DgifvaHpci 45
MOT SO VAN OE LY LUAN VA THUC T I I N VE TU QUAN LY HOAT DONG HOC TAP THEO PHUONG
THQC DAO TAO T I N CHi TAI DAI HOC THAI NGUYEN
7 3 f ^ ^
ThS. NGd THANH THOYViln Khoa hgc Giio due Viet Nam
I.DATVAND^
Tnldc ylu d u thay doi phflpng thflc d i o tgo tai d c trfldng dgi h g c tfl phfldng thfle dio tgo nien ehe sang phflpng thfle dio tgo tin chl, sinh vien phli Iim quen vdi vi?c tfl mlnh dat ra muc tieu hpc tap, ke hogch hpc t|p, tfl minh ed sfl dinh gia. kilm tra kit qua hpc tip eua minh. Vl vgy, quin 1^ hoat dfing hpc tap ciia sinh viln sl khfing cdn Ii cdng viec cua ngfldi dgy v l eua d e n h i quin ly n h i trfldng ma cdn II vi|e m i ehinh bin than smh viln phai tiJ y thflc thUc hien. Dilu niy hoin toin khdng phai la mdt vile de ddi vdi sinh vien h i | n nay. Chinh vi vay, cung cap ngufin tri thfle day dti de sinh vien cung nhfl nhflng n h i quin ly, giio viln nhgn thflc dung dan ve vile tfl quin I^ boat dfing hpc tip ciia sinh viln sl gdp phin tim ra dflpe phfldng thflc tie ddng phii hpp cung nhu d c h thflc thiJc hiln nham phat huy tinh tich die, chu dpng hpc tgp cua sinh viln.
II.NplDUNGNGHl£NCLrU
1. M^t sfi vSn de li luan cd ban v l tfl q u i n ty hoat dfing hpc tap theo phfldng thflc d i o tgo tin chl
Phuang thdc ddo tgo tin chi
Trong budi thuylt tiinh v l he thfing dio tgo theo tin chi tai Dai hpe Khoa hpc Cfing Ngh? Hoa Trung, Vu Hin miia he nim 1995, hpc gil James Quann trinh biy d c h hieu ciia fing vl tin chi nhfl sau: Tin chi hgc tap Id mpt dgi lUdng do todn bg thdi gian b&t bupc cita mdt ngUdi hgc hinh thudng dihgc mpt mdn hgc cu the, bao gom (1) thdi gian lin ldp; (2) thdi gian d trongphdng thi n^iim, thuc tap hogc cdc phdn viic khde dd duac quy dinh d thdi khda biiu; vd (3) thdi gian ddnh cho dgc sdch. nghiin cdu, gidi quyit vdn di viit hogc chudn bj bdi...; doi vdi cdc mdn hgc ll thuyit mpt tin chi Id mdt gid lin ldp (vdi hai gid chudn bi bdi) trong mpt tudn vd keo ddi ti-ong mpt hgcki 15 hidn; doi vdi cdc mon hgcd studio hdy phdng thi nghiim, it nhdt Id 2 gid tivng mpt ti^ (vdi 1 ffd chudn bt); ddi vdi cdc mdn tU hgc, it nhdt Id 3 gid ldm viic trong mpt tudn. (Bdn dich cda Bdgido due vd Bdo tgo).
Qua dd, chling ta cd t h l thay rd s\f khac bilt cd ban gifla hai phfldng thflc hpc tiieo niln c h l v l hpe theo tin chi d nhflng npi dung sau: Tdn chi/ tieu chi hpc t|p; Chflong trinh hpc; Phfldng phip danh gia kit qua hpc t | p ; Phfldng phip hgc
Hogt dpng hgc tap dteo phUdng thdc ddo tgo tin du cua sinh vien
Day li phfldng thfle dao tgo cho thay rd nhilu diem toi Uu d l phat huy dflpc ning lflc eiia sinh viln dfing thdi eung gdp phin rin luyen nhflng pham chat nhan d c h , ky nang ky xao nghi nghilp. Trong phUdng thflc did tao theo tin chi, ngfldi hpe phii dflpc tgo dilu ki|n d l thflc sU trd thinh ngfldi dam phan tieh cfle v i cd hilu qui: (a) vdi ehinh mlnh troi^ qui trinh hpc tgp, (b) vdi myc tilu hpe tap, (c) vdi d c thanh vien trong nhdm v i tiong Idp hpc, va (d) vdi ngfldi day.
Hogt dpng hgc tap cua ngUdi hge theo phddng thdc ddo tgo tin chi Id logi hogt dpng tdm ly dUOc to chdc dgc ddo cua sinh vien nhdm muc dich giup ngUdi hgc khdng nhdng trd thdnh chuyen ffa cd trlnh dp nghiip vu cao md cdn giiip ngUdi hgc tU thiet ke. diiu khiin, diiu chinh dUde cde hogt dpng hgc tap cdn thiit nhdm dgt dugc mue tiiu linh hpi tri thdc trong suit qud tiinh hgc tap mdt cdch hieu qud nhdt.
Tu quin ly va tfl quan ly hogt dgng hpc tap cua sinh viln theo phfldng thflc dio tgo tin chi
Tu quin Ij^ II mdt thugt ngfl tam ly hpc sfl dyng d l mfi t l qud trinh tU chu dat mue tieu eiia cd nhdn. Id qua tiiidi ldm thay doi sU kiim ti-a, kiim sodt td ben ngodi din tU him ti-a. tU kim sodt de cd nhdn sSng vd Idm viic dpc lap tivng mdi trUdng cua hg.
Nghiln eflu cua Stephen M. Edelson ( 2008) vi Overtoom C (2000) cho thiy tU quan ly gfim 3 thinh phin chinh: hi xic dinh muc dich, tii kilm tra v i dlnh gia, tfl tang cfldng h i n h dpng cfi hieu qui. Tfl quin ly mat nhilu thdi gian v l ddi hoi d iJiln cd tinh ky lugt, kiln tri, n6 lUc thfle hien muc tilu tii d l ra. Tfl quin ly thinh cdng giup cho d nhan giam thilu nhflng h i n h vi khfing can tiiiet de duy tri nhiJng hanh vi tiiich hdp, giflp cho d nhin thUc hiln ed hieu qua cdng viec. Ben canh dd, tfl quan Iy hogt dfing hpc tip cung doi hfii sinh viln phii no Iflc trong suot thdi gian hpc, phli la ehii till hinh dpng tich cfle, tfl gjac nham chiem Iinh d c tri thflc, hinh dfing ky xao dfldi sfl hfldng dan, giup dd ciia ngfldi thay.
1^ ndng vd bieu hiin cua tu qudn ly hogt dpng hgc tap cua sinh vien
Theo Zimmer, Risemberg (1997) cho ring tfl quan ly hoat
46
dpng hpc 4 p cua sinh ™ n duoc thift ke' de nang cao khong chi nang luchocciianguclihpcma con n a n g c a o c i nhan thlSc cua hp ve tu tang cUimg (self-elBcacy) ho}c kifin soit toan bp qua trinh hoc. Nhom nghien Clju nay cung dUa ra 5 ky nang hoc thuat dupc phat trien khi ngil6i hpc CO nang lUc tU quan ly hoat dpng hpc cua minh:
n h t h i ^ c h i § n
Lap ke hoach va sfl dung thdi gian hpc mfit d c h hilu qui Nhin thflc vl tom tat cic tai biu hgc thuat tfit Phit trien d c phfldng phip ghi chu
Phat triln nang lflc dU b l o v l chan bi tfit h d n cho d c ky kilm tra
Lim bli hi|u qui hdn
Nhfim nghiln cflu dfla ra md hinh bon qui trinh liln quan tdi tif quin l^ hoat dfing hpc tip:
Qui trinh nay diln ra theo hinh vdng trdn (cycle model), lan Iflpt thyc hiln theo tilng bfldc Bit dau tfl vi|c tfl kiem tra, danh gii hpe tgp ciia minh, sinh vien se ed dflpc chiln Iflpc, k l hoach hpc tip hpp ly. Trong dieu kiln hpc t i p phu hpp, sinh vien se tiiflc hi|n ke hogch hpe tap d l de ra v i ed ging kiem soat vi|e thijc hi|n dfi cua minh. Nhd cd vay, q u i tiinh tfl quan ly nay se giiip sinh vien dat dflpc kit qui nhfl mong dpi. Dfla tiln kit qui da CO, sinh viln lai cfi sfl danh gil, kilm tra. Chinh nhfi mo hinh vdng tidn niy m i sinh vien khdng ngflng nang cao dflpc nang Ii^c cung nhu cd nhiing phfldng phip, k l hogch hpc tap hpp ly nhim ttep Ung ylu d u eiia chflong tiinh hpc. Khdng nhflng vgy, sinh viln se flm dUpc moi lien he gifla kit q u i va phuong phip h p c kihogch hpc cita minh mdt cich tfit nhit.
Nhilu tie gii d l dUa ra nhflng bieu hien khie nhau ve tfl quan ly boat dgng hoe tip eua ngUdi hpe trong sufit qua trinh hge. Tuy nhien, nhin chung d c tic gil dlu thong nhat nhflng bilu hi?n sau (theo Omaggio, 1978; Knowles, 1980; Benson &
Voller, 1997):
Thilt Igp phong d e h va chiln Iflpc hgc t ^ .
Dfla ra nhflng cich thflc hoan t h i n h nhiem vy hgc t i p tich eflc.
Sin sing vflpt qua khd khan.
N i n g Iflc dfl b i o tfit.
Tfl thilt l i p mfii trfldng hpc tap h p p ly. d i m b l o h i | u qua hpc tip.
Phit tiiln ning Ifle tim kilm he thdng thfing tin tham khio, sin sing tfl bd nhUng gii thuyet hole quy tie Ididng phii hdp.
Tfl dinh gii ning Iflc bin thin.
SO 7-20]S Dff,ljyaHpC 2 Mfit sd van d l thflc tien v l tfl quan ly hogt ddng hoc 1^
cua sinh vien theo phfldng thflc d i o tao tin chi tai Trfldng fiip
hpc T h i i Nguyin W^
Vi nhdn thdc cda sinh vien vi vai trd cUa tU qudn ly hoot dpng hoc tap theo phddng ddk dio too tin chi
Sinh viln danh gii eao nhflng f nghia sau ciia vi|c tU quin 1^ hogt dpng hpc tap tiieo phfldng thflc dio tgo tin chi li " ^ sinh viin hodn thdnh viec hgc tdp died bang tot nghiip dgi h^
(55.3% y kiln rit quan trpng), "ffdp sinh viin tudinh hudr^dio cong viic trong tUdng lai" (56.9% f kien rat quan tipng), vk "^"ijp sinh vien hinh thdnh tinh tich cUc vd tUgidc tronghgc tdp" (51.8%
y kien rat quan trpng). Dilu niy dfing thdi ciing the hi|n ro m^
dich ciia d c sinh viln khi theo hpc tai Irfldng la rin Iuyln bin than d l phuc vy cho edng viec trong tUdng lai. Ngay tfl khi bilflc chan vio giang dfldng dgi h p c ro ring rang, d c sinh viln da c6 nhflng hfldng di ciing nhfl xlc dinh dfldc mue tieu hpe tap cin thilt cho minh. Sinh viln tfl nhan thflc tot vai tid hgc tgp ngM nghiep vl ren luy|n cic ky ning niy ngay trin ghe nhi tnidng,
Ve thiic trgng hogt ddng tii qudn If cua sudt viim J - Hdnh dpng tii lap kihogch hgc tap
Phan ldn sinh viln Ifla chpn d c h thfle l|p k l hoach theo tflng hgc ky, dflpc xem l i phfldng thflc ed hi|u qui trang suot 4 nam hge tgi trfldng (40,5% SV nam thfl 1,51,9% SV nam thiJ 2,41,4% sinh vien n i m thfl 3,62,2% sinh viln nam thfl 4).""
dung boat ddng thiic hien trin ldp l i lang nghe v i co g a ^ nhieu d e h de cfi the ghi lai dflpc nhflng gi giing vien hflftii tren ldp chfl ehfla ed sfl tich cfle trong vile chuan bi bli tiiio?
trao doi tii thflc vdi ban be. Hogt ddng "nghe vdg/ii chip tdiSl^
vdn di gidng dgy trin ldp" dfldc sinh ™ n thUc hiln tfit nhat(3.W
> DTB = 2.25 < 2.9). Nhflng hogt dfing chi dgt d mflc tir^^Ii (2.25 > DTB > 1.75) la nhflng hogt dpng m a i ^ tinh c h ^ 9 xuat phat tfl ban than sinh iriln, Dieu niy eing t h l hiln roToM dfing hpc tap tren ldp ciia sinh viln mang tinh thy d $ i ^ cm
dat dupc sU tieh cfle d n thilL " ^ ^ ^ Khi so sinh vi|c thuc hiln lap k l hoach hgc tap tren giing
dfldng va ngoii gid len lo^ vdi cac nhdm hpe lflc cua sinh viEn, chung tdi nhan thay nhflng sinh vien thfldng xuyln thflc lu!n d c hanh dpng tU lip ke hogch ngoii gid len Idp 11 nhflng sinh viln cd hgc lUc gidi v i khi. Dgc biet l i hogt dgng thUdi^Kuy£n
"Bo xwng bflig/ii (ren/dp con mieu"cd %57.10 Ii sinh viln glMvi
%47.90 sinh viln cd hpc lUc kha, tiep din la hogt ddng thUift^
xuyen "Phoi hdp vdi bgn chudn bi npi dung chu di thdo lugn"*
45.70% la sinh viln gidi v i 32.20% sinh viln cfi hpc lflc k h i f nhiln. nhiing sinh viln cd hpc lflc gidi thl cd mflc dfi thiic' boat ddng niy nhilu hdn Ii so vdi d e sinh viln cfi hpc Iiicl hdn (DTB = 1.94). Hoat d d i ^ dflpc cic ban tiiUc hi|n d mik cao la "Bo sung bdi ^i trin ldp cdn thiiu" (DTB > 2.25) d m mflc dp ning Iflc hpc tgp. Dilu niy bo sung vio l u ^ diem ttto khi nhan xet ring sinh viln hpc t i p cdn mang tinh thu d$i^
Sinh viln van chu trpng tdi nhflng tii thUc cung d p trin U^
trong khi do nhiing npi dung hoat ddng chuan bj Wiac khiiig dupc thfle h i | n d mflc dO cln thilt nham md r^ng tot hdn vfin tri thfle eua minh.
- Hdnh dpng tUqudn ly qud trinh hgc tdp ' Sinh vien chii yeu Up k l hoach hpc tap theo lieh hgc cuakhoa
(51.1%), mdt sd khie till ed sfl chu d d i ^ hon vdi vi|c hpcMng gn 01
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, d c h s j ^ xq> lieh hpc theo tiing tuan (45.6%). Dieu niy cho thay rang vdi nhflng sinh viln I ^ k l hoach theo lich hpc eiia khoa thi . phan ldn l l khdng d i u ddng sap xip thdi gian hpc dio b i n thin m i ehi tap t r u i ^ v i o vile hpc khi r l n h roi v i sap cd ddt Idem tra.
Chl cd khoing 30.7% sinh viln ]kp k l hogch theo Iich hpc ciia
* khoa sq) 1 ^ hpc theo thdi gian bilu d l d l ra. Da sd sinh viln ' thfldi^ xuyln ehl sfl dyng I - 2 tilt^ t ^ i y d l hgc tip (47.6%
* thfldng xuyln; gii tri trung binh: 2.30), thinh thoing sinh vien i mdi sfl dyng 3 - 4 tilng/ ngiy (52.4% thfldng xuyln; gil tri trung
• binh: 2.08) de hpc ta{> ngoai gid Ien ldp. Sinh viln ehu trgng vi|e hgc tiln Idp nhilu hdn Ii sfl quan tim va dinh thdi gian d n i: thilt de fin tip v i chuan b i d e nfii dung bii hgc.
^ Ve tfl dinh gii q u i trinh hpc tap dia minh, sinh vien chu ylu
^ dfla vio dlnh gii tfl bgn b l v l sfl tiln bfi cua minh chilm ti II
^ kha eao (59.7%, DTB = 2.56) v i dfla tren d m tinh cua ban than 1 (DTB = 2.40). Trong khi dd, nhflng ylu tfi xuat phit tfl bin thin ' sinh viln de tfl dlnh gil v l hoat dfing hpc eua minh thi sinh ''• vien chfla thflc hien nd thUdi^ xuyen. Cu the hdn l i vile Sd
sinh kit qui hge t ^ ciia bin thin so vdi kit q u i hpe ciia nhiing hpc ky trfldc (15.9%) khfing dfldc sinh vien tfifldng xu)^n thflc c hien, ciing nhfl tiep nhin danh gii tfl phia thiy cfi la nhiing 3 ngfldi theo ddi vile hpc tap ciia sinh viln tfit hdn d (12.8%) ig ciing khdng dUpe sinh vien lUa chgn nhilu. Thgm chi sinh vien Ij. khfing thyc hi|n nhiiing ngufin d l n h gii niy d l cfi each nhin i] khach quan vi chinh xac hdn.
3 • Hdnh dpng tu qudn ly nguon life phuc vu dio hogtdpnghgc tap
^ Hau het sinh vien deu nhgn thflc rfi vai tid quan trpng cua ' nguon t h d i ^ tin tfl tii lieu. Tuy nhiln mdi em cd mgt phfldng
^ thflc tim kilm tii lieu khic nhau. Da so sinh vien sinh vien lay
^ nguon thdng tin, tii Ueu tfl ban be (69.2% y kiln thflimg xuyln).
' Lfla chgn dflpc flu tien tilp sau l i b i n t h i n tfl tim hilu vl nghien
^ eflu thdng qua d l cflong mon hpc (61.7% y kiln thfldt^ xuyln).
"> Trong d c mflc dp thfldng xuyen thi chi cfi mfit so rat it d c sinh viln Ifla chpn d c h thflc hdi thfing tin tfl giing vien (16.6%) v i :i cd van hgc tgp (17.3%). Dieu niy cho thay vin cdn k h i nhieu B sinh viln edn chUa chu ddng tim nhiing ngufin tfidng tin tin ely
% nhit nhfl gap gd giing vien v i eo van hgc t i p de dflpc nhi3ng
^ chi dan hflu ich.
* Cic ngudn Iflc khic ciing dfldc d l cgp tdi nhu mfii trfldi^ hpc
^ tgp thuan lpi cho viec t i p trung hge tgp dflpc khio sat y Jden cua
"• sinh vien d i o thiy, chii yeu sinh vien Ida chpn hpe tip tai thfl
•* vi^n hole Dgay tai ^ a n g dfldng Ii tdt nhit. Vk d c h sinh viln ty
•^ tgo dgng Iflc d i o b ^ thin de ning cao tinh than, nd lflc hgc t?|>
^ hdn nfla dd Ii: hoin d n h gia dinh v i nhflng tam gfldng hpc tap :* n dai. fldc md nghe nghilp hidng Iai
- Ddtdi ffd vi thdc trgng tii qudn ly hogt dpng hoe tdp cua sinh
• vien tgi tiddng dgi hgc Thdi Nguyen
^ Kit q u i hpc t i p cua sinh viln thap hdn so vdi d i o tgo nien ' d i i : TTnh hinh hpc t ^ tfli gicf hoc d tiln Idp, gid tii hgc nhieu ' (sinh vien khfing chii dfing tiong vi|c hpc t i p d i n tdi kit q u i ''khfing cao).
Kit q u i v i ehlt id^a% hoc tip chfla cao, sinh viln chfla hieu ve hgc tin chi n l n r^;uy cd hgc I ^ hpc d i tfiilni^y d n g nhilu.
Mpt sd sinh viln cd ket q u i hpc t ^ tot, phin ddng kit q u i hpc cl t$p cdn k i m vl y tfiiSc tv( hgc chfla cao.
47
Sinh vien chfla thich flng tdt vdi hogt ddng hgc tap theo tin du, nhieu sinh viln chfla chu ddng ding ky hpc phan, chfla cd ky nang quan Iy hgc ta^ ciia b i n thin, thilu tinh tieh cfle chu dpng trong hpc tap. I ^ nang hpc tap eua sinh viln theo yeu d u h p c nghien eflu. hpc dfic lap, hpc sang tgo cua hpc c h l tin chi l i rat yeu. Kit q u i hpe t ^ ciia sinh viln kem, sinh viln d i thiln nhilu dan din khd pham bilt kit qua hpc tap eiia sinh vien.
Mgt Iflpng nhd sinh vien da chu dfing hon troi^ viec lap k l hogeh hgc tap.
Mdt so sinh viln chfla xic dinh dung ddng cd hpc tgp v i chfla hilu rd tinh tich cfle cua d i o tao theo tin chL Vi viy, niy sinh tim ly chu quan, xao nhang khdng quan tim din vile hgc tap.
Cic y kieh tren dflpe dfla ra tai hpi nghi nit kinh nghiem cua trfldng da chi rd nhflng dilm hgn die oia hinh thflc hoc tap mdi niy, die bilt, phii thfla nhgn rang k h i ning tfl hpe ciia sinh viln rat ylu. Nhilu sinh viln van ed tim Iy chd dpi kiln thflc tfl giio viln, khfing chii ddng tim tdi nghien cflu. Sinh vien difla cd thdi quen tim sieh, tii Ulu tham khio d l tfl h o c ti'ch luy kiln thUe. Nhieu sinh vien hpc theo kilu ddi phd, lay diem la chinh, kilu hpc nay can phai ngin chin de trlnh hiln tfldng bing c ^ khi, gidi nhilu nhfli^ kiln thfle thfle te thi khdng phli nhfl vgy CHU THICH
(l)Hgi nghi nit kinh i ^ ^ m dio t^o theo tin chi dfldc to chtilc tgi tnidng E)ai hoc Thai Nguyen (ngay 2013/01/05)
T A I UEU THAM K H A O
1. Nguyen \ ^ Dflc, ThUe trang qudn ly hogt dpng hgc tdp cda hgc sinh hiin nay d mpt so tnidng THPT tinh Long An, b i n vin thac sy quan ty ^ o dgc, trfldng Dai hpc Sii pham TP. Ho Chi Minh, 2010
2. Pham Minh Hgc, Phgm Hoing Gia (1962 - 1989), Tdm ly hoc tdp 2, NXB Giao due
3. Quy che ddo tgo dgi hgc vd cao dang hi chinh quy Iheo hi thong tin dli (2007), Bp Gilo due va dao tgo,
4. Nguyen Thac (1992). Tdm IjJ hgc sUphgm dai hoc, NXB Giao due 5. Nguyen Hianh Son (2010), ThUc trongquan ly hogt ^nghgc tdp cua sinh vien trUdng Dm hgc Yersin Dd Lot, lugn van thge sy g i ^ dye hoc tnicmg Dai hpc Su phgm TP. Ho Chi Minh.
6. Tran \ ^ Son (2008), Bien phdp qudn ly hogt dpng tU hgc cda sinh vien ngi tru tnidng Bgi hgc Sdi Gon, Luan van thae sy quan ly ^ o dye V]|n Khoa hoc Giao due Viet Nam.
7. Peter Hu^es, Devdoping independent learning skills. School of Humanities 8t Social Sdences
8. Richard C Smith, bitemational student into learner autonomy.
Gnipo de Trabalho-Pedagogia para a Autonomia, Cademos 4 University of Minho
9- Ulku Yuksel (2010). Inte^r^ing Curriculum: Developing Student Autonomy in learning in higher eduction. University of Sydney, Journal of College Teaching 8c Learning Vbhunn 7 number 8 Aumst 2010
TOM T A T
Tu qudn ly hogt dpng hgc tdp theo phUdng thdc ddo tga tin dd Aide the fain Oiong qua idii^ hogt dpng cuAi nhll: tUl^ke hogch, tu qudn ly <pm (Tinft hgct&pvdtU qudn ly nguin lUc hgc t^. Ben cgnh ^ anh vienddcd nhgn thdc dung vinhOngdgc £im cua hogtdgnghoc tap. Tuy nhin,mdcdptdptrunghgct4pciiasinhviinchUadiitaaiaHduhSsinh viatthupcrAdmffdimdicdkhdndngtUldpkihogdivdtU^idn^i^uSn
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