vy vide; cdc bdn da thda thudn lya chpn Trpng tai vien trpng tdi vu viec nhung Trpng tai vidn khdng thd tham gia giai quydt tranh chap.
Thu ba, cdc trudng hpp thda thudn trpng tai khdng the thyc hidn dugc theo Ludt Trpng tai thuong mai 2010 do la:
(i) Cac bdn da cd thda thuan giai quydt
tranh chap tai mdt Trung tdm trpng tai cu thd nhung Trung tdm trpng tai nay da chim diit boat ddng ma khdng cd td chiic trgng tai kd thira vd cdc bdn khdng dat dugc thoa thudn trong vide lya chgn Trung tam trgng tai khdc;
(ii) Cac ben da cd thda thuan cu thd vd viec lya chpn Trgng tai vidn trpng tdi vy vide, nhung tai thdi didm xay ra tranh chip, vi su kien b i t kha khdng hoac trd ngai khach quan md Trpng tai vien khdng thd tham gia giai quydt tranh chip vd cac bdn khdng dat dugc thda thudn trong vide lya chpn Trgng tai vien khdc dd thay thd.
Nhu vay, trong hai trudng hgp nay, trpng tai khdng thd thy ly vu viec va cac bdn cd quydn khdi kidn ra tda an dd giai quydt.
