DIEN DAN
/<' v » Mohinb tich luy, Stf dung
va cac yeu to anh htfdng den viec do Itfcfng tri thiJc KH&CN trong hoat dong doi mdi d doanh nghifp
TS TA DOAN TWNH
Bo KH&CN
Muc tieu cua nghien cu'u nay la nli^m tim ra cac loai thu'dc do hay so' lieu co the du'tfc suf dung de do lu'dng tac dong hay hieu qua cua tri thu'e do'i vdi tang tru'dng kinh te. De cd the xac djnh cac thu'dc do hieu qua cua tri thu'e do'i vdi nen kinh te, chung ta can tai hien lai qua trinh tich luy va suf dung tri thu'e khoa hpc va cong nghe (KH&CN) din den hoat dong doi mdi d doanh nghiep va tim hieu ro them ve cac ye'u to' anh hUdng den viec do lufdng dau vao va dau ra cua cac qua trinh tich luy va suf dung tri thufc trong hoat dong doi mdi d doanh nghiep.
I. Mo hinh tich luy tri thuic, sui dung tri thlic va vai tro cua hoat iI6ng nghien ciiiu va phat trien (R&Dl d doanh nghiep
De tao ra gia tri, doanh nghiep phai thttc hien boat dpng ddi mdi, tttc la phai sff dung tri thffc trong boat ddng san xua't kinh doanh cua minh. Va de cd the sff dung tri thffc, trffdc bet doanh nghiep phai nam bat, hay ndi each khac la phai tich luy dffdc cac tri thffc can thie't cho boat ddng ddi mdi cua minh. Do dd, song song vdi md hinh lan toa da dffdc nghien cffu trttdc day, viec xem xet ky hdn ve qua trinh tich luy va sff dung tri thffc trong doanh nghiep cd the giup chung ta hinh dung rd hdn ve ddng tri thffc trong nen kinh te va tac ddng cua tri thffc KH&CN dd'i vdi tang trffdng kinh te.
1) Qud trinh tich luy tri thdc d doanh nghiep
Theo nghien cffu cua Forray', doanh nghiep tich luy tri thffc thdng qua 2 con dffdng: Mpt la, tie'p thu cac tri thffc san cd tff ben ngoai; hai la, tff minh tao ra tri thffc mdi.
- Viec tie'p thu tri thifc td ben ngoai la qua trinh niim bat cac tri thffc can thie't
cho boat ddng san xua't kinh doanh tff cac trffdng dao tao (dai bpc, cao dang bay trffdng day nghe), cac vien nghien cffu, doanh nghiep hay cac ngudn khac d trong nffdc hay tren the'gidi thdng qua cac boat dpng hpc tap, chuyen giao cdng nghe. Cac tri thffc tiep thu ttt ben ngoai se dffpc doanh nghiep tich luy qua hinh thffc Iwc hoi qua thifc hdnh.
Viec tie'p thu tri thffc tff ben ngoai cd y nghia rat quan trpng dd'i vdi doanh nghiep, nha't la cac doanh nghiep vtta va nhd, bdi phan Idn cac tri thttc mdi sff dung trong qua trinh san xua't kinh doanh deu dffpc tao ra tff ben ngoai hang rao cua mdt doanh nghiep cti the. Dieu nay dac biet quan trpng ddi vdi cac nffdc dang phat trien do phan Idn cac tri thffc httu ich cho san xua't kinh doanh dffpc tao ra ttt cac nffdc phat trien tren the gidi.
Nhin chung, sau khi tie'p thu dffpc tri thffc ttt ben ngoai, cac doanh nghiep cd the sff diing ngay cac tri thffc nay phiic vu cho boat ddng san xua't kinh doanh cua minh. Tuy nhien, trong nhieu trffdng hpp, viec sff dung tri thffc ben ngoai cung ddi hdi ban than doanh nghiep phai cd mdt nang lffc tiep thu nha't dinh.
Chang ban nhff: Kha nang nhan bie't dttdc nPi nao dang cd hay dang tao ra tri
thffc can tie'p thu; hieu dttdc gia tri ciia tri thttc; bie't dffdc each thffc ffng dung trong thifc tien va cud'i cung la nang life ddng hoa de sff diing mdt each thich hdp tri thffc mdi trong dieu kien cii the ciia doanh nghiep minh. Vi le dd, ndng luc tiep thu la vd cung quan trpng ddi vdi doanh nghiep trong boat dpng ddi mdi.
Cac ye'u td cd the anh hffdng de'n nang life tie'p thu tri thffc ttt ben ngoai cua doanh nghiep bao gdm: Trinh do va ky nang ciia ngffdi lao ddng (hay cdn gpi la ngudn vd'n con ngffdi), nang life to chffc thffc hien R&D, kha nang ket ndi vdi cac ngudn tri thffc ben ngoai, sff tiep can tdi nhttng tri thffc da dffpc nhung hay dffdc vat the hoa trong cac thie't bi, may mdc hay nguyen vat lieu can thiet cho san xua't. Trong cd che thi trffdng canh tranh, tinh loai trtt ciia mpt so' tri thffc (da dffdc bao hp thdng qua cac quyen sd hffu tri tue) cung cd anh hffdng quan trpng tdi viec tiep thu tri thttc cua doanh nghiep.
- Viec tao ra tri thdc mdi trong pham vi doanh nghiep cd the thdng qua 2 con dffdng:
Thd nhdt, cac tri thffc mdi c6 the dffdc tao ra tff cac y tffdng mdi nay sinh trong qua trinh san xua't kinh doanh d doanh
DIEN DAN II
cony .1^
C5r9 nyhe nen xua; hi?n
Tir
/ ^ cnngrighs
"U"
nghiep. Xet ve nguyen tac, con ngffdi cd the tie'p can, tim hieu thffc tien de trau ddi va tao ra tri thttc mdi tff nhttng gi xay ra xung quanh hp. Caeh sang tao tri thffc mdi nay dffdc gpi la sdng tgo qua thUc hdnh.
Thd hai, cac tri thffc mdi cd the dffpc tao ra thdng qua cac boat dpng R&D cd chu y cua doanh nghiep. Tren thifc te, phan Idn cac boat dpng nay xua't phat tff yeu cau giai quyet cac bai toan thffc tiSn ma doanh nghiep dang phai dd'i mat. Do'i vdi cac
doanh nghiep Idn, cac boat dpng R&D cd tinh dpc lap nhat djnh va cd the tach biet khdi cac boat ddng san xuat thffdng ngay cua doanh nghiep.
Theo dinh nghia chung cua OECD- thi boat dpng R&D la boat dpng sang tao dffdc thffc hien mpt each he thdng de tang cffdng vdn tri thffc, bao gdm tri thttc ve con ngffdi, van boa,
xa hpi va sff dung cac ngudn vdn tri thffc nay de tim ra cac ffng dtang mdi.
Cac nghien cffu ciia Cohen' va Griffith^ da chi ra rang, ngoai viec giup doanh nghiep tao ra tri thffc mdi, boat dpng R&D d doanh nghiep cdn ddng vai trd rat quan trpng trong viec hd trd doanh nghiep xay difng nang life de tie'p thu, hpc hdi tri thffc cdng nghe san cd ttt ben ngoai. Dieu nay dac biet quan trpng ddi vdi trffdng hPp doanh nghiep mudn dep thu cac dang tri thffc an^ - dang tri thffc ve cdng nghe khdng de nam bat.
Hinh thffc xay dffng nang lffc tie'p thu tri thffc nay dffpc gpi la hoc hoi qua nghien cdu.
Trong qua trinh hpc hdi qua nghien cffu, phffdng phap quan trpng thffdng dffpc cac doanh nghiep di sau ap dung la ky thuat phdn tich nguac''. Ky thuat phan tich ngffdc la nd life thtt san xuat san pham gidng vdi san pham dang cd tren thi trffdng nhffng khdng cd dau ttt
trifc tiep hoac chuyen giao thie't ke san pham va cdng nghe san xua't ttt ben ngoai. Ky thuat nay ddi hdi stt hieu bie't ve cac nguyen ly cP ban phia trong san pham cung nhttky nang bat chttdc va md phdng cdng nghe. He qua la, viec hpc hdi qua nghien cffu cd the dffa de'n viec nhan dang va hieu rd cac ye'u to' thie't ke san pham va cdng ngbe san xuat mdi.
Cac ky nang thu nhan dffpc thdng qua ky thuat phan tich ngffdc cung tffPng tff nhff cac ky nang trong boat dpng R&D,
Hinh 1: Con difdng tich luy tri thii'c va nang \\ic cong nghe ciia doanh nghiep Han Quoc dUdc thufc hien qua cac bifdc: Tiep tliu cong nghe =>
lam chu vd tliicli nghi cong nghe => cdi tie'n, nang cap cong nghe => tif sdng tgo cong nghf Ihiet kevd che tgo sdn phdm clio rieng minh.
Sanglaocong nghe Cai tien cong nghe lUmchu. Ihichn8tii|
Tl»p thu cong ngh*]
Cai tier cong ngie
•iLamcnC. •.nien nem iTiepHucorg ngh6|
mua; -lia man ecru.
cd the ap dung cho boat ddng R&D.
Chinh vi vay, mot khi da thffc hien thanh cdng ky thuat phan tich ngffpc, nang Iffc nghien cffu va tie'p thu cdng nghe cua doanh nghiep se tang len rat nhieu.
Theo kinh nghiem ciia Han Qudc, nhffng ky nang thu dffdc trong qua trinh hpc hdi qua nghien cffu thdng qua ky
t h u a t p h a n tich Hinh 2: Qua trinh
ngffdc trong nhffng nam 60-70, khi d giai doan tie'p thu cdng nghe nffdc ngoai la chii ye'u, da giup cac doanh nghiep Han Qud'c nhanb chdng nang cao nang life tie'p thu cdng nghe va tao tien de cho
nhieu ddi mdi dot pha sau nay. Tren cd sd nghien cffu qua trinh hpc hdi cdng nghe cua cac tap doan kinh te
Idn (chaebol) da tao ra nhffng ky tich xff Han trong giai doan rttpt dudi cac nffdc tien de'n nhff: Huyndai, Posco, LG.
Samsung. Giao sff Kim Linsu' da chi rd con dffdng phat trien cdng nghe cua cac doanh nghiep d Han Qud'c khac ban vdi con dffdng phat trien cdng nghe cua cac doanh nghiep d cac nffdc phat trien.
Hpc hdi qua nghien cffu cung la each lam phd bie'n dffdc cac doanh nghiep Dai Loan. Nhat Ban va My ap dung trong giai doan cdng nghiep boa dat nffdc. Ngffdi Nhat da gpi cac nghien cffu tie'n hanh trong qua trinh thttc bien ky thuat phan tich ngffdc la cac nghien cttu thich nghi - adaptive R&D^.
Cac ye'u to anh httdng de'n qua trinh tao ra tri thttc trong pham vi doanh nghiep bao gdm: Quy md dau tff cho boat dpng R&D, hieu qua cua boat ddng R&D, trinh dp ngudn nhan Iffc, cd ca'u td chttc va cP che khuyen khich boat dpng nghien cttu ddi mdi d doanh nghiep.
2) Qud trinh sddung tri thdc d doanh nghiep
Vdi Ciic tri thffc dffpc tich luy, doanh nghiep se Iffa chpn hinh thffc va mffc dp ap diing tri thffc vao qua trinh san xua't kinh doanh nhSm tao ra gia tri cho minh.
Qua trinh nay dffdc gpi la qud trinh sd diing tri thdc. Gia tri do tri thffc mang lai dffdc the bien thdng qua ke't qua thffPng mai hoa san pham va dich vu mdi (ddi mdi san pham) hay do viec tie't kiem cbi phi, nang cao chat Iffdng va doanh sd ban hang dd'i vdi cac san pham dang
tich luj va silf dung tri thtfe d doanh nghiep
Tri rhifi- .••' duec Ilea tnu
Thiri^hifn
Y luxmg n y i nav 5lrr <n thi/c nifin cftno
Ytec
••'
in thirc diroc too 13 t j DCn trcrc
Tri
j l i j i i y rf.rft-,-
ticn kr/
Tr tf>i>-i;
dif,yr_
OC (tung t r o n g J U J t il>l<
Lv icr mono o<T- - f t n o t n w i 3 hlu 1 t i KwlLjua
Mnh acarr
tdn tai (ddi mdi quy trinh) khi ap dung cac tri thffc trong cac quy trinh cdng nghe san xua't. Trong qua trinh sff dimg
So thang 7.2009
Hoat dong
KHOA HOC
II DIEN D A N
tri thffc, doanh nghiep cung can cd them mpt sd nang life khac nhff he thdng quan ly, ky nang tie'p thi...
Tff nhffng dien giai tren day, cd the dffa ra md binh tich luy va stt diing tri thffc d doanh nghiep (hinh 2).
Md hinh dch luy va sff dung tri thffc d hinb 2 cung cap cho chung ta mpt cdng cti phan tich sau hdn ve qua trinh tich luy va sff dung tri thffc va tao ra cac thffdc do can thie't de phan anh ddng tri thffc d quy md doanh nghiep. Tuy nhien cung can nhan manh rang, qua trinh tich luy va sff diing tri thffc d doanh nghiep khdng chi la tuyen tinh ma ludn la qua trinh dan xen, xay ra lien tuc. Mdt mat, qua trinh tich luy tri thffc se tao tien de can thie't cho qua trinh sff dung tri thffc.
Mat khac, ban than viec sff dung tri thffc cung tao dieu kien lam tang kha nang tie'p thu va sang tao ra tri thffc mdi d doanh nghiep. Cac trao ddi ve dac tinh tich luy cua tri thffc trong phan dep theo se giup lam sang td dieu nay.
II. Cac yeu to anh huding den viec do luiUng tri thdc KH&CN d doanh nghiep
Trong nhffng bai da dang d cac so' trffdc, chung ta da nhan dien rd ban chat cdng ich (xet ttt gdc dp tieu dung) xua't phat tff cac dac tinh khdng tranh gianh vd khdng logl trd ciia tri thffc KH&CN.
Ngoai viec tao ra sff that bai thi trffdng, hai dac tinh nay cung cd anh hffdng rat Idn de'n viec do Iffdng tac ddng cua tri thffc KH&CN dd'i vdi hieu qua boat ddng cua doanh nghiep.
Song song vdi dac tinb khdng tranh gianh va khdng loai trff, tri thffc KH&CN cdn sd hffu them nhttng dac tinh ma sif hien dien cua chung da gdp phan lam phffc tap them stt van hanh cua cd che thi trffdng, dan den cac rui ro trong viec dau tff tao ra tri thffc KH&CN d doanh nghiep. Cac dac tinh nay bao gdm: Stt phu thuoc cda tri thdc vdo luang tri thdc sdn cd duac tich luy trong qua khtt, tinh khong chdc chdc khi dff tinh ke't qua va tinh tre theo thdi gian khi ap diing trong thffc tien.
1) Tinh khong tranh gianh
Ttt gdc dp kinh te, tinh khdng tranh gianh la quan trpng nha't bdi nd quye't dinh den viec tang ldi ich thu dffdc theo quy md cung nhff tang kha nang Ian toa ciia tri thffc. Chang ban, cd the neu ra vi dii ve viec thie't ke mdt bp chip vi xff Iy.
Mpt khi doanh nghiep mud'n san xua't ra mpt Iffdng Ql chip A, doanh nghiep dd phai bo ra chi phi Cx de nam dffdc thiet ke X, va can tieu td'n mpt Ittdng vd'n va lao ddng tttdng ttng la Kl va Ll. Sau do, khi mud'n tang san Ittdng chip A len Qt hoac giam san Iffdng xud'ng Qg, doanh nghiep chi can bd ra mot Iffdng vd'n va lao ddng tffpng ttng la Kt, Lt hoac Kg, Lg ma khdng can cd chi phi thiet ke bd sung nffa. De dang nhan tha'y rang, Ipi ich doanh nghiep thu dffpc se tang len khi quy md san xua't tang len va ngffdc lai chi phi trung binh cho san xua't se giam di. Them vao dd, sang che ve thie't ke'x cho I loai chip A cung cd the dffpc ffng dung de san xua't d 1, 10 hay 100 doanh nghiep khac ma viec san xua't d cac doanh nghiep nay khdng ddi hdi phai "sang che lai" thie't ke loai chip dd.
Xet ve khia canh do Iffdng, kha nang chia se sang che ve thie't ke chip ma khdng phai tra them tien (chi phi can bien bang 0) khi tang so' Iffdng hay quy md san xua't, xua't phat tff tinh chat khdng tranh gianh cua tri thttc, da lam cho viec do Ittdng hieu qua hay mffc dp anh hffdng ciia tri thffc de'n hieu qua san xua't gap rat nhieu khd khan vdi tinh co gian ctia nd. Dffdng nhien, nhff phan tren da md ta, cung can lffu y rang, de cd du nang life tie'p thu, cac doanh nghiep khac tiep nhan thie't ke x cung can phai cd ngudn vd'n con ngffdi nha't dinh (chang ban cac nha nghien cffu qua dao tao de cd the hieu va sff dung thie't ke dffdc chuyen giao) va cac doanh nghiep nay phai cd chi phi bd sung.
2) Tinh khong loai trtt
Tinh khdng loai trff cd nghla la dnh khdng the ngan ngffa, hay ndi mdt each thffc te hdn la phai rat td'n kem mdi ngan ngffa dffpc ngffdi khac tiep can va sijf
dimg hang hoa mdt khi da tao ra nd.
Nhieu nha kinh te nghien cffu ve tri thffc khdng ddng tinh vdi viec coi ta't ca tri thttc deu cd tinh khdng the loai trii gid'ng nhau va coi tri thffc la hang hoa cdng ich khdng thuan tuy. Cac phan tich d bai trffdc cung da gdi y cho chung ta tha'y rang, tinh khdng loai trff ciia tri thu'e KH&CN khdng phai la mpt gia tri ddn nhat ma la mpt dai gia tri phan anh miic dp loai trtt xet ve khia canh sff dung.
Tinh khdng loai trtt cua tri thffc thay ddi phu thudc vao ban chat cua tufng loai tri thttc cu the. Chang ban, tri thiic la ke't qua nghien cttu cd ban se cd miic dp loai trff nhd (hay khdng loai trff Idn).
Do do, doanh nghiep/ca nhan tao ra tri thffc khdng the nam gitt bet cac ldi ich ma tri thttc cd the tao ra va nhttng doanh nghiep/ca nhan khac trong xa hdi cd the httdng Idi dttdi tac ddng cua hieu ffng Ian toa. Ngffpc lai, cac tri thffc la ke't qua ciia cac sang che dffdc bao hp sd hffu tri tue dffdi dang bang dpc quyen sang che hay dffdi dang bl mat kinh doanh cd mu'e dp loai trtt Idn (hay khdng loai trff nhd), thi doanh nghiep/ca nhan tao ra tri thu'e cd the nam gitt phan Idn cac Idi ich do tri thffc tao ra va xa hpi se dffdc hffdng ldi it hdn tff cac tri thffc nay.
Do vay, khdng phai luc nao va batciJ loai tri thffc nao cung tao ra cac van de nhff nhau trong thi trttdng. Ngoai ra, cung phai ke den mdt so' ye'u to anh hffdng de'n tinh khdng loai trff ciia tri thffc nhif:
Kha nang quan sat dffdc hay tinh an/
hien cua tri thffc (vi dia nhff quy trinh che tao san pham cd the khd quan sat hay de loai trff hdn la mpt ban ve thie't ke); moi trffdng phap luat dieu chinh; trang thai cdng nghe; nang life sang tao ciia ngffdi tao ra tri thffc va nang Ii/c tiep thu cua ngffdi dinh bat chffdc tri thffc...
Xet ve khia canh do Iffdng, tinh chat khdng loai trtt d cac mtte dp khac nhau cung lam cho viec quan sat va do dac day dii anh httdng cua tri thffc gap nhieu khd khan hdn.
3) Tinh tich lay cua tri thdc
Qua cuoc sdng hang ngay, cd the de
DIEN DAN II
dang nhan tha'y rang, tri thffc khdng chi la dau vao cua qua trinh san xua't ra cac san pham vat chat (vi du nhff thud'c men, thffc pham, phan mem...) ma cdn cd the dffpc sff dung nhieu lan vdi tff each la dau vao cua qua trinh san xuat cung nhff nen tang cho qua trinh tao ra cac tri thffc mdi tiep theo.
Dac diem quan trpng nay cua tri thffc dan de'n sff phu thudc cua qua trinh tao ra tri thffc mdi vao chinh Iffpng tri thffc sfn cd trong xa hdi va da dffdc doanh nghiep tich luy trong qua khff (chang ban phii thudc vao cac cP sd dtt lieu, phttdng phap nghien cttu da cd san...).
Sff phu thudc nay da tao ra tinh chat tich luy va kha nang tai td hPp de hinh thanh tri thffc mdi tren nen cac tri thffc sfn cd.
Sinh thdi, Isaac Newton da cd cau ndi ndi tie'ng: "Ne'u tdi cd the nhin xa thi dd la bdi tdi dang dffng tren vai nhttng ngttdi khdng id "'.
Cd the dan ra raft nhieu vi du chffng minh cho tinh tich luy cua tri thffc trong cuoc sdng hang ngay. Mot dan chffng mang tinh kinh dien la cac vi du ve ffng diing ciia masers'" va lasers". Maser va laser cd cd che boat ddng gid'ng nhau, chi khac la maser hoat ddng vdi tan so' photon d vung vi sdng, cdn laser boat dpng trong phd cffc tim, anh sang hay hdng ngoai. Day la cd che tao ra sdng dien tff va dffdc stt dung rdng rai trong nhieu llnh vffc: Thdng tin - truyen thdng, qud'c phdng, y te. Nguyen ly cd ban dan den sff ra ddi cua maser va laser chinh la khai niem phat xa kich thich, dffdc Albert Einstein dffa ra nam 1917. Khai niem nay dffpc bat ngudn ttt nhttng hien tffdng gan gui trong the gidi vat chat va bffc xa, dd la hap thu va phat xa tffc thdi.
Nhffng cdng bd' dau tien ve maser tren phd sdng vi ba xua't hien vao nam 1954, gdm nhttng ke't qua thifc nghiem vao ciing mot thdi diem, nhttng dpc lap do cac nhdm nghien cffu cua Chades Townes (Dai hpc Columbia, My) va ciia Basov cung vdi Prochorov (Vien Nghien cffu Lebedev, Nga)'-.
Laser la lan sdng thff 2 ve viec ttng
dung nguyen Iy phat xa kich tbich va dffpc Towns vii Schawlow'-' (Phdng thi nghiem Bell, My) cdng bd nam 1958.
Sang che nay dffpc cap bang ddc quyen vao nam 1960.
Ich Idi ciia laser ddi vdi cac ffng dung trong khoa hpc, cdng nghiep, kinh doanh nam d tinh ddng pha, ddng mau va kha nang dat dffpc cifdng dp sang rat cao, cho phep nd hpi tu tai mpt diem cd kich thffdc nhd, chi rdng cd vai nanomet.
Tinh chat nay cho phep laser cd the lffu trff vai gigabyte tbdng dn tren cac ranh cua DVD hay tap trung cffdng dp sang cao dung trong ky thuat cat bang laser.
Nhd dd, laser dffdc cho la mpt trong nhffng sang checd anb hffdng nha't trong the ky XX va da trd nen phd bie'n vdi hang nghin tien ich khac nhau va dffpc ffng dung tren mpi ITnh vffc ciia xa hdi hien dai nhff: Phau thuat mat, hffdng dan phffdng tien trong tau khdng gian, trong cac phan ffng hpp nha't hat nhan.
Nhff vay, qua trinh tich luy tri thffc tff y tffdng ban dau cua Einstein de'n phat hien ra maser rdi laser va cac ffng dung phd cap trong thffdng mai sau nay cung khoang 50 nam.
Dac tinh tich luy nay mdt mat giup hinh thanh nen mdt kenh mdi, hay ITnh
dung tri thffc.
4) Tinh rui ro, khdng chdc chdn Ca hai qua tnnh: Tao ra tri thffc va truyen ba tri thttc deu cd dp rui ro cao va dnh khdng chac chan ve ke't qua. Khi tham gia qua trinh tao ra tri thttc. doanh nghiep khdng nam dffdc chinh xac nhffng thff se dffpc tao ra: Lam the nao de cd dffdc cac tri thffc can thie't va lieu cac tri thffc thu dffdc cd giup giai quye't bet cac van de ky thuat tffPng ffng de dap ffng nhu cau da dat ra hay khdng. Tham chi, doanh nghiep khdng the chac chan la nd cd the thanh cdng bay khdng. Tifdng tff, ve phia ngffdi sff dung tri thffc, cung khdng hieu bet thff ma hp phai bd tien ra de mua trffdc khi mang ve sff dung.
Do vay, dau tff vao viec tao ra tri thffc mang tinh riii ro kha cao.
Can phai nha'n manh rang, sff hien dien cua tinh khdng chSc chan khdng ddng nghTa vdi that bai tbi trffdng, bdi thi trffdng cd the cd cac each thffc hay cd che bdp ddng khac nhau de ffng xff vdi viec quan ly rdi ro. Tuy nhien, cac cP che nay khd cd the boat ddng boan hao va cd the phai chju thua cac rui ro ve dao dffc va van boa lam khoa hpc, mdt van de thffdng dffdc de cap gan day.
Chang ban, sff bao hiem rdi ro khi viec vffc ffng dung mdi, qua
dd, tri thffc mdi cd the mang lai lpi ich cho xa hdi va tdng ldi ich ndi chung cd the Idn hPn.
keo dai hPn va phan bd' rpng khap trong nen kinh te. Mat khac, nd cung lam tang them nguy cd ve viec dau tff dffdi ngffdng vao viec tao ra tri thffc do khd cd the xac dinh difdc het sd Iffdng ngffdi hifdng
lpi tff tri thffc de bu dap cac chi phi da bd ra.
Tff day, cd the tha'y trffdc dffdc sif khd khan khi mud'n dff doan trffdc lpi ich do tri thffc mang lai va viec nay cung ddng nghia vdi sif gia tang ciia cac yeu to' khdng dff doan dffdc d giai doan su"
Hinh 3: Tinh rui ro trong nghien ctfu
lyuo'.p / WI .ics
thffc hien dif an nghien cffu khdng thanh cdng cd the lam cho nha nghien cffu y lai va nd se cd tac dung ngffdc kbi mudn khuye'n khich nha nghien cffu cd gang de di de'n thanh cdng.
Dieu nay dffdc coi la van de khii ndi com trong trffdng hpp nghien cffu de tao
So thiang 7.2009
Hoat dong
KHOA HOC
Ill DIEN DAN
ra hang boa la tri thttc mdi so vdi cac loai hang boa thdng thffdng khac bdi chung ta rat khd danh gia het cac rui ro, hay do dac cac thanh qua nghien cffu cung nhff do sff bat ddi xffng ve thdng tin giffa nha nghien cffu va nha quan Iy.
O hinh 3, Tie'n sy Tassey'", Vien Tieu chuan va Cdng nghe Qud'c gia Hoa Ky se gidi thieu cho chung ta tha'y mffc dp rui ro va khdng chac chan ve ke't qua trong qua trinh tff nghien cffu de'n san xua't kinh doanh.
Dieu nay cung ddng nghTa vdi viec khd tinh toan dffpc het cac chi phi phat sinh de khac phuc cac rdi ro ma chung ta khdng dff doan dffpc.
5) Tinh tre theo thdi gian
Tff thdi diem bat dau tie'n hanh nghien cffu de'n khi tao ra cac tri thffc cd ich va sau dd la stt dung tri thffc dffpc tao ra trong cuoc sdng thffdng la mpt khoang thdi gian khdng ngan. Diiy chinh la tinh tre theo thdi gian trong boat dpng tao ra va sff dung tri thffc. Tinh tre nay cd the gdp phan lam tram trpng them cac van de da neu d tren.
Chang han, khoang thdi gian ttt khi bat dau de'n banh nghien cffu va khi tao ra cac tri thffc cd ich neu qua dai thi c6 the lam tang them dp rui ro va tinh bat dinh trong khi quye't dinh dau tff vao viec tao ra tri thffc. Ngoai ra, mot thifc te la khoang thdi gian gitta viec tao ra tri thffc
Hinh 4: Dp tre ciia chi phi va Icli ich thu dtfdc ttf viec dSu ttf vao cong nghe mtfi
T i l l , l,H> ky II iJ,;l.
m u i i ; tiep nfi«n
,i.-y ,«iiiii kin t h u c Tier cono
J»I
nen tang va thdi gian cd the ffng dung cu the cac tri thffc mdi nay trong thttc tien cd the keo dai ca chuc nam cung lam
tang them stt khd khan trong viec xac dinh chi phi va thu hdi chi phi tff nhffng ngffdi hffdng lpi.
Vien Nghien cffu RTI (Research Trianglelnstitute), Hoa Ky da sff dung bieu dd trong hinh 4 de md ta ve tinh tre gitta chi phi va iPi ich kbi tinh toan hieu qua dau tff cho chffPng
trinh cdng nghe tien tie'n ATP ciia Hoa Ky".
Nhu vay, tinh khdng tranh gianh va tinh khdng the loai trtt (d cac mffc dp khac nhau) la dac tinh quan trpng nha't cua tri thffc (xet ttt gdc dp tieu dung) trong nen kinh te thi trttdng. Hai dac tinh nay da lam nay sinh cac van de ve hieu qua va ttdc ittdng hieu qua cua viec tich luy va suf dung tri thffc trong cac boat dpng kinh te. Ngoai ra, cac dac tinh tich luy, rdi ro va tinh tre cua tri thffc trong boat dpng ddi mdi cua doanh nghiep vdi nhttng anh hffdng khdng quan sat dffpc cua cac ye'u to dau vao va dau ra cung lam tang them cac trd ngai ddi vdi nd life tim kiem cac thffdc do trffc tie'p va toan dien de do Iffdng ddng tri thffc d doanh nghiep va trong
nen kinh te.
Vdi cac dac tinh tren, trong nhieu trffdng hdp, rat khd cd the quan sat dffpc day dii cac ye'u td anh hffdng de'n dau vao, dau ra cua qua trinh tich luy va sff dung tri thffc. Sif gia tang cua cac ye'u td khdng quan sat hay dff doan dffdc se lam tang them cac khd khan khi chung ta mud'n do Iffdng chinb xac cac chi phi de tao ra tri thffc cung nhtt cac chi phi can thie't trong qua
Hinh 5: Tinh chS't cac bi^'n sd'diu vao - dau ra - thanh qua - tac dting trong qua trinh tich luy va stf dung tri thtfe d doanh nghi$p
in •2b
i n t u i i - 31K7C tiep IhL
t.rl>..i...U<>.<i
Tr rhii'i^
<Ji^.>c too rci t'> b«n trong
I n tnr>ir cnung
lii:lt l " l
C3a;:
Tri Uiuv
i | i Jiniu
7-1^ tri n h .361 TIO-l
ng •
4a
/ LM I r t \ niimu Tn: \ kmnts'KfltqiM
9lln vai\ I Mnh rMink
/
2c -M-i 3b
c dong
l_l n-i^b-»ng T,.B V
trinh siif dting tri thffc va tinh toan nhiJng lpi ich ma tri thffc cd the mang lai.
Gian dd (hinh 5) md hinh hoa qua trinh tich luy va %\i dting tri thffc d doanh nghiep vdi cac ye'u to' anh hffdng cd the quan sat dffpc va khdng the quan sat dffdc. Trong gian do, hinh trdn dai dien cho cac bie'n sd cd the quan sat dffdc, cdn hinh hop dai dien cho cac bie'n so khdng the quan sat dffdc.
Cac bien so' quan sat dffdc trong cac qua tnnh tich luy va suf dung tri thffc d doanh nghiep bao gdm: Cac bie'n so d dau vao (cd sd dtt lieu ve nhan life KH&CN, chi phi cho boat dpng nghien cttu...); cac bien so' d dau ra (so' bang ddc quyen sang che, so' bai bao dffdc cdng bd'...); cac bie'n sd ve thanh qua (mau san pham, mau thie't ke, quy tiinh cdng nghe...); cac bie'n so' ve tac dpng hay bieu qua (Ipi nhuan, doanh thu...).
Tff gian dd tren ciing cd the tha'y, mac du mud'n quan sat tri thffc mpt each trffc tie'p, nhffng chung ta khdng lam dffpc viec nay. Cd nhieu bie'n sd va anh hffdng khdng quan sat dffdc nam xen gitta cac bie'n so' cd the quan sat dffdc trong ca chudi dau vao, dau ra, thanh qua, tac dpng ciia tri thffc ddi vdi hoat dpng cua doanh nghiep. Chang ban, khdng phai ta't ca cac boat dpng R&D cd chi phi nhff nhau va tao ra cac sang che cd gia tri nhff nhau; tiep den, khdng phai mpi sang che deu dffdc cap bang dpc quyen hay tao ra cac bi mat kinh doanh; va mffc dp ffng dung cac sang
DIEN DAN III
che trong san xua't kinh doanh cung rat khac nhau...
III. Thay lofi k^t
Nhffng phan tich tren cd y nghTa rat quan trpng. Bdi vi, sif cd mat cua cac bie'n sd dau vao va dau ra dffdi dang khdng the quan sat dffpc lam cho kha nang do Iffdng trffc tie'p toan bp cac ye'u to' dau vao va dau ra ciia ca qua trinh tie'p thu, sang tao va sii" dung tri thffc trd nen bat kha thi. Tren thffc te, cac phep do khac nhau vdi nhttng thffdc do khac nhau cd the chi phu hpp vdi cac muc dich khac nhau.
Do khd cd the tao ra thffdc do chinh xac, nen chung ta khd cd the thie't lap sff can bang va tao ra sif khuye'n khich td'i ffu gitta 2 cdng doan: Tao ra tri thffc (tieu tdn ngudn It/c) va phd bien, sff dung tri thffc (tao ra Idi ich). Bai toan thffc te ludn dffdc dat ra la lam sao dung boa va giai quye't dffdc cac khd khan nay sinh trong viec tao ra cd che khuye'n khich td'i tfu giffa 2 cdng doan tren.
Trong cdng trinh nghien cffu Geography and Trade, Paul Krugman'*
ciing Iffu y rang, tri thffc la ddng chay vd hinh, khdng de lai da'u vet de chung ta cd the do Iffdng va theo ddi, va vi the ciing khdng the ngan can dffpc cac nba ly luan tim nhieu each de theo ddi va do ddng chay ctia tri thffc theo y minh.
Vi le dd, cho de'n nay da cd rat nhieu tinh toan dffa tren thffc nghiem de ghi nhan mpt each gian tie'p ddng chay cua tri thffc. Phan Idn cac tinh toan nay deu tap trung vao viec do Iffdng dau vao cua ddi mdi, phan tich de tim kiem md'i tffdng quan gitta cac thdng sd' nay vdi dau ra hay tac dpng cua ddi mdi.
Tdm lgi, viec nghien cttu va nhan dang rd qua trinh tich luy va sii dung tri thffc d doanh nghiep giup chung ta cd each nhin xuyen sudt vao qua trinh din de'n boat dpng ddi mdi trong nen kinh te. Hieu biet ve each thffc tich luy, sff dung tri thffc va cac ye'u td anh hffdng den cd che' tich luy va sff dung tri thttc ciia doanh nghiep cd y nghTa rat Idn trong quan ly nha nttdc khi can lira chpn
phffdng thffc xay dffng va nang cao nang lffc tie'p thu cdng nghe ciia nen kinh te.
Dieu nay giup chung ta nhan thffc dffdc rd con dffdng nao (dao tao, chuyen giao cdng ngbe bay td chffc boat dpng R&D) va mffc dp sff dung cac con dffdng ra sao se giup ich td't nha't cho doanh nghiep nang cao nang life cdng nghe cua minh.
Hieu bie't ve cac dac tinb cua tri thffc va anh hffdng cua chung de'n sff bat kha thi trong viec do Iffdng triJc tie'p cac bie'n so dau vao, dau ra cua qua trinh tich luy va sff dung tri thffc trong hoat dpng ddi mdi ciia doanh nghiep se giup chung ta de chia se cac khd khan trong viec xay dffng cac thffdc do gia tri va chap nhan sif tffdng dd'i khi tinh toan anh hffdng bay hieu qua cua tri thffc dd'i vdi nen kinh t e a
Chii thich va tai lieu tham khao
' Dominique Forray: Giao st/Dai hoc Bach khoa Laussane (EPFL), Phap. Chu tich Hoi chinh sach sd hCfu tri tue chau Au nam 2009; Chuyen gia noi tieng ve tri thdc phiic vti ddi mdi cua EU. Da td'ng la Giam doc nghien cifu ciia CNRS va Hieu tru'dng Tru'dng Quan ly cong nghe ciia EPFL. Tac gia cudn sach The economics of knowledge xuat ban lan dau nam 2000 bang tieng Phap va du'dc nha xua't ban MIT tai ban nam 2004 b3ng tie'ng Anh.
' Tiii lieu hu'dng dan Frascati 2002. Nxb Lao dong. Ha Noi, 2004, trang 23.
' Cohen, L. va Levinthal.D.: Innovanon and learning: The two faces of R&D. Economics Journal.
September 1989.
•" Rachel Griffith, Mapping the Two Faces of R&D: Productivity Growth in a Panel of OECD Industries. Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFF). Stephen Redding. London School of Economics and IIFF.
John Van Reenen. Universdty College London and IFF. August 2001.
' Tri thiJc an la nhii'ng tri thiJc cd cac dac tinh sau: Khong nhin tha'y dUOc va khd the hien mot each khach quan; du'dc s6 hiJu trong con ngu'di va kho chia se vdi ngu'di khac; tdn tai d dang kinh nghiem ca nhan, tri/c giac, cam hiJng. cam giac va khd chuyen giao thong qua qua trinh giao due ddn thuan.
' K y thuat phan tich ngu'dc - doi khi du'dc goi la giai ma - (tieng Anh la reverse engineering) la qua trinh tim ra cac nguyen ly ky thuat cua mot phiin mem u'ng dung hay thie't bi cd khi thong qua viec phan tich ca'u trijc, chu'c nang vii hoat dong ciia nd.
Trong qua trinh nay. ngu'di ta thifdng phai thao dd ddi tu'dng (vi du: Mot thie't bi cd khi. mot phan mem) thanh tUng phan de phan tich chi tiet hoat dpng cua no. Thong thu'dng, ky thuat phan tich ngUdc du'dc sif dung vdi muc dich tao ra mot thiet bi hoac phan m i m mdi, hoat dong gio'ng het nhifng khdng sao chep biit cii thtJ gi tif ddi tu'dng nguyen ban. en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Reverse_engineering.
' Linsu Kim: Imitation to innovation. Harvard Business School press. 1997.
* Toshihiko Mukoyama. Innovation, imitation, and growth with cumulative technology. Department of Economics. University of Rochester. Rochester.
NY 14627. USA.March 26. 2002.
' http://www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Isaac_
Newton/. If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. Isaac Newton, letter to Robert Hooke, February 5, 1675.
'"Maser la ten vie't tat cija cum tir Microwave Amplification by Stimulation Emission of Radiation.
cd nghia lii khuech dgi sdng vi ba bang phdt .xa kich thich.
" Laser la ten vie't tat cua cum tif Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
cd nghia lii khuech dai dnh sdng bdng phdt xg kich thich.
'-Ca ba nhii khoa hoc niiy deu nhan Giiii thu'dng Nobel ve Vat ly niim 1964.
" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser.
'"• Ngudn: Gregory Tassey. Underinvestment in Public Good Technologies. Journal of Technology Transfer. 30 1/2. 89-113, 2005 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc. Manufactured in The Netherlands.
'^Nguon: Research Triangle Institute. Center for Economics Research. Research Triangle Park. NC 27709. RTI Project Number 6715-01 FR. NIST GCR 97-737.
"'Paul Robin Krugman (1953), nhii kinh te' hpc ngtfdi Hoa Ky, giao sU Dai hpc Princeton. Ong doat Giai Nobel kinh te niim 2008. Chuyen ngiinh chinh cua ong lii kinh te hpc vi mo qudc te. Ong lii mpt dai bieu cua tru'dng phai kinh te hpc Keynes mdi.
- Dominique Forray: Economics of knowledge.
© 2004 Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Rev. and enlarged translation of L'economie de la connaissance. © Editions La DECOUVERTE. Paris, 2000.
- Nic Blakeley. Geoff Lewis and Duncan Mills. The Economics of Knowledge: What Makes Ideas Special for Economic Growth'? New Zealand Treasury. Policy Perspectives Paper 05/05, November 2005.
- The Process of Knowledge Creation in Organizations. Christine W. Soo, University of Technology. Sydney. Australia. David F.
Midgley, INSEAD, FRANCE, Timothy M.
Devinney, University of New South Wales, Sydney AUSTRALIA, March 2002.
- Cohen.L. va Levinthal.D. "Innovation and learning: The two faces of R & D " Economics Journal . September 1989.
- Mapping the Two Faces of R&D: Productivity Growth in a Panel of OECD Industries. Rachel Griffith, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFF); Stephen Redding, London School of Economics and IIFF.
John Van Reenen. Universtity College London and IFF. August 2001.
- Linsu Kim, Imitation to innovation. Harvard Business School press. 1997.
So thang 7.2009 Hoat dong
