TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 8 (204) 2015
TI^N TE HOA VA NHU'NG BIEN D 6 |
TRONG o a i S 6 N G K I N H T E - XA HOI C O A
NGU'ai BA NA (NHOM OjA PHU'aNG RO NGAO) NGHIEN CLCU TRU'O'NG HOP THON 4, LANG DAK TIENG
KO TU, XA DAK LA, HUYEN DAK HA, TINH KON TUM
THlEU THI TRA Ml
Qua viic ghi nhin vi ddi chiiu thong tin tir tu lieu diin da vdi cie kit qui nghiin ciru trudc diy cho thiy nhiing biin ddi trong ddi sdng kinh ti - xS hdi cia ngudi Ba Na (nhdm Ra Ngao) tai mot ling thudc Kon Tum trudc vi sau khi CO s u du nhip vi luu hinh tiin te. Tir dd bii viit niy lip luin: 1) khdng gian vin hda xa hdi eua ngtrdi Ra Ngao dang van hinh theo chiiu hudng co thi phi vd dl nhiing nin ting tinh than, su ho tuang (reciprocity) truyin thing trong cdng ddng: 2) trong tiin trinh biin doi, ngudi Ra Ngao dang nd tuc thich nghi vi dung nap cie yiu td ngoai sinh trong bdi canh mdi.
Bai vilt duoc thuc hien dua tren hai dgt diln da tai nam tinh Tgy NguySn, trong khufln kho de tgi Vai trd cua mdt sd dinh chi xa hdi phi chinh thirc ddi vdi su phit triin bin vOng Tiy Nguyin thuflc Chuong trinh Tgy Nguyen 3 (TN3/X21)'". O i l vdi tflc ngudi Ba Na, chung tfli khao sgt nhflm d|a phuong Ro Ngao tai thon 4, lgng Dak TiSng Kg Tu, xg Dak La, huySn Bak Hg, tinh Kon Tum. Xa Oak La cfl 858 hfl ngudi Ro Ngao, chilm 4.091 nhan khau trSn tong so 8.771 nhan khiu toan xa. 6/10 thfln thupc xa oak La la noi sinh song tgp trung cfla ngudi Ro Ngao. Thep thong ke thuc
Thieu Thi Trg Mi. Nghien cCru vien. Trgng tam Nghien cuu Gidi va Gia dinh, Vien Khoa hgc xa hgi vCing Nam Bg.
te vgo thang 8/2014, thfln 4, lang Dak TiSng Ko Tu cfl 125 hfl ngudi Rg Ngao, 100% theo dao Cflng giao (Van phflng xa Oak La, ngay 10/8/2014).
Trong qua trinh khao sat (hpi dgt) chflng tfli da thuc hien 4 cupc thao lugn nhdm (nam, nd, trung niSn, nam, nu thanh nien) vg phong v i n sgu vdi 19 thflng tin viSn cfla thon 4.
Trong d g t d i l n da d i u tiSn, chflng tfli dat mgc tigg tim hieu cgc dinh c h l phi chinh thdc trong cgch thdc t l chdc bufln lang va luat tuc, cac quan hS than tflc hay gida cac tflc ngudi vdi nhau, nhung phuong thuc sinh k l g i n vdi tri thuc ban dia trong khai thac va quan trj cac nguin tai nguygn, tin ngudng vg cac le hfli cua ngudi dgn.
T d nhung hinh dung budc d i u v l tinh hinh thuc t l tpi djp ban nghiSn cuu.
THIEUTHI TFiA Ml - TIEN TE H(iA VA NHO'NG BIEN BOI..
chflng toi t i l p tgc thuc hien quan sat tham du, phong v i n sau va thao luan nhom de lgm rfl cac loai hinh dinh c h l phi chinh thdc va vai tro cua chflng trong t i l n trinh chuyin biln xa hgi theo hudng hien dai hfla.
Theo mach nghiSn cuu nay, chflng tfli nhan thiy mpt trong nhdng chfl d l dugc cgc thflng tin viSn khg quan tgm vg thao luan soi noi la nhdng bien d l i ve nhilu mpt trong ddi song cflp hp xopy quanh t i l n te. Chia se cfla mgt thflng tin viSn dg nhgn dugc su dong tinh cfla nhilu thflng tin vien khgc qua cgc cuflc thao lugn nhflm vg phong v i n sgu: "bgy gid de [sing] mg [cflng]
r i t khfl [song]. [Bay gid] cfl tiln [nhung] n l u khflng cfl cai gi iam rp t i l n thi k h i minh, c h i t ngudi. Ngay XUP khflng lo thilu gpo an. R i y nuong thi mflt nam minh cfl, cfl rpu nay rau kia an khflng cfl thulc [bao vS thuc vat]. H i i xua tuy kho ma sudng, [bay gid] an [thi] togn di mua, lgm khflng cfl t i l n thi kho. [Bgy gid] cho ng n i n thi minh nhin dfli [nhu xua]
khflng dugc" (Y.D, nd, sinh ngm 1964). T d cac cau chuySn nay, chung tfli tung budc thu thgp d d ligu de khic hpa ngn b l i c i n h kinh t l , van hfla, xa h|i "nggy xua" va "bgy gid" cfla ngudi dgn Ro Ngao thfln 4 vdi nhung chilu kich, khia cpnh khgc nhpu cflp su biln d l i thflng qua s u mfl tg, d i l n giai cfla chinh nhdng ngudi trong cuflc.
1. TAP Q O A N K I N H Te T R O Y E N T H O N G Trong bai v i l t Gdp phan tim hiiu vi ngudi Ra Ngao ciia nhflm tgc gia Dfl Thfly Binh, Nguyen Van Huy va La Cflng t dgng trSn Tpp chi DSn tflc hgc
s l 1/1978 (dup tren dgt khao sat diln da t d thang 3 - 5/1977 tpi tinh Gia Lai- Kon Tum)'^') ghi nhpn ring nhflm dja phuong Ro Ngao (thuflc tflc ngudi Ba Na) sing chfl y l u dua vao kinh t l nuong r i y nhu p h i n Idn cac dgn tflc cu trfl d bac Tgy Nguyen. Thflng thudng, ngudi Rd Ngao chi canh tgc trong khoang thdi gian mflt, hai nam trSn mpt manh d i t riy r i i bo hopng, luSn chuyin spng chfl d i t khac. O i n khi cay o i l mpc lai xanh tit, d i t dai phuc hoi mgu md hp mdi trd lai dat cu.
Ngudi Ro Ngao sgn xuat theo phugng thuc canh tac phgt - d i t - tria
"sa con"(A.Th, nam, sinh nam 1964), tdc la tria Ifla ray mflt vg trong ngm.
Trong ky uc cua nhung ngudi Ro Ngao d Ida tuoi trung va cao nign tpi thon 4, cuflc sing cfla hp ngay xua
"khflng lo thieu gpo gn" vi "riy nuong mfli nam d i u cfl [Iflp]" vp rau hay mang rung cfl the hai mfli ngay dflng vao cac bda an'^^ B i t dpi thdi biy gid
"ring thenh thang" (A.Th, nam, sinh nam 1957). Gia lang A Lip thfln 4 cho bilt thgm, vgo thdi d i l m 1964, "ca lang dgy chl cfl 99 ngudi - mudi miy hfl [gip dinh] - bp nflc nhg dai". Khflng cfl su tranh gianh dat dai trong cflng d i n g luc b i y gid.
Td xe XUP, cflng dong ngudi Rg Ngpo tpi ^ a phugng da biet iam an theo kilu v i n d l i cflng (iam giup qua lai cho nhau cua cac gia dinh). Lao dflng trgn nugng r i y thudng nang nhpe, nhilu cflng dean dfli hoi tinh thdi vu cae. Vi t h i , ngudi Ba Na thudng iam d l i cflng cho nhau trong cgc cflng viSc iam riy, nhit la khi phat riy, trip Ifla
TAP CHl KHQA HOC XA HQI so 8 (204) 2015 va thu hopch (Bfli Minh Bao, 2006, tr.
63). Vdi hinh thdc lao dflng tap the ngy, cflng viec cfla moi hp gia dinh khflng chi dugc hoan thanh nhanh chflng hon, ma cfln tpo ngn su tuong hfl vg b i u khflng khi vui ve trong cpng ding. Tinh cflng dong cfla ngudi Ro Ngao cfln the hipn trong vipc gflp cong, gflp cfla c i i d l dung nha dai hay nha san truyen thong, phu giflp nhau to chuc dam cudi hay dam tang gida cac hfl gia dinh.
Nen kinh t l t u d p t u tflc vdi viec tria Ifla ray mpt vg mflt nam khiin cho viSc su dgng thdi gian cflp cac hp gia dinh trong lang ngudi Ro Ngao Iflc b i y gid nhu nhau va cfl nhilu thang nflng nhan. Thdi d i l m d i u thang Ba hang nam, ngudi dan b i t dau dot dpn ray d l chuin bi tria hpt chp mfla vu mdi.
Cung khpang thang Ba, thang Tu hp to chdc Le dam trau d u thin Lfla va than Nudc cho mfla mang dugc tugi tot dan lang dugc mpnh khoe (Bo Thuy Binh, Nguyen Van Huy, La Cflng y, 1978, tr. 36). Khoang thang 11, 12 vu mfla thu hoach, cflng Ig thdi diem dgn lgng dpn dpp nguon nude gipt*'*'.
tu sua nhg rflng chuin bi LS uIng nudc gipt (Kg Lang Dpk) hay cfln ggi la Mdng cflng, mdng Tit/Nam mdi.
Theo Idi A.Ph (sinh nam 1966) thi cung vap djp LS nudc gipt nay, gia lang sg dung ra giai quylt nhdng mau thuin, 'hfl hflp" (pru mur) suit mflt nam trong lang.
Hg thing t u san t u tieu cfla dan tflc Rg Ngao xua cfl su tugng ung chat ChS gida cai duoc san xuit ra va cai dugc tieu thg, giua he thing cpnh tac
vg c h l dg an ging. Moi hfl gia dinh tu san x u i t Ifla gao, khai thgc nguin Igi t u rdng, suli, sflng dfl de dam bao sinh t i n trong s u dogn k i t tuong trg cfla cflng dong dudi s u quan ly cfla gig lgng. NghTa lg, ngudi Ro Ngao xua "sgng m d mat day thi biet di iam roi chilu v l ngfl", chd "iam khflng cfl du, khong giau" (A.Ph, sinh nam 1966). Vi vdi hp, "su trfl phfl chi cfl t h i d i n tdi su lang phi, nen se ia vfl ich n l u d t cflng san x u i t nhilu hon cai ma gia dinh minh c i n " (Henri Mendras (1995), T r i n Huu Quang trich djch, 2015, tr. 6). Vgy nSn, treng nen kinh t l truyen thong cfla ngudi Ro Ngao khong cfl d u thua hay tich Ifly d l lgm gigu, khflng cfl cai gpi |g thu nhgp hay t i l n cflng. Hg tuyet nhien khflng co tien bac vg nuong r i y cung khflng cfl gia trj nhu mflt tai san riSng.
2. SO" DO NHAP C O A KINH T E THI TROONG
Ngudi Ro Ngao xua von xem d i t dai la thu linh thiSng va la tai san chung cua lang, nen ngudi ta khflng ban hay khflng dam ban d i t Nhung t d nam 1993, Giiy chdng nhgn Quyin su dijng d i t (gpi van tat la So do) cflng nhan quyin su dgng dat cfla cac ca nhan vg qgyin quan ly cfla Nha nudc (thuc chat la quyin sd huu dat dpi) da iam thpy doi quan niem cfla ngudi Ro Ngao v l dat dai. Cflng vdi dfl vigc nha nudc qui hoach dit, "giai phflng mgt bing" khiin cho d i t dai g i n nhu chi cfln gia trj v l kinh t l ( d l tring cac lopi cay theo qui hopch), nSn ngudi dSn b i t d i u xem no la tai s i n , la phuong tign d l iam kinh t l (A.D, sinh nam
THiEU TH! TFiA Ml - TIEN TE H 6 A VA NHCTNG BIEN DOI..
1974). Hon nua, khi ngudi Rd Ngao dpt n i i m tin tuyet d l i vao ThiSn Chflp, hp cung chuyin t u vipc tin vgo tinh linh thieng cfla d i t dpi sang xem nfl nhu mflt thd vgt c h i t cfl t h i sinh Igi thflng qua lao dflng cai tpo. Nhung nguyen nhan vdp k l tren d i n d i n viSc ngudi Ro Ngao b i t dau nhin nhan d i t dai nhu t u lieu san x u i t vat s d huu, ma cang tich luy dugc nhilu hp cang thu Igi dugc nhilu. Vi vay, ngudi Rd Ngao d thon 4 nfli rieng vg tren dja bgn xg Oak Lp nfli chung n l u cfl d i l u kiSn kinh t l thi thudng mua thSm d i t cfla xg Nggc Reo, huyen Bgk Hg, Ken Tum de trong trpt.
Cflng trinh khao t i dan tflc hpc t u rat sdm v l Ngudi Ba-na a Kon Tum ciia NguySn Kinh Chi va Nguyen Bong Chi (2011, tr. 250) da ghi nhgn ring, "xua nay ngudi Ba-na khflng he biet bufln ban la gl", hp chi "trao d l i lan nhau"
cac vgt dgng mg hp d n vg trong xg hfli cfla hp khflng cfl chg hay tien bac.
Nfli v l vipc trao doi vat c h i t A.Th (nam, sinh ngm 1964) cho biet xua kia ngudi Ro Ngao giua cgc thfln trao d l i mflt gui mang l i y mflt Ion mgli hay nua Ion gao. Vao khoing nam 1937 hp v i n gid "III dpi chac do vat" nhung hp da ' b i l t bufln ban va biet dflng tien bpc" (Nguyin Kinh Chi, Nguyin Bong Chi, 2011, tr. 250). Theo nghien cdu cfla chflng tfli, hau h i t cac nam trung niSn thfln 4 thing nhit ring lang Rd Ngao cfla hp b i t d i u hopt dflng trao doi bufln ban b i n g t i l n khi ngudi Kinh d i n lang khoang 1994-1996. Ngudi Kinh mua cac s i n p h i m nflng nghipp, d i n g thdi cung d p nhu y l u phim.
thuc phim, vgt t u nflng nghiep va eg viec che vpy tien mat Nhung hopt dpng nay xopy quanh vai hfl ngudi Kinh trong va ngoai lang Ro Ngao.
Viec s u dgng tien iam vat ngang gia chung cho mpi cua cai d i n dan co mat trong h i u h i t cac m i i quan hp cup ngudi Ro Ngao. Va "do tat ca mpi san p h i m d i u cfl t h i [trd] thanh hang hflp ngn chflng d i u dong nhit va dgnh m i t gig trj bilu tugng va gia tri xa hgi cup chflng" (Dpmien De Biic & Jepme Lpzprus, 2013, tr. 75). Vgy tien tp vg su du nhgp cflp kinh te thj trudng da van hanh vg cfl tgc dflng nhu the ngo d i n ddi song kinh t l - xa hfli cfla cflng dong ngudi Ro Ngao?
3. T I E N T E H O A V A NHO'NG XAO TRON TRONG BOl S O N G X A HQI 3.1. Trong lao dpng san xuit Bang 1 lg Ijch thdi vg cfla mpt hp ngudi Rg Ngao. Qua bpng nay cfl t h i t h i y cgc thgng nflng nhgn trudc dgy da dugc l i p d i y bing vigc canh tac cac cgy trong mdi.
Ngudi Ba Na trudc dgy song du canh, du cu, trflng trot trgn nuong r i y . Nhung hien nay hp thuc hign djnh canh djnh c u vg tham canh nflng nghiSp Ifla nudc, nSn "khflng the tia dflng Ifla sa con dugc nua" (A.Th, nam, sinh ngm 1964). Vipc tham canh Ifla nudc hai vg trong nam vdi d i t dai von 'soi [bac mau, c i n cfli] hit" (A.Th, nam, smh nam 1964) khiin ngudi Ro Ngao quen d i n vdi viSc su dung phan bfln, thuoc bao vS thuc vgt d l dgm bao nang suit lua. Hp cung phai quen d i n vdi nhung thu khac nhu giing
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 8 (204) 2015 Bang 1.
1 L ^ m u caosu
Lich thai vu nam 2
L^y mu cao su
3 Lay mu cao su
4
ck
ICia (56ng xuan L^y mu cao su
2014 5 Lay mu cao su
cua ho A Woih, ghi nhgn ngdy 6/8/
6 Lay mil cao su
7 Sa lua vu mua Lay mil cao su
8 Lay mu cao su
g Lay mu cao su
10 Thu hogch cdphS Thu hogch vg mCia (lua 100 ngdy) L^y mu cao su
2014 11 Hogcthu hogch vg mCia (ICia tham 110 ngdy) L^y mu caosu
12 Thu hoach mia Sg lua d6ng xudn Lay mu cao su Nguin: Be tai Vai tro cua mpt sd dinh ehi xa hdi phi chinh thirc doi vdi su phat trien bin vdng vimg Tiy Nguyen. 2014 -2015.
cgy tring, cgch thdc canh tac, ky thuat san x u i t khac h i n vdi loi canh tac cfla hp trudc day. Cac vat phim hp iam ra nhu ml, ca phS, bdi Idi hay cac su cung khflng phai la nhung thd ma ngudi Ro Ngao sd dgng de duy tri sinh t i n trudc day.
Tuy nha nudc cfl nhieu chinh sach cho hfl nghgfl, hp dan tflc thieu s l vay v i n Chan nuoi hay d i u tu trong trpt nhung vdi nhu c i u vay lp te, s l tiln tuong d l i it va tinh chit dot xuit thi thflng thudng ngudi Rd Ngao 'khflng the chd nha nudc ba-bon thang"
(A.Kh, nd, sinh nam 1978) nSn mfli khi c i n vay tiln dau t u cho san xuit (giing, v i n , phan bfln, thuoc tru sau...), hp thudng vay cfla tu thuong cho nhanh chflng, tign Igi va tranh nhdng rang buflc cung ran v l mat phap ly. Tuy nhiSn cung vi vay ma hp phai chiu canh bi ep gia, ep d l i liy nflng san, hoac chju lai ngng. Cc the nfli, ngudi Rd Ngao dang trong qug trinh chuyin t u n i n kinh t l tu san t u tigu sang n i n kinh t l phu thuflc vao nhung eg nhan, to chdc bSn ngoai cpng ding. Hp cflng tham gia vac n i n kinh t l thj trudng nhung he khong
d m dugc d i n g t i l n treng tay. Hp vda khflng cfln ven nguygn trong co c h l s i n x u i t cu nhung cflng khflng su dung dugc t i l n dflng nhu chdc nang cfla nfl.
Thanh niSn trong lang cfl xu hudng di hpc va tim kilm cflng vigc cfl thu nhap d i u dan hang thgng nhu tai x l , nhan ViSn ban hang hay lgm thuS bSn ngogi lang, nSn chl cfln nhdng ngudi trung nign va CPO niSn ganh vac vipc san x u i t cfla h0 gia dinh. Loi iam v i n doi cflng trudc day khflng con t i n tpi vi thieu nhgn luc. Bgy khong chi lg su ddt gay v l mat ho tuong trong cpng dong ma nfl cfln i n chda su xung dot giua cac the hp trong mfli hp gia dinh.
Trong cgc cugc thao lugn vdi nhflm nam vg n u thanh niSn, hp d i u muon tuong lai cfl mpt n g h i nghigp cu the, cfl thu nhgp on djnh hgng thang dudi dang tien luong cfla riSng minh. B i l u ngy dong nghlp vdi viSc hp se di ra lgm viec bSn ngcai lang. BSn canh dfl, hp cflng mpng m u i n cfl mpt gia dinh rigng, con cgi hp dugc di hpc, cflng vipc cfl thu nhgp t i t vg qui mfl gia dinh d i n thu nhfl Ipi. Nhung nhflm nam va n u trung niSn (cung trong cac cuflc
THlEUTHj TRA Ml - TIEN TE HOA VA NHO'NG BIEN B O I .
thac lugn) thi cuong quylt ring hp mong muon con cai s i n g va lgm viec trong lgng, quay quan bSn gia dinh d l cflng san xuit nflng nghiSp. N l u cfl cflng vipc lgm an, sinh sing ngogi lang thi chi la vi hfln nhgn. Theo ngudi Ro Ngao trung vg cao nien thi di ra khoi lang dong nghia vdi rfli ro, sa nga vao cac tg nan xa hpi, bi dc hiep vi khflng cfln dugc cflng dong lang che chd, bao bpc.
3.2. Trong phong tuc, lupt tgc N l u nhu trudc dgy, moi khi cgc giP dinh Rd Ngpo ggp khfl khan, b i t trie, hp thudng nhd cgy vao s u keu gpi tudng trg cfla Giap ("thu quy" lang) thep Ignh eua gig lgng. Nhung hien nay, giii phgp dau tiSn, nhanh chflng va tiSn ioi nhit la tim d i n su trg giflp cfla t u thugng. T d vipc d i u t u vao san xuat d i n chuyen I m dau, thieu t h i n trong cuflc s i n g ngudi Rg Ngao d i u hoi vay mugn t u thugng. Trudc day, den dam cudi, ngudi trong lang chi c i n mang den con ga, ghe rugu, trdng, mam... hay gflp cflng hai rau rdng thi nay hg cfl the mdng cudi bang tien, t d 10 nggn d i n 100 nggn, tfly theo muc dfl than thiet cua moi quan he vdi gia chu. A.D (nam, sinh ngm 1974) chia se rang anh thich each ngudi ta cho t i l n nhu thdi bay gid hon. VI trdng va m i m ma dan lang mang d i n gia dinh thudng khflng dflng hit, cfln tien thi hp cfl t h i mua duoc nhilu thu ma hp d n . Nhung gia lang thi cho ring, viec mung cudi b i n g t i l n nhu hipn nay la iam theo ngudi Kinh, giong nhu dflng t i l n mua mflt bdp an, khflng cfln mang y nghia
chflc mdng, chia se than tinh trpng cflng dong nhu trudc kia nua.
Trudc day, n l u trong lang cfl chuygn
"hfl hoa", ngudi bi phat se phai nflp khan, n i i d i n g vg ghS rugu. Lflc bay gid, khan nop phpt phgi la khan cflp cac dan tflc khac va cfl trj gia bing mflt con trau hay mpt con bfl. Mflt cai noi dflng thi tugng dugng vdi hai con trau. Ccn mgt ghe rugu thi tugng dugng vdi hai, bp con trau. Roi thdi gian sau, khi khan, noi dong va ghe rugu khfl tim hon thi lang chuyen sang phpt bing heo, ga hay tien. Con bay gid hg da chuyin h i n sang phat tien. A.Ph (nam, sinh nam 1966) cho ring su thay d l i nay la t d nam 1968.
V g ching A.D cho biet: 'Neu vg ching bo nhau, theo phong tgc hoi xua thi bi phpt noi dong, cfln bay gid thi phpt tien, len d i n 15 triSu". VI nhung thu phat va Iflc xua cfl gia tri vat chit cao va khfl tim ngn ngudi ta i i y dfl lgm rgn, khflng dam vi phpm hay tai pham.
Cfln t u khi phpt t i l n thi theo A.Ph (npm, sinh nam 1966): "gid hg lam ra cfla cai tien bac nSn hp khflng sg".
3.3. Ng luc dung npp y l u t l ngflai sinh Cgng d i n g ngudi Ro Ngao bj dpng trpng viec t i l p nhpn vg thich nghi vdi kinh t l thj trudng. Nhung dudng nhu hp vpn dang co g i n g hieu cgu ehuypn thj trudng ngy vg dang no luc tpe rp su tuong thich. Vdi hp, -tiln tg vdp lg phuong tipn trpo doi, vup la cdu tinh khi hp cfl nhu d u chi tra. Nhung tien cung la no, la s u hon thua giua cac hfl Ro Ngao trong lang vdi nhau va vdi ngudi Kinh. N l u nhu ngudi Rg
TAP CHi KHQA HQC XA HQI s6 8 (204) 2015 Ngao trudc day "khflng m i c ng ai hit,
khflng m i c ng gi h l r (A.Th, nam, sinh nam 1964) thi bgy gid ' t u d i u lgng tdi cull Igng ai cung mac ng" (A.Kh, nam, sinh ngm 1982) vg hp 'mdi quen ng nhieu nhit la ba, b i n nam nay" (A.Th, nam, sinh nam 1964). Hg cfln nfli rang ' t d Iflc ngudi ta che ng thi khflng nhjn dfli dugc" (Y.D, nu, sinh nam 1964), tuc la khflng the chju dung su thilu thon (nhu trudc dgy) ma chuyin sang vay mugn d l dgp dng nhu c i u . Nhung mgt khi da vay mugn ma "tra khflng dfl [cho t u thuong thi] sg ngudi ta la, m i c cd, muon khoe" (Y.Kh, nu, sinh nam 1986). Nhung ngudi trung nign trong cgc cuflc thao luan nhflm deu cho ring, cupc sing hien tai so vdi trudc day "sudng ma cung kho, khfl la sing bang tiln, minh d n tien [...] cfl tiln mdi cfl do an".
Moi quan he trao doi, buon ban giua ngudi Ro Ngpc vp ngudi Kinh tai thfln 4 dugc chinh ngudi Rd Ngao mfl ta nhu su "cfl trach nhiem" vdi nhau, "moi ngudi cfl trach nhiem vdi mfli quan".
Vi dg nhu trudng hop nha A.Th (nam, sinh nam 1964), "quen ng Nguypt thi de ng [chfl] dfl thfli". Va t d m i l quan hg quen b i l t tin cgy nay mg trong nhung tinh huong dau benh, thilu thon ngudi dan se nhgn dugc su 'giup dfl'', "tuong trg" t u t u thugng d l xoay sd cho cuflc sing efla minh. Mat khac, quan he vdi ngudi Kinh cfln la quan he giO'a chfl ng vg con ng.
Ngudi Rg Ngao "mic cd" khi khflng trg ng dflng han va cung 'ham muon"
sd huu vat chit "theo kjp ngudi Kinh".
each hllu thd nhit theo 16-gic than
thuflc khien t i l n te hay m i l quan hg vdi ngudi Kinh de dgng la mgt phin trong van hfla cfla cflng ding ngudi Ro Ngao. Cfln d cgch hieu thd hai, vugt ra ngogi nhdng khufln k h i tnrde dfl, cho thiy cflng dong Ro Ngao dang nfl luc dung npp nhdng y l u t l ngoai sinh trong cuflc s i n g cfla minh vg qug trinh ngy van dpng t i l p d i l n de hinh thanh chien luge chung sing phfl hgp.
4. KET LOAN
Khac vdi cgc nha kmh t l hpc chi "xem tiln nhu CPI cfl t h i dung d l d l i chac",
"cac nha ly lugn xa hpi lap luan ring tien lg mpt trong nhdng luc hdu hinh (tangible), va thuc s u lg cfl tinh quylt djnh dua d i n nhdng thay d l i " (Allison Truitt, 2010, tr. 113). Trong bgi viet nay, chflng tfli xem xet tiln t$ nhu la bilu hien dpi dipn cfla kinh t l thj trudng v i n xa Ip vdi ngudi Ro Ngpo.
Su du nhap cfla Ifl-gic kinh te thj trudng vdi qug trinh tien te hfla dang khiin cho khflng gian van hfla xa h|i cfla cflng d i n g ngudi Rg Ngao dang di theo chilu hudng cfl the pha vd nhung to chuc va su tuong trg cflng dong mang tinh truyin thing.
Trong b l i canh ddi s i n g bi xao trgn, ngudi Rg Ngao van dang no lgc thich nghi va dung nap cac y l u t l ngopi sinh de cung chung sing. Su chuyen minh bien doi cfla cflng ding xa hpi ngudi Rd Ngao high nay khong chi don thuin trSn ddi sing vat c h i t mg ca trong ddi s i n g tinh than cfla hp. Vi vpy, su biln doi ngy c i n dugc cgc nha nghiSn cdu tim hieu sau va rflng hon. a
THiEU THI TRA Ml - TIEN TE HOA VA N H O N G BIEN BCI\..
CHO THiCH
*'* Be tai thuflc Chugng trinh Khoa hpc va Cong nghg trpng diem cap Nha nudc nghiSn ciiu ve Tay Nguyen, giai dopn 2010-2015 do trudng Dpi hpc Nguyen Tat Thanh phoi hgp cCjng Vign Khoa hpc xa hfli viing Nam Bfl thuc hien
'^' Nam 1991 tinh Kon Tum dugc tai lap tren co sd chia tach tinh Gia Lai-Kon Tum (Cflng Tum), theo dfl Oak Ha ig mflt trong nhu'ng huypn mdi dugc thanh Igp (1994). Theo tai ligu Kon Tum trin dudng phit tnin. Cong thflng tin dien tu tinh Kon Tum, nguon http://kontum.gov.vn/pages/lich-su-hinh-thanh.aspx, cgp nhpt nggy 15/4/2015.
*^' Trich tu tu lieu thao luan nhflm nd trung nien thfln 4, 25/1/2015.
'^' Nudc gipt la nudc nglm chay td rdng nui xuong khu vuc dgn cu, ngudi Ro Ngao din dflng nudc bang ong 16 fl lam nguon nudc chung cho ca lang su dung.
T A I LIEO T R I C H D A N
1. Bfli Minh Bao (chfl biSn). 2006. Din tdc Ba Na d Viit Nam. Ha NSi: Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hfli.
2. Cong thflng tin dien tu tinh Kon Tum, nguon http.//kontum.gov.vn/
3. Dpmien De Bile & Jeanne Lazarus. 2013 (Nguyin Bfln Phudc djch). Xi hdi hpc vi tiin bpc. Ha Nfli: Nxb. Tri thuc.
4. OS Thfly Binh, Nguyen Van Huy, La Cong V. 1978. Gop phin tim hiiu vi ngudi Rongao. Tpp chi Dan tpc hpc s l 1/1978.
5. Mendrps, Henri. 1995 (edition originate: Armand Colin, 1976). Les societies paysannes (Cie xi hdi ndng din). Paris, Gallimard, Coll. Folio-Histoire. Trin Hdu Quang dich. Thi nao li xa hii ndng thdn?. 2015. Trong Xi hii hpc ndng thdn.
6. NguySn Kmh Chi & NguySn Oing Chi. 1937 (2011). Ngudi Ba-na d Kon Tum. Hg Npi:
Nxb. Tri thdc.
7. Truitt, Allison. 2010. Chuyen ddi gii tn: Nhin hpc vi ddng tiin d Viet Nam in trong Lugng van Hy, Ngfl van Le, NguySn Van Tiep, Phan Thj Yin Tuylt Hiin dai vi ding thii cita tmyin thdng Viet Nam: Nhung cich tiip cin nhin hpc. TPHCM. Nxb. Oai hpc Quoc gia TPHCM.
8. van phflng xa Bak La. Tai lieu cung cip ngay 10/8/2014.
