Thuc trang va giai phap phan luong cho hoc sinh sau trung hoc co so*
Throng Dai hpc Kinh te Ky thu^t COng nghiOp
Tu vin nghO nghiOp va giao dye hudng nghiOp li nhflng ePng viee rit quan U-ong cua hO Uidng giio dye ^ ^ ^ ^ ° Igo. Giio dye hudng nghiOp eho hpc sinh phd Uiong li viOc lim v6 cung quan bpng, giup djnh cie em dinh hudng nghO nghiOp tuong lai ngay Ifl diu qui binh hinh Uianh va phit biOn nhin eieh eung nhu xiy dyng ning lye chuyen mPn, tgo dPng luc phin diu uen con duong dudng. Tu vin nghO nghiOp bong qui binh d i o tao l i giup ngudi hpc djnh hinh nang lye Ihye sy cfla nunh ben co sd cua sd thich, sd truPng, siic khde vi ning lye cua minh.
1. Tam Quan Irpng cua Iwmig nghidp va phan luong Giio dye hudng nghiOp li budc di diu Uen dO hpc sinh hinh dung co hpi eac viOc lim sau nay, cie dgc trung cfla nhiUig nghO phu hgp vi chi ra cho cic em nhhflng gt phii chuin bj dO sau niy cd thO gin bd vdi nghO dd. Chinh vi t ^ quan bgng cua eie ePng tae giio dye hudng nghiOp nen BO Giio dye vi Dio tgo da xiy dyng chuong trinh hogl dpng giio due hudng
nay se Iim gi, ed hoi viOe Iim ra sao? Di^u niy dupe phin inh bdi eon sd ben 30% Uii sinh dang ky thi dgi hge, eao ding ehgn c i c nginh thupe khdi kinh tO, tii ehinh, ngan hing vi kinh doanh ma khdng quan tim de'n khi nang "Igl ciia" eua minh.
2. Thirc trang phan luong hoc sinh sau THCS Nhiing nam vira qua, mac dfl ePng t i c PLHS sau nghlOp cho 3 nam THPT va dua vao giang dgy ngay tfl THCS vi eip THPT ed ehuyOn biOn Ueh cue, nhtmg IdTi 10 kO lu nam 2006. Tuy nhien, ihyc tO P cie UuPng nhi" chung van con khong it khd khin, thaeh thue.
phd IhPng cho thiy giao vien giang dgy giao dye Ph^n Idn eae tinh/thanh dOu c6 han 70% bgc sinh tdt hudng nghiOp chii yOu la giao vien chfl nhiOm hoge nghiOp THCS hge tiep len THPT, t h i m ehf ed dja giao vien dgy ehua du sd UOt cin UiiOt, ehu hiu nhu phuong hon 80%. Ty 10 hge sinh tdt nghiOp THCS vio khOng ed miy giio vien dupe dao tgo bii ban vO hge so cip va tmng cap nghe, TCCN thap; cdn mdt tf hudng nghiOp hay lu vin nghO nghiOp. Vi UiO m i 1^ khPng nho HS tdt nghiep THCS tham gia TTLD m i ching miy ai diu lu tam huyOt cho bp mPn mdi me khPng qua dao tgo da lam inh huong dOn ehit luong niy, nhil la khi giio vien kiem nhiOm mit khi nhiOu va co eiu dao tgo eua lye luong lao done Nim 2015 thdi gian cho chuyen mPn vk cic cPng viOe hd so, sd
sach, KhPng it ndi cP hiOn tupng giao vien xin UOl giao dye huong nghiOp dO dgy bp mPn efla minh, mgnh ai niy xin va mgnh ai ni>' eho. ThO nen mPi ed kOt qua ding budn la cP mpi l\ le rit IPn hpe sinh THPT khong duge giio dye huPng nghiOp.
Nhin ehung da sP eic em dOu "ddi" thPng Un vO nghO nghiOp. irong khi cae lai liOu giao dye hudng nghiOp hiOn nay thi chi dO cgp dOn mdt sd it nghO phd biOn trong rit nhiOu nghe hiOn nay. DiOu nay da inh hudng rii nhiOu dOn sy Ivra chgn phan ban va djnh hudng hin lam sau nay cfla hpc sinh THPT. Mpi thyc trgng li tiiy gid cd dOn tren Z'S hge sirUi dang ky hpc ban Khoa hpc ty nhien dO Uii khdi A, trong khi rit
nhiOu c i e em cd nang lye va tuong lai Uiyc synOu lya dAm tiftn i T tr^^ A"'"' "" "-"» sau THr^; .• ^ . . ehon eic khPl .hi khie. Cung vPi do la hiOn bigng sd '^^^ ^^^ S . T m > ^ T ° ' ^ ' ^^» '^ S S ll ^^^^
km hpc sinh khi dang ky dy Uii dgi hpe, eao ding lya 'Tc n-^T 1^^ \ ^ ^ / " ^ "*^^"' tron? ^ ^ ^ " ^ ^ ehpn vio nhung tniPng va nhung nganh c6 cai danh "-"^ ^^'"' "^" '^fino f tmnn -4. s
"keu" m i khPng quan lim dOn minh eP dfl nang lyc IvhPng, minh eP yCu thich khPng va hpc nganh dP sau
^fiif ^^^? '"^"^ ' ° ^ " "l""^ ^ ^^P THCS: Vao THPT 76% vio tmng tarn giSo due Uiuemg xuyen - GDNN 7%, dt l a S . "^ ' ' ' ^ ' " "^^'^P 3 ^ - n ' g c i p ngh^ 5%;
Nguydn nhin chu ydu ciia „hr,„„ K U - t ^ irong PLHS sau THCS cd S ; ^ , f " 8 h ' " * " ' •=* ' ^ ^
„ , „ . . . . '"'^'"laiqualnhusau:
Cie md hmh Imcmg vira kSi h™, j
Vin hda luong duong T H R - d l ^ ' ^ "'>' " S ^ v i day uong Ihuc tidn, phu hop vdi'™,,!"" ''*° *'^ "Shldm eua HS THCS v . phu hTynh h T s f n h l " ? , ' ' " " " / * "
khdng ro nguydn nhta mac rt,- T' ' ''°^ ^^ "^
dSnh gii va bto eio Uinh cZ < '''""' '*"8 kdl, quydl dinh. '^"P ed Iham quydn
BIdu kidn tiin quydl di Pi HS
. --^...„^„ „ "*'-T vd chuong LT chdo) chua duoc quan I5m rtr.J ""• ^^ ngana va vi DH. Tinh uang u . „ la mdl S " ^ " 8 «'P; CD
"8 "hung ng„y^„
nhin d i n tdi sy khdng cdng nhin van bing cua e i e ca sd d i o tgo khic khi xOt biyOn sinh dao tao LT. Bi giai quy^t vin dO niy, chinh phu da ehi dgo va diOu phdi dO Bd GD&DT vi BP LD, TB&XH k^ kOt c i c van b i n Uida thuin ve d i o tgo LT, tgo ra sy "lien IhPng Op", khdng Uiyc ehit, d i n dOn khd Uiuc hien vi khPng hiOu qui.
Chinh sieh luyOn sinh dgi hpe da cd tic dpng khdng nhd tdi viOc PLHS sau THCS vio hO Uidng GDNN.
NhCUig hgn ehO, bit c i p efla bogt dpng giio dye hudng nghiOp (GDHN), tu vin hpe t§p va tu vin nghO cho hge sinh THCS. Hogl dpng GDHN, tu vin hge dudng nhiOu nam qua d e i e trudng THCS khPng dupe quan tim dflng mue (nOu khdng mudn ndi l i bd Udng). ThiOu hO IbP'ng Uiong Un vO GDHN v i dinh hudng PLHS sau THCS vi THPT; thieu ea sd du liOu vO nghO nghiOp, TTLD v i viOc Iim, vO nginh nghO d i o tgo vi eic CO sd d i o tgo, vO chinh sich ddi vdi ngudi hge vi ehinh sich uu dii trong GDNN, vO co hpi khdi nghiOp, lini kiOm viOc lim, xu hudng TTLD vi nhu ciu nhan lyc eua TTLD .v.v... Ddng thdi, hge sinh eung khdng hiOu duge nhiing d i e diOm tim sinh ly, nhung phSm chit vi nang lye eua ban thin de lya chgn hudng di, nghO nghiOp tucmg lai cho phfl hpp.
Chit lugng vi hiOu qui GDNN thip, edn mpt ty 10 khPng nhd hge sinh idt nghiOp co sd GDNN chua d i p ling nhu ciu cua eie doanh nghiOp, thit nghiOp, khPng Um duge viOc lam, hoge lam viOc khPng dung vdi nginh nghO vi binh dp duge d i o tgo. Ning lyc nghO nghiOp, binh dp ngogi ngfl va Un hpe, nang lye hpp tic vi nang lye egnh banh eua lao dpng Viet Nam cdn hgn chO so vdi lao ddng cic nude. Cie co sd GDNN kOm h i p d i n v i khd Ihu hut hpc sinh vao hpc, din de'n khd khin bong viee PLHS sau THCS.
3. Mot so glal phap flleu tie't ph|p luong hoc sinh sau THCS vao hoc giao due nghe nghiep
Diy mgnh eOng tic tuyen ImyOn, giao dye nang cao nhin thue cua co quan quin ly giio dye eac cip, cic CO sd giio dye phd thong, cha me hge sinh, hpe sinh vi cic ting Idp nhin dan, cua x i hgi ve y nghia, t ^ quan bgng cua GDNN ddi vdi phit triOn kinh tO, xa hOi, phat biOn con ngudi va PLHS sau THCS.
TiOp tyc triOn khai thi diOm, hoan thiOn va td ehue UiOn khai dgi ba mP hinh truong "Tmng hge nghO" dO thu hflt hpc sinh idt nghiOp THCS vao hge, tdt nghiep cd Uinh dd ehuyen mPn nghO nghiOp va binh dd van hda lucmg duong THPT, ed UiO di vio TTLD hoic tiep tyc hge len trinh dp cao hon khi ed nhu eiu.
Td chiic tdng kOl, danh gia mo hinh va triOn kheu thi diOm mP hinh tmong THN va Uirdrng THPTKT; xie djnh nhimg uu diOm, hgn ehe va nguyen nhin cua nhflng hgn chO; hoan thiOn mP hinh budng THN vi U^p lye biOn khai thi diOm (nOu thiy ein thiet);
Tii Uiinh lip eie birdng THN ben eo sd td chfle Igi eic Tmng tam dgy nghO, tarPng eao ding vi Imng eip GDNN. Do d i e thfl cua logi Uudng THN, vfla dgy eic mPn VHPT, vfla dgy nghO, vdi eic phuong UOn dgy hpe (PTDH), dae biOt li PTDH Uiye hinh nghO dit tiOn, viOc tgn dung eo so vit ehit vi cie PTDH ed sin d c i e truong li rii cin UiiOl, hoin thiOn vi bd sung khi cd nhu eiu, d i m b i o tinh khi thi va hiOu qui cfla mP hinh trudng moi;
KO thira CTDT eie nginh, nghO sin ed efla eie Uudng, .xae djnh nhu ciu d i o tgo theo eie nginh, nghO dd, hoan UUOn CTDT hien cd cho phfl hgp vdi mye Ueu efla mP hinh DT mdi. Chuong irinh d i o tgo THN se dupe thiOl kO lien UiPng vdi CTDT eao ding vi dgi hpe theo hudng nghO nghiOp, iJng dyng, thye hinh.
TruPng THN tuyOn hge sinh tP'l nghiOp THCS, hoge So c i p nghO, vua d i o tgo nghO Uinh dd cao, vfla dgy eie mPn van hoi luong duong THPT, vdi eie CTDT 3 dOn 4 nam. Hpe sinh tdt nghiOp cd trinh dp tmng eip ky thuil/nghiOp vy vi trinh dp van hPa tucmg duong THPT, duge eip Bang tmng cip GDNN vi Chung nhin trinh dp van hPa luong duong THPT. Hpc sinh sau khi tdt nghiOp CO khi nang tham gia TTLD, hoge khi ed diOu kiOn, eP nhu eiu, ed thO hpe tiOp len CD, DH.
Td ehiie bdi dudng cap nhit vi bd sung cic kiOn thue vi ky nang ehuyen mPn vi nghiOp vy su phgm cho cic logi hinh GV dgy eie mPn van hda phd IhPng (VHPT), ky Uiuit co sd (KTCS) vi ly tbuyOl chuyen mPn (LTCM), thyc hinh nghO (THN) Uieo yOu ciu cfla CTDT. Td chuc tuyOn dyng bd sung c i e logi GV Uieo nhu eiu dao tgo cfla eac Iruong. Giio vien dgy eic mPn VHPT duge d i o tgo trinh dp DH P cic tnrPng dgi hge su phgm; GV dgy eie mPn KTCS, LTCM vi THN dupe d i o tao bong eic truPng dgi hpe su phgm ky thuit, hoac tai eae khoa su phgm ky thuil eua eae trudng DH.
Xiy dyng vi IriOn khai cic CTDT lien IhPng vi cPng nhgn van bing, chflng ehi tdt nghiOp eac CTDT lien thPng cfla eac eo sd giio dye vi dio tgo - DiOu kiOn dO PLHS sau THCS khi Uii vi hiOu qui.
Bp GD&DT va BP Lao dpng • Thucmg binh vi Xi hpi phdi hgp bong lanh dgo va chi dgo cac ca so d i o tgo hop lie, xay dyng va IriOn khai cie chuong trinh dao tgo lien Uiong (CTOTLT), phuc vy eho viOc PLHS sau THCS khi Uii va hieu qui.
Bp GD&DT va Bg Lao dpng - Thuong binh va Xi hpi phdi hgp bong lanh dao va chi dgo eic eo so d i o tgo hop tie, xay dyng eic CTDTLT, tgo dieu kiOn PL bong HTGDQD
Dieu Uet phan luong hge sinh sau tdt nghiOp THCS UiPng qua ehinh sieh tuyOn sinh d i o Igo CD, DH.
DiOu chinh PLHS sau THCS IhPng qua chinh sich dieu UOl cfla nhi nude ddi vdi d i o tgo nhan lyc, dgc biet la bong tuyen sinh DH va GDNN, nhu i p dyng
-THAI BINM DUONG
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NGHliNCUU
chinh sich giim quy md hjydn sinh DH, ddng Ihdi ling dldm sin \a didu chinh chinh sich. ning c i c didu kidn vol tuydn vio c i c U\iong DH s* gdp phin quan Irpng dd ning cao chii luvng diu vao eic Iruong DH, phil hop \<n Ivc Ihuc Sin ciia ddi ngu giing «dn, co sd vii chii vi phucmg li«n day hoc.v.v..., khic phuc linh
. nnfJN c^c dp Ning eao chii luong vi hidu qua GUW ^^^
ttinh dd U> so cip, ddn Uung cip. cao ding. B ^^^^
ISO vdi vide lim, d i p ung nhu ciu e u a e ^^
nghldP, ning 1 ^ Ihuong hidu eda c i c u u " « ' hip din vi thu hut HS vio hpe e i c eo so oui" • j uen oay !",-.• — K-s.- Dd Ihuc hidn phin ludng, thu hijl HS ' * / ^ ^ irang sinh vien tdi nghidp DH khdng lim dupe liec THCS vio hpe Uung cSjl thi didu die ^idl Q"^ ^^ °^^
lira, hoic cd vide lim nhung khdng phii hpp vdi bin thin eic co sd GDNN ning eao siic hip a*' nginh v a Innh dd dupe dio lao. DAng thdi, cWnh sieh tipc sinh vi cie b i c phu huynh, thu hut " / ' ' i " ? ^ j niy sd gdp phin ting ngudn uiydn sinh vio cic co sd J H C S vio hpc Ihdng qua vide ning cao 1 ™ ' ' T I I ? . GDNN, din limg bude khie phue tinh tt^ng luydn sinh hi^y qui dio tao, ling eudng eie didu kidn dam vio cic uudng Uung eip vi cao ding GDNN nhidu chii lupng vi ddi mdi Id ehiic d i o tio; Sin dao WO vol nim qua khdng dat ehi Udu dupe giao. sii dung vi TTLD, ning ty Id HS tdt nghidp GDNN eo Vl?c
Bd GD40T vi B« Lao ddng - Thuong binh vi Xi hdi lim vi lim vide dung nginh nghd dao lao.
glao chi Udu tuydn sinh cho cic uudng CD, DH thdng _ qua thim d|nh chit ehd vi khoa hpe dd in luydn sinh 4. Kel lUail
DH, CD do cic Uudng xiy dung, dua theo: 1) Nhu ciu Cdng lac PLHS sau THCS edn nhidu han chd, xuil cua xi hpi, TTLD vi vide Iim, tinh hinh vide lim ciia phit tir nhidu nguydn nhin khic nhau, Uong dd cd ngudi td't nghidp qua kdt qui didu tra Iheo diu vdi nhting nguydn nhin ehu quan eiia nginh GD&DT v i ngudi Idl nghidp; 2) Ning ipc thye te cua eie Uudng, nhtrng nguydn nhin khich quan. De Ihuc hidn Ihinh cic didu kidn dim bio ehit lupng dio lao, nhu (TTDT, cdng vi hidu q u i PLHS sau THCS, Uude hdt ddi hdi dpi ngfl GV, CO sd vit chit vi phuong lidn day phii thay ddi nhin Ihuc ciia edng ddng, x i hpi, cua hpc.v v.. Bp GD&DT vi Bd LD, TB&XH phil cd co chd niQl ngudi din, eiia chinh b i n Ihin HS va phu huynh hpc sinh vd nghd nghidp va GDNN; kdl hgp giua c i e giii phip chinh sich, glil phip can lhi$p va didu lidt eiia nhi nu6c, eOng vdi c i c giii phip true Udp eiia e i e CO sd giio due, d i o lao v i ca sd sii dyng nhin luc sau dio lao./.
glim sil dd dim bio vide ding ky vi giao ehl tidu luydn sinh dl vio Ihuc chit, phO hpp vdi thuc Udn.
Nha nude cin nghidn ciiu, ddi mdi cie ehd dO, chinh sich vd lao dpng, vide Iim, chinh sich luong vi cic chinh sich khic ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng cd Uinh do GDNN dd dim bio cupc sdng vit chii vi Unh Uiin, ehinh sich tdn vinh, khuydn khich, dii ngd vi dpng vidn hp ydn tim gin bd vi cdng hidn vdi nghd nghidp d i chpn.
Cflng vdi vide ddi mdi cic chinh sich Uong dio lao nhin Ipc, nhi nude vi eic co quan, doanh nghidp cin phil ddi mdi chinh sich luydn dyng nhin Ipc, ehuydn trpng tim luydn dpng dua Udn bing cip sang luydn dpng dpa theo nhu ciu vd vl Iri \idc lim, dua vao ning luc Ihpc Id cua cic ung vidn.
Nhin chung, nhi nude chii ydu dflng cic chinh sich di didu lldl phin ludng hpc sinh sau Idl nghidp THCS Idn THPT, cie eo sd GDNN vi DH; chinh sieh d i o lao vi sir dung nhin luc cic cip uinh dp.
Tai lieu Iham khao
so Giio due va Dio tao. Bi in giio due hudng nghidp vi dinh hudng phin ludng HS Uong giio due pho thdng. 1/2018.
Chinh phfl. Quyel d|nh so 711/QO-TTg ngiy 13 thing 6 nim 2012 vd vide ban hanh "Chidn luoc phil Uidn giio due 2011-2020".
Chinh phu. Quyet dinh sd Sd: 522/00-TT2 noav 14/5/20,8 vd vide -Phd duyd, Dd an G l k r d ^ ' h S nghidp va dinh hudng phin ludng hpc sli
J iao va »u uv"s luK"' iv- '-a'- ^a,j uiiui up. ••5'"VK va uiuii iiuung pnan luOhg hpc siuh Irona alio Ning eao chit luprng giio dpc hudng nghiep '''''= P^* thdng glal doan 2018-2025"
(GDHN), Iridn khai c i c hoat dpng tu vin hpe dudng Phan Van Kha (2013). Ddi mdi giin rt \rii M cho hpe sinh THCS nhim d|nh hudng nghd nghidp '•'=° "nh Ui4n Nghi quydl Tmng uono Ruh • t , T cho c i c em; .viy dpng chuong ttinh vi Id ehiic day ehi Khoa hpc Giio due Vidn KHGDVN 20n°^
hpe phin hda Uieo huong tu ehpn d THCS. D6 Thi Bich Loan (2018). Thuc
Tridn khal Uii didm eae md hinh nha ttudng gin vol hpc sinh sau Uung hpc co sd U o n g ' S ''!'*" ' " * " * sin xuil, kinh doanh tai c i c bd nganh, e i c dla "hin Ipc dip iing nhu ciu phil Mdn v v,"'^" ngudn
:h nee lam dd tao co Tap ehl Khoa hpc giio due ViW lu ' * ' " * 8/2018. " " ^ ; phuong. Td chuc cie sin giao dich \iec lam dd tao co
hdi Um kidm vide lim eho hpc sinh; Id chuc ngiy hpi lu vin. hudrng nghidp. Ihi Um hii-u vd thd gioi nghd nghidp; e i c hoat dpng giao luu cua hpc sinh, giao vidn. cin bd quin 1\ giio dpc vdi c i c nhi khoa hpc, nhi quin 1>, doanh nhin.
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hdi. s« 08, thing
