N G H I E N cau-TRAO o d i
THU TUC AP DUNG TRACH NHIEM HANH CHINH
ThS. NGUYEN THI KIM ANH
Trongqui trinh ^ dpng tiicb nhigm binh, tbi tpc hinb cbdihli ygu tffpbipiy die bigt quan tipng di bio dim bigu qui cia bign phip trich nhigm, ddng thdi bio dim quyin vUgalcbbpppbipdanffidibjip dpngdidi nhigm binb cbinb. Tbi tpc ip dpng tiidi nhigmbinb cbinb dio dtonaydikhihoto cbinb, nhung vto cto thiit phiihoto tMgn ban ditbifcbign tdtvaittd bio dim pbipiy cia rmnh.
1. Thd tgc dp dgng ti:dch nhigm hdnh difnh trong hg thfing thii tgc hdnh chfta
Hfl thfing phip lu$t eda mfit taa nufic gdm tofa bfl cdc quy ph?m phdp luat dutrc Nha nufic ban htoh va bao dam thvrc hign.
Vdi tu cdch Id tatog "td bfa" co sd xay dtag ngn bg thfing dfi, cac quy pham phdp luat chiia dtog ttong mita cae quy tdc hdta vi cua con ngirdi dudi dang cic quydn hay nghia vg, tad dd, hg thfing phip luat thvrc bifln dupc tdc dpng dieu chiiih ddn cic quan hfl xa hfiL
Tat cd cac quy pham pbap luat ttong he thfing phip luit cfi thd chia thdta hai tafim Im: quy phtai vit chdt (cfin dupc gpi la quy pham npi dung) va quy pham thu tuc (cdn dupc gpi la quy pham hita thtic). Su khdc taau ve bfa eliSt giua bai tadm quy pham nay ndm ttnng npi dung eda meta Igta chua dtag ttnng cie quy phtai thufic mfli tadm.
Meta Igta cua quy phtai vat chdt la quyen hay nghia vg tadm dua lai eho cdc chu thd pbdp luat lgi fch thvrc chat cua hg. Meta Igto cda quy phtai thu tgc ctag la mang laf cho cdc chu thd phdp lu?t quyen hay nghia vg.
Song bfa thto meta Iflnli nay khflng cfi mue dfch tgtbfamitadmlam cho cic quydn va nhiem vg vdt chdt thvrc hifln dupc. Vi dg.
quydn kita dnata hoic ngbia vg nop phat tidn do vi pham h i t a chfta dupc ghi lihfa bdi quy pham vat chdt; cfln thu tuc dfag ky kmh doata, thu tuc phat hdta chita tuong fag dugc ghi tafa bdi cdc quy pbam thu tgc.
Trong bg thdng pbdp luSt cua moi taa nudc, cdc quy pham thu tge ttong dfi cfi quy pham thu tgc h i t o chita (TTHC) tfin tgi mdt each khaeh quan vfii totog die diem rigng.
Tfing thd cae quy pham TTHC nay tap hgp, Ufln kdt vfii toau tao thdta he thfing TTHC.
Cae tafim quy pham TTHC didu chita cac quan he xa lifli nhdt dita ttong qufa ly hdta chita tad nudc (QLHCNN) tao thdiih cae TTHC riflng tair thu tuc phfii hgp giiia cae CO quan, thu tuc dfag ky kita doarih, thu tue ky ludt hata chita...
Bto chat chung eua TTHC la phutmg Ufln tfi chuc phap ly dd thue hifln quygn hay n ^ a vu vat chat nao dd. Cg the ban, dd Id trita tg - cdch thtrc thue hien eac hfah vi thu tuc tadm giai quydt cae vg vigc tadt d i t a Tuong tog vdi dieu do, khii nigm TTHC dugc tato thlic kha thfing tadt: dd la trita tg kd tidp nhau, dfing thdi quydn va nghia vu theo cac tiita tu cda cae clid thd thu tuc tidn hdta va
* Vien Nha nird'c vd Phap ludt TAP CHf Q U A N Lf NHA NtiOC - Sd 239 (12/2015)
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tham gia TTHC. Vay, ttong hfl thfing phap luat TTHC efi vi tri, dac diem tau the nao?
Hg thfing phdp luat bao gfim cac ngdta luat khac toau. Xem xet cdc ngata luat nufic ta cho thay, TTHC dugc quy dmh chung vfii cdc quy phmi vat chdt ttong ctog ngita luat hfah chito. So vdi cac quy phtai vat chdt hdta chita, cdc quy phtai TTHC cd ty lg thdp hon rdt nliidu. Chtog ban, quy plitai thu tgc dto su dugc quy dita ttong ngata luat tS ttag dfa sg, eae quy pham thu tge hita su dupc quy dita ttpng ngata ludt tS Umg hita sg hay nam 2010, Qufic hgi thfing qua Luat TStunghanh chmh, cdc quy phtai cfi tita chdt tu phap ttong dfi dugc ggi la quy pham TTHC dugc quy dita ttong ngata luat tfi timg h i t a chita...
Vto dd tigp theo cfa xac dita la thu tuc ap dtag ttich nhiem hata chita (TNHC) ndm d diu ttong he thfing TTHC? Trong khoa hpc hato chita etog tau khpa hpc luat hato chita cfi nhidu each phto Ipai khac taau dd cfi thd toto difln ve TTHC. Chfag ban, theo dfii tirong QLHCNN, cfi thg phto thata cdc thu tuc trufic ba, thd tuc dtog ky kito doata, thd tgc hai quan, thd tue vay vfin... Theo loai hita cfing viflc eu thd md co quan taa nuoc dugc giao thuc hien ttong qua trita hpat dpng cfi thd chia cac thd tuc t h i t a thu tuc thfing qua va ban hdta vto btottongcacco quan nlia nufic, thu tuc xet phong don vi a t a htag, chidn sy thi dua, thd tge tuyen dung cfa bg, efing chiic, thd tuc chuygn ngacli...
Mfii loai hita kd ttfln lai efl the phfa thdta cic thd tuc cu thd hon, vi du, thu tuc ban hata vfa bfa ed thd chfa ra thata did tge ban hata quydt dita h i t a chita, thu tge thdng qga bfa bio eao... Tbeo chttc nfag cung cdp cdc dich vg cdng va cdc hoat dfing mang tiiih chuyfln mfln dae thu ttong qufa ly cd the chia thita: thd tgc cung cap didi vg tiidng to, thu tuc kigm tta muc do an toto ttong lao ddng... Theo quan he cflng tic id tbu tgc ngi bg, thd tgc Ufln hg va thd tgc vto
thu, v.v'... Ctog cd totog tie gia phto loai TTHC thdta ba tadm thu tgc tau sau: (1).
Cdc TTHC Ugn quan den cdc quan he ndi bg cua cdc CO quan tad nufic (tfi chlie, ky luat..);
(2). Cac TITIC Ufln quan dfln cdc quan he cflng tdc giiia ede co quan tad nufic (chi dao kiem tta, phfii hgp...); (3). Cic TTHC Ufln quan ddn eac quan he giila Nha nudc vdi cdng dto va cae dfii ttrong khdc (tfi chtic chito tri - xa hgL ngudi nufic ngodi)^.
Qua eac each phto loai ttfln day va xem xgt tlid tuc dp dtag TNHC ttong thvrc td, efi the rut ra mdt sfi nhfa xdt: mpt li, TTHC ip dgng TNHC la mfit loai TTHC: Uiufie ngdnh luat hata chito; haili, xem xflt cac quy dinh ve TTHC ttgng Luat Xu ly vi pham hinh cbinb va thvrc tidn ap dtag thd tgc eho thdy, ban hgt cdc thu tgc dugc nflu ttfln d mlic dp taat dita ddu Ufln quan ddn thu tue dp dving TMiC, toung quan he cfi y nghia Im todt Ii quan he gida co quan cfi tiidm quyfl'n xd ly vi pham hata chtta va ngudi vipham (eatoin, coquan, tfi chlic).
2. Mfit sfi ndt vd thd tgc dp dtag TNHC hign nay dnudcta
Thu tgc ap dgng TNHC la khai nigm dugc sd dtag nfii ehung tuong duang vfii eac cgm tu vfa duge ghi tafa ttang phap luat vd TNHC hifln nay la "tbu tgc xu phat vi phgm hata chito". Thu ttte ap iigng TNHC vd tfah chat la thd tge ve cumg chd hata chita toi nudc. Trong khpa hpe luat hata chita hien nay, ngufli ta xac dita chung cd cic bien phap cumg chfl sau: (1). Cie bien phip phflng nguahata chito (vfdu, ddngcuabifln gdi khi cd dich bgto, cumg ehg su dtag tdi sfa cda ea tato, to chttc de phuc vu lpi ich chung eua xa hpi ttpng tita thg khto edp...) hpac phdng ngua vi pham phip luat (vi du:
kidm Ua giiy td...); (2). C:ie bien pliap ngin chfa Cie bien phap nay dugc ap dtag nhdm ngto chfa vi pham phap luit tigp tue xay ra hoae tim kidm chtog cu (vi du: tam giu ngudi dang tfa edng ngudi khac, Idiim ngudi.
TAP CHf Q U A N Lf N H A NiSOC • Sd 239 (12/2015)
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khim tang vat...) hode dd bao dam thgc hfen chg tdi hdta chfta dupc dp dgng (vi du: tam giu tang vdt phuong Ugn); (3). Cic bign pliip ehg tai, gfim cic chg tdi phgt (vi du: cdta edo, phgt tien, tich thu tang vgt phuong Ufln...), cdc bifln phdp khic phuc liiu qua (vi du:
buflc tii xudt btog hda, buflc khdc phuc tinli tttag bto ddu do vi pham hdta chita gdy ra...). Cto ed vdo eie quy dita phip ludt vd TTHC, dfii chidu vdi eae tadm bign phdp cufag chd hato chito nay, dd dtog tofa Uidy, tiiu ttic TNHC la tiiu tiie ve thuc hifln hai tadm cufag ehd taa nufic la ngto chfa hata ehlto va chd tdi hato chito.
Xdt ve dac dfem, thd tgc ip dtag TNHC cd die dfem chung tou cde TTHC khdc, taung ctog efi cdc dac diem rigng tou sau:
Thdnhit, tiid tiie dp dtag TNHC la Uiu hJC duge ap dtag ttong Uta vvrc QLHCNN.
Cg thd hon nd la boat dfing bfi ttg cho QL- HCNN. Dieu dfi phto biet vdi cac hita thdc Uiu tiic tfi hmg khac tau tfi ttmg bmh sg, tfi ttag dfa su... la cie bita thtrc tuy etog efi tito chat bdo ve phdp luat toung cd vi tri ddc lap.
Thuhai, tiiu OJC TNHC la Uid ti,ic dugc quy dmh chit ehg bdi lugt htah chito. TNHC Ugn quan ddn quyfl'n va lgi ieh eda ngudi bi ap dtog bign phap ttach nhfflm, dfing thfii quydn, lgi fch cda tatog ngudi Ufln quan klidc. Vi vay, tuy khfing dugc chgt che vg ddy dd tou to tgng hita su va cdc hita thttc tfi hmg khie, toung thu tire ap dtag TNHC vfa duoc quy dmh chat ehg hon rdt nhidu TTHC khdc.
Thdba, thu tgc dp dtag TNHC do nhidu ea quan taa nudc khac taau d tham quyen tiiuc hifln. Didu nay dd phto bigt vdi TTHC khdc va ctog khac vdi cdc thd tue tfi timg chi do tda to thvrc hien.
Tbu Or, TTHC la thu tiJC cd tito chdt bao vg phap lugt tair thd tue khieu ngi, thu tgc tfi cdo... Nhung thu Uic dp dtag TNHC lgi
khdc vol nhlfl'u TTHC khie la eic thd tgc khdng cd tita chat dd, tair thd tgc dfag ky kmh doata, thu tuc ddng thud...
Xet vd mat ndi dung, nghifln cfa thd tuc ip dtag TNHC cd the thay bfin giai dota chd ydu, ddla:
- Giaidoan i.• khdi xufagvu viflc viphgm hata chita ma dau hidu thd hign rfl rdt tadt 14 vigc lap bifln bfa vd vi phgm hata chfta.
- Giai doan 2: xem xdt va ra quygt dita vd vi phgm hdta chito. Thgc chat ddy Id vigc dp dtag cic chg tai hdta chito, hdu tou khfing dfii hfii viec didu tta hogc tien hdta cic cfing viflc tham tta, tbam djta phtic tgp tou ttong cacvgfabmhsu.
- Giai doan 3: thi hdta quydt dita vd vi phgm hata chfto. Tdy theo eae chg tai dugc ap dtag ma cd eac cich Uii hata khie taau (tau phgt tien ed thd title tidp btog tien mit, ed the qua ngto hfag, qua cufag chg...).
- Giai doan 4: khieu ngi quydt dmh i p dtag TNHC.
Trong Iuat Xd ly vi pham hinh chinb hign nay, ed the thdy cie giai dota kd ttfln dupc quy dita rdt chi tidt vdi cdc quy dito vd quydn vd nghia vu cda tatog ngudi tidn hdnh thu tgc, tatog ngudi tham gia thu tuc, ttong dfi cfi cdc quy dita ve vfa dd xie dinh chtog cu, sg tham gia cda luit su, ttach nhiflm eda cae co quan, tfi chuc, xa hfli...
6 nudc ta, quy dmh vd thd tuc ap dgng TNHC xuat hien tu tatag ngdy ddu tifln cua chita quydn dto chd toto dfa ctog vdi tatog quy pham vit ehdt quy dita vd vi pham hdta chita va cbd tii lianh chita.
Song song vdi suphit tiidn cua cic quy phgm vat chdt, eie quy pbam TTHC tuong tog ctog ttag budc dupc kien tnto. Tuy v&y, nhm ehung, tu ntoi 1945 -1989, hogt dfing hogt dfing xuphgt h i t a chftodnudcta chua cfi sg thfing tadt vd thu tiic. Qud trita i p dtag cae hmh thuc TNHC chua cfi sg didu chita thu Uic chat chfl va ddy dd, nhidu TAP CHf Q U A N Lf NHA NUdC - Sd 239 (12/2015)
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trutag hpp thay vi cfi thd tuc lai dua vdu y thue phdp lugt va kmh nghiflm cua ngufli cfi tham quydn cua ngufii dp dtag TNHC.
Phap lenh Xuphat vl pham hanh chinh ngay 30/11/1989 lto dau tifln da quy dita tirong dfii ddy du va thfing tadt thu tge giai quygt cac vi pham hato chito. Qua nhie'u lto stia dof, bfi sung va phdt tiidn, hien nay thu tgc ap dtog TNHC dupc quy dmh ttong Luaf Xd ly vi pham hinh chiiih dupc QuSc hfii khda Xlll Uifing qua ngay 20/6/2012. Trnng dfi, quy dita tafag nguygn tdc eua thu Ore ip dtag ttach nhigm h i t a chita la: 1) Phap chd xa hgi chd nghia; 2) Cdng mita; 3) Sg bito dfag cua cac chu the trudc phip lugt; (4) Xu ly taata chdng kip thdi; 5) Cfing khai va bdo dim sg tham gia rfing rii cda cdc cdng dto, tfi chlic; 6) Bdo dam quydn dugc tubao ve.
Nhuvgy, Luit Xdly vipham hinh chinh nim 2012, ttong khufln klifi cda thd tuc cfi Uta chdt hdta chita dupc quy dita kha chat chfl, chtra dtog dc dnti chdt dto chu, phdp ehd va hien dai. Tuy nhifln, thu tue ip dmg TNHC ttong hg tiifing TTHC nufic ta tiifii gian qua vdn cfln totog khidm khuydL do dd, cfa Udp tuc dupe klidc phuc va hpfa thifln, dfi li:
Thdnhit, cfa bfi sung eie quy dita vd chtog eu. Thd tgc ap dtag TNHC etog tau TTHC ndi chung eliua en cdc quy dita vd chfag eu. Tren thvrc td, ngufii ip dgng TNHC tidn h i t a eie hogt dpng thd tue Uen quan ddn viec xdc dito, xic mito chfag eu la dvia vdp cdc quy dito cda cic hita thlic tfi tgng cua hogt dfing tu phap vi btog kita nghiem... Didu dfi chuabao dam eho viee ip dmg TNHC dtag dto.
Thuhai, ttong quy dito ve TNHC nen efl quy dita vg thay doi ngufli cd thdm quydn dp dtog TNHC. Trong thvrc td, ed tatog tnrong hgp ngudi ed thdm quyen ip dtag lai la ngudi cd lgi fch Udn quan ddn viec xuiy dfil vdi ngudi vi pham, hoic efi totog ly do khfing gidi
quyet khieh quan vu vlge... Dfi la didu rat bdt cap ttong nfl'n hata chita mita bgch.
Ngoai ra, cac quy dita cg the ve TTHC etog eto phai dupc ra soil dd sua dfii, bd sung, tau: viee quy dita bign phap ngin chfa tam giii hinb chita dfii vfii ngufli vi phgm quy djta doi tumg cfin hep, khi vfii ngufii viphgm data bgc, ttgm cdp... cfag la eae dSi tumg cfi thg ap dtog hign phdp tgm giuhdta ehfta; vd tgm giu ttog vgt quy dinh tgi khoto 3 Didu 60 Luat Xdly vipham hinh chinh xie djta la kbfing qui 24 gid va ndu eto tbidt cfi the keo dai thgm toung khfing dugc qua 24 gid (tong eflng tfii da Id 48 gifi) chua that phu hgp voi thvrc td. Ap dtag theo quy dita tau vay Id qua ngdn ttong cac trumg hgp phai thata lap Hfii dong dmh gii;
quy dita thdi hgn girl quydt dita xd phat hanh chita ttong h m 2 ngdy tfii ngudi vi phgm la khd thvrc hien ttong cdc trutag hgp do didu kign dia ly hoac ngudi vi phgm khflng cfi noi eu trd fin dmh; hoic tgi klioto 3 Didu 18 Iuat quy dita: "Trong phgmvinhidmvu, quyen hgn cda mita, Bd tnrmg, Thd tnidng CO quan ngang bg, Chd tieh ily ban tafa dan eac cdp, thu tnrong co quan, dtm vi cd thdm quydn xu ly vi phgm hfah chito ed trdch nhigm phdt hien quydt dmh vdxuly vi pham h i t a chita do mita hoac cdp dufii ban hanh cfi sai sfit vd phai kip thdi sua doL bfi sung hogc hdy bd, ban hdiih quydt dita mfii theo thdm quydn". Nhtmg siia dfiL bfi sung hoic buy bfi, bilbo quydt dito xuiy do tbi ban qua ra sao ttong trumg hgp ngiroi vi phgm da chdp hata xong quygt i t a xu phat?...0
C&ii tbicb:
1. PGS.TSKH NguySn Van Tham (chu bito) vi TS.VoKimSon. TJiitucbinhchinh-lyiutovalhut:
tidn. H. NXB. Chmh tti quoc gia, 2002, tt. 33 - 48.
2. PGS. Vu Thu, ThS. LeHfing Soa cac^ch tbu Bic hinh chlnh tiiuc hien quygn vi ngua vu cdng dto hien nayanudc ta. H. NXB. Lao dgng, tr. 14.
TAP CHf Q U A N LY N H A Nl/dC - Sd 239 (12/2015)
