Dl TiCH KIEN TRUC VAN HOA OC EO TAI TINH BEN TRE
H A V A N C A N '
A. hang 7/2010, Vifn Khao cd hoc phdi h d p vdi Bao tang tinh Ben Tre d i l u tra tham sat hai dia diem khao co hoc Gidng Noi va khu vuc dinh A n Thanh.
Ddt tham sat di tich Gidng N6i v6i muc dich tim hieu difn p h a n bo cua di h'ch, ddng thcJi tim kie'm them khu vuc mo tang m a cac ddt tham sat va khai quat tiuo'c day chua phat hifn dudc, de b6 sung nhiing n h a n thiic m6i v l di tich nay. Ket qua d i l u tra tliam sat tai dia diem khao e6 hoc xa An Thanh, h u y f n Md Cay N a m da phat hifn phe'tich cac kie'n triic c6 ma qua nghien ciiu va so sanh budc d i u , chiing t6i cho r i n g co the thu6c van hoa Oc Eo. Trong khu6n kh6 bai vie't nay chiing t6i chi xin gi6i thifu ke't qua da thu d u d c tiong d d t d i l u tia tham sat tai dia diem An Thanh, h u y f n Mo Cay N a m (Ben Tre).
Khu vuc trien khai d i l u tia va m d h d tham sat c6 dien tich tUdng ddi rpng n a m phia nam qude 16 60 doan ndi tit h u y e n Mo Cay N a m (Be'n Tre) qua s6ng C6 Chien de'n huyen Cang Long (Tra Vinh).
N a m tien khu vuc nay c6 chiia Tra N d n g va dinh An Thanh. Trudc day khi khao sat kliu vuc chua Tra Ndng, can b6 Vifn Khao c6 hoc va Bao tang Be'n Tre da phat hien d day mot voi a'm CO nien dai thu6c van hoa Oc Eo, hifn d a n g d u d c trung bay tai Bao tang ti'nh Be'n Tre.
Ben canh phat hifn nay doan d i l u tia con tim tha'y m 6 t sd vet tich kie'n tnic c6 xua't 16 ngay tren mat da't.
Sau do vao n a m 2003, Vien Khao co hoc va bao tang tinh Ben Tre c6 tie'n hanh khao sat lai khu vuc nay, nliung chUa co dieu kifn de tie'n hanh dao tham sat.
N a m 2010, Vifn Kliao c6 hoc ph6i h d p vdi Bao tang tinh Be'n Tre tie'n h a n h dao tham sat khu vvCc nay. Khu vitc tie'n h a n h tham sat n a m ngay sau dinh An Thanh, phia tay n a m cua chiia Tra Ndng. Dia diem nay n a m tren dia ban a'p An Phong, xa An Thanh, h u y f n Mo Cay N a m (Be'n Tre) nen chiing t6i dat ten dia diem nay la An Phong.
I. Vi tri va dien tich cac h d t h a m sat
1.1. Ho tham sat 1 ky hifu: lO.Ts.AP.Hl, hinh chii nhat, m d theo h u d n g d 6 n g - tay, dien ti'ch 8m^ (2m x 4m), d gdc tay bac dinh An Thanh, each dinh v l phia tay 7m. Phia b l e cua h d each d u d n g be t6ng lien xa 9,5m. Phia n a m each qude 16 160m. Sat vach b i c h d khai quat cd m6t cay d i u lau n a m d u d n g kinh than cay kha Idn.
Mat tren h d trudc khi tham sat la da't trdng moc m6t sd cay dai nhd. Q u a n sat tren be mat ehiing t6i tha'y m 6 t sd gach vd.
• TS. Vien Khao co hpc
1.2. Ho tham sat2ky hifu: 10.TS.AP.H2, hinh chii nhat, m d tiieo h u d n g b i c - n a m difn tich 21m^(7m x 3m). H d d u d c m d tren da't n h a 6ng Bay Mat tiiii tii dinh An Thanh, each h d tham sat thii nha't (lO.TS.AP.Hl) 45m v l phia ble. Phia nam h6' tham sat each qude 16 60 200m.
Phia b i c cua h d tham sat each s6ng Ld Phen (Clu Duih) 25m. Tren mat cua h d tham sat la cd va m6t sd cay dira non.
1.3. Ho tham sat J k y hifu: 10.TS.AP.H3, hinh chii nhat, m d theo h u d n g b i c - nam, difn tieh 3m- ( I m x 3m), n a m v u 6 n g gdc vdi h d lO.TS.AP.Hl va each n h a u 0,8m. H d d u d c m d tren da't Dinh An Thanh. Q u a n sat tren b l m a t h d tham sat trudc khi md h d chiing tdi tha'y cd m 6 t h a n g gach chay theo h u d n g bac - n a m dai khoang 0,50m.
II. D i a tang cac h d t h a m sat
2.1. Ho lOTSAPHl: cd b l m a t ddc tit tay sang d o n g khoang 6° - 7°. Dia tang h d tham sat 1 gdm 3 ldp:
- Ldp 1: la da't m a t cd m a u n a u xam, day trung binh tit 0,07m - 0,1m. Trong ldp nay cd m 6 t sd it hifn vat, chi lae dac cd vai vien gach vd.
- Ldp 2: la ldp da't van hda, day khoang 0,4m - 0,5m. Tuy nhien l d p nay k h 6 n g 6n dinh m a cd chd day chd mdng, do bi dao m 6 t vai chd de la'y da't va gach d i p d u d n g be tdng lien xa, tao thanh m6t sd h d da't sau.
- Sinh thd la cat vang l l n set. Chd n6ng nha't each cost 0 gia dinh 0,5m sau nha't la 0,9m.
2.2. H610TSAPH2:
Mat h d tham sat tUdng ddi bang phang, hifn d a n g trdng cam, dita, m a t da't phii cd dai.
Dia tang cua h d tham sat nay ciing bao gdm 3 ldp:
- Ldp 1: la ldp da't canh tac, m a u n a u den, day trung binh tii 0,05m - 0,1m. Trong ldp nay chi lac dac cd vai m a n h gach vd.
- Ldp 2: la da't v i n hda, day k h d i n g 0,4m - 0,5m, n a m tii d 6 sau t r u n g binh tii 0,1m de'n 0,om. Trong ldp nay, chiing t6i phat hifn tha'y cac da'u vet kie'n triic va dd gdm.
- Chtdi ciing, sinh thd la cat vang lan set, d d6 sau trung binh 0,60m so vdi mat h d khai quat.
2.3. H610TSAPH3
H d tham sat 3 cd be mat ddc tit tay sang d6ng khoang 6° - 7°, cd m 6 t vai cay dai nhd moc d tren va m6t h a n g gach chay doc theo h u d n g b l e - n a m 16 tren m a t da't, dai k h o a n g 0,5m.
Dia t i n g h d H3 ciing gdm 3 ldp.
- Ldp 1: la da't mat m a u nau xam, day trung binh tit 0,07m - 0,1m. Trong ldp nay cd vai vien gach vd tUdng t u n h u h d 1.
- Ldp 2: la da't van hda, day khoang 0,3m, da't m a u n a u gidng ldp 1, trong l d p nay, chiing tdi phat hifn tha'y kie'n triic gach chay doc theo h u d n g b l e - n a m .
- Sinh th6: la cat vang l l n set. Chd ndng nha't each cost 0 gia dinh 0,4m.
III. Vet tich k i e n triic
Trong d d t d i l u tra tham sat nay, chiing t6i da phat hifn d u d c da'u ve't kie'n tnic d hai ti-en ba h d tiiam sat, dd la cac h d 10.TS.AP.H2 va 10.TS.AP.H3.
3.1. Vet tich kien true phat hien 6 ho 10. TS.AP.HZ- a. Cum gach dd phia nam hd':
Ha Van Can - Di tich kien true van hoa Oc Eo... 29
Dai tit vach Nam ra deh cum kieh tnic A la 2,35m, r6ng he't chieu r6ng ciia hd (3m).
Dinh cao nha't 0,08m dd xu6i xudng phia nam, chd tha'p nha't do dude 0,36m tit mifng hd xudng.
b. Cum kie'n tnic A: la nIn gach nim d giita hd, cd hinh chii nhat, n i m ngang hd theo hudng d6ng - tay, m6t phln cdn nim trong vach tay. Nin da bi pha m6t hd r6ng 0,90m x 0,65m. Chilu r6ng nha't ciia kie'n triic la 2,65m (canh tay), chd hep nha't la 2,45m, chilu dai nhat (ddng - tay) la 2,72m; chd day nha't (4 ldp gach) la 0,33m.
Ben dudi ciia kie'n triic gach, chiing tdi tha'y cd m6t ldp d i m nIn, day trung binh 0,3m.
c. Cum kie'n tiiic B: ciing cd dang hinh chii nhat, tUdng tu kie'n tnic A nhung hep hdn:
chay theo hudng ble - nam, d i u nam liln khit va vudng gdc vdi kie'n tnic A. Kie'n tnic B cd quy md: r6ng cdn lai 1,25m, chilu dai xua't 16 trong hd la 2,1m, day 0,4m (gdm 5 ldp gach).
Ldp dam mdng ciia kie'n true nay bao gdm gach vun day trung binh 0,3m.
Ngoai cac kie'n triic chinh md ta d tren thi tai gdc ddng - nam ciia hd hifn cdn tha'y mdt hang gach ddn le dai 0,56m, rdng 0,18m, xua't phat tit diem each gdc ddng - nam 0,13cm, chay song song vdi kie'n triic B. Hang gach n i m sdu each mat hd 0,2m; day 0,16m, dudc xay blng hai hang gach dat doc liln nhau. Hifn da'u vet kie'n tnic nay cdn xua't 16 trong hd qua it nen chiing t6i chua xac dinh dudc tinh chat ciia nd.
Cac kich thudc gach trong kie'n triic da dUde phat hifn trong hd tham sat nay kha ddng nha't, dai tit 28cm - 34cm; r6ng tit 12,5cm - 17em, day tit 7,0cm - 8,5cm (xem bang).
Kich thudc gach tai khu vuc do phia nam hd khai qudt STT
1 2 3 4 5 6
Dai 30 cm 33 cm 28 cm 33 cm 31 cm 30,.5 cm
Rong 14,5 cm
15 cm 15,5 cm 15,5 cm 14,5 cm 15,5 cm
Day 7,5 cm 7,5 cm 7,5 cm 7,5 cm 8,0 cm 7,0 cm Kich thudc gach d kien trdc A
STT 1 2 3 4
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6 7Dai 31 cm 31 cm 30 cm 29,5 cm
33 cm 34 cm 31,5 cm
Rpng 15,5 cm 15,5 cm 17 cm 14cm ' 16,5 cm
17 cm 16 cm
Day 8,5 cm
8 cm
8 cm 7,5 cm
8 cm 7 cm Kich thudc gach a kien trdc B
STT 1 2
Dai 34 cm 30.5 cm
Rpng 17 cm 15 cm
Day 7,5 cm 7,5 cm
3.2. Vet tich kien true phat hien a ho 10. TS.AP.H3:
O do sau 0,3m so vdi cost 0 gia dinh chiing tdi phat hifn m 6 t n I n gach xay, cd c h i l u dai theo h u d n g bac - n a m .
Canh ciia n I n gach dUdc xay xe'p chii ye'u b l n g gach vd, chieu rdng ciia vien gach d u d c quay ra ngoai de tao m a t p h a n g cho tUdng. Chieu dai ciia t u d n g chay doc he't h d tham sat va tie'p tuc an sau vao vach. P h l n xua't 16 trong h d tham sat do d u d c 3m. C h i l u rdng ciia n I n gach cdn a n sau vao vach tay, bac, nam, p h a n xua't Id tiong hd' khai quat la 0,7m. Mat n I n da bi mat, hifn cdn do d u d c chilu day la 0,3m (khoang 4 ldp gach).
V I tinh chat ciia kie'n tnic nay chiing tdi cho r i n g day la n e n n h a va h a n g gach chay ben ngoai la h a n g gach bo n I n , phia trong n I n d u d c lam b a n g gach v u n va gach vd.
IV. Di vat
Cimg vdi cac vet tich kie'n tnic, tiong cac h d tham sat cdn phat hifn mdt sd hifn vat. Hifn vat tim dudc chii ye'u la cac manh gd'm ciia dd dung. Do day la di tich kie'n tnic va difn ti'ch tham sat nhd nen sd ludng gdm phat hifn dudc khdng nhilu, t6ng sdgd'm tim dude la 84 manh.
Bdng thdng Ice hien vdt cac hdthdm sdt An Phong
\ Ho
Lop \ U'Tp mat Lxrpl L('Tp2 Cum gO'm
Trtng
c(>ng
%
H o l O . A P . T S l
GAm manh Grtm IhO
CAHv
3
1
6 71429
KhAng Hv
6
19
2.";
29762
GA'm min Co Hv
Khrtng Hv
9 28
37 4 4 0 4 8
Ho 10.AP.TS2
GAm manh GA'm IhO C 6 Hv
KhAng Hv
9
9 10714
GA'm min Co Hv
KhAng Hv
4
4 47619
VAi a'm
1
I 11905
H d 1 0 . A P . T S 3
GA'm m a n h GA'm IhA CA Hv
KhAng Hv
GA'm min CA Hv
KhAng Hv
2
2 2381
Tong cong
(%)
9 44
31 84 100
4.1. Mau sic, chat lieu gd'm
- Mau sac ciia cac m a n h gd'm d day cd n h i l u s i c dd khac n h a u n h u bring nga hay t r i n g nga vang, v a n g nhat, h d n g nhat, dd gach nhat.
- Ve chat lifu gd'm cd the chia thanh hai loai: g d m th6 va g d m min. Hai loai g d m nay cd sd litdng tudng d u d n g n h a u .
Gd'm min: 44 manh, chie'm 52,38%, dudc lam tii da't set min, d 6 n u n g k h 6 n g cao, xUdng gdm m i m , phia ngoai d m6t s6' manh cd mdt ldp ao mdng. Xudng gd'm day 0,4cm - 0,7cm.
Giita xUdng gdm cd ldi m a u xam den hoae xam nhat.
Gdm thd: 40 manh, chie'm 47,61%, d u d c lam b l n g da't set p h a cat, m 6 t sd m a n h cdn tha'y ldp ao mdng. Xudng gd'm d a n h hdn loai gd'm min, day 0,4cm - 1,0cm. Khac vdi loai gd'm min, gd'm thd khdng tha'y cd ldi m a u xam d giiia. Cd le gdm th6 d u d c sii d u n g lam m d t s6' dd de d u n nau. Mot sd m a n h gd'm thd cdn thay rd da'u vet chay den d ben ngoai.
Ha Van Can - Di tich kien true van tioa Oc Eo. 31
Vdch Tav I0.TS..AP.H2 Cum gach dd 10.TS.AP.H2
TS.AP.H1.2010.L1 I
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Mieng gdm min ho 1 Mieng gdm tho ho I
Ha Van Can - Di ticti kien true van tioa 6 c Eo...
Voi dm ho 2 Voi dm suu tdm lai khu vuc An Phong
Gdm min tgi dia diem An Phong Gdm tho tgi dia diem An Phong
4.2. Loai hinh hien vat
Trong tdng s684 hien vat thu dudc chi cd 1 vdi a'm, cdn Iai la cac manli gdm vd.
- Chie'e vdi am phat hifn tiong hd tham sat 2: xUdng gd'm min, dang vdi cong, phia dau vdi da bj vd, phia ngoai mau tiang md'c, cd ldi xam d tiong, dudng kinh do duoc d chd nhd nha't 2mm, chd ldn nhat la 45mm, dai cdn lai 75mm. Xudng gd'm day 0,6mm (do d diu vdi).
Ngoai cac di vat tim thay tiong hd tham sat, chiing tdi cdn suu tim dudc mot vdi am, cd ky hifu : 10. ST.AP: 1 d khu vuc rudng bi phia ddng ciia dinh An Thanh. Vdi cd dang map, cong, ngan, phln diu ciia vdi da bi vd mat, xUdng gdm min, cd mau tring nga vang, phia tiong cd ldi den, chieu dai cdn lai 67mm, du'dng kinh vdi (do d phln diu) 20mm, dudng kinh vdi (do d phln giap than) 50mm. Xuong gdm (do d phln diu vdi) day 7mm.
Gdm manh phat hifn duoc trong cac hd tham sat khdng nhilu, nhung manli giiip chiing ta xac dinh dudc loai hinh hifn vat cang hiem. Trong tdng sd cac manh gdm thu duoc, chi cd 4 manh mieng.
Manh: 10. TS.AP.HILI: 58; mifng loe, cd cd, gd mifng ve tidn ra phia ngoai, mep mieng va cd cd gd phan each rd rang. Dudng kinh mieng 14mm, cao tit mifng deh het cd 8,0mm.
Manli 10. TS.AP.HILI: 65; mieng loe ngang, chi cdn phln ngoai, phln tiong va cd da
mat, mep mifng ve tidn vudt Ien phia tren, giii'a mep mieng va than mieng cd dudng phan
each lom; dudng kinli mifng 36cni.
M a n h 10. TS.AP.HILI: 29; mifng loe xien, than mifng va cd vud't nhe, cd d a n g gidng cd lo, d u d n g kinh m i f n g 14cm.
Manh 10. TS.AP.HILI: 60; mifng loe be ngang, gd mifng -vudt vao tiong, m e p mifng va p h l n than cd gd 1dm, m a u gach nhat nga vang, xUdng gd'm th6. BChae vdi gd'm min, loai nay d giiia khdng cd ldi den. Cd le, gd'm thd dudc sU dung lam cac dd d u n na'u. Manh mifng da vd n h i l u nen ra't khd do d u d n g kinh. Tuy nhien, cd the Udc chiing dudng kinh mifng khoang tit 38cm - 44cm.
Dua vao cac loai hinh mifng gd'm chiing ta cd the tha'y cac m a n h g d m p h a t hifn d day chii ye'u la m a n h vd ciia cac do d u n g n h u , ndi, am, lo...
4.3. Trang tri tren do gd'm
Cac m a n h gd'm phat hien trong d d t tham sat nay chii ye'u khdng trang tri hoa van: 78 m a n h (chie'm 93%). Tren mdt sd m a n h tirang tiri ddn gian m d t hoae hai d u d n g chi chim chay song song vdi n h a u .
V. N h a n xet
5.1. Vdi sd l u d n g cac ve't tich kie'n tinic tim tha'y trong cac h d t h a m sat va cac vet tich cdn nhin tha'y tren m a t da't tai k h u vUc Dinh An Thanh va Chiia Tra N d n g thudc xa An Thanh, h u y e n Md Cay, tinh Be'n Tre, chiing ta cd the di de'n ke't ludn r a n g trong k h u vuc bao quanh Dinh An Thanh va Chua Tra Ndng cd the tdn tai mdt khu di tich kie'n tnic ldn.
Theo doan dinh budc d i u ciia chiing tdi, pham vi ciia di tich n a m trong p h l n da't ciia dinh An Thanh, chiia Tra Ndng, khu vUc nha va vudn ciia anh N g u y i n Van Mat, N g u y i n Van Den, N g u y i n v a n Phii, chi N g u y i n thi Kim Ba thudc a'p An Phong, xa An Thanh, h u y f n Mo Cay Nam.
5.Z Q u a di vat va di tich phat hifn tirong cae h d tham sat va so sanh vdi m6t sd di tich d d n g dai trong k h u vitc, chiing tdi xac dinh nien dai ciia di tich, di vat n h u sau:
- Dd gd'm An Phong gdm hai loai la gd'm thd va gd'm min, d i u cd d 6 n u n g tha'p. Da p h l n gdm cd m a u do nhat, vang nhat va bring phaii, ben trong cd ldi xam hoae xam den. So sanh vdi m6t sd di vat gd'm Oc Eo d cac dia die'm khac da d u d c p h a t hifn tai m i l n N a m Vift Nam, chiing ta cd the tha'y g d m phat hifn d An Phong la loai g d m m a n g dac t r u n g ciia vSn hda Oc Eo tai khu vue N a m Vift N a m .
- Cimg vdi dd gd'm, gach tim tha'y tiong kie'n tinic cung n h u tirong k h u vUc ddng dd eiia di tich ra't ddng nha't v l loai hinh, kich thudc va cha't lifu vdi vat lifu kie'n tnic d m6t sd dia die'm thu6c van hda 6 c Eo da dudc khai quat trudc day (Vd Si Khai 1985; N g u y i n Trung Dd 1983).
- So sanh vdi vat lifu kie'n tnic ciing n h u di vat da p h a t hifn trong cac di tich ti'ch 6 c Eo va dac bift la di ti'ch 6 e Eo Gd Thanh (Tiln Giang) (Dao Linh Cdn 1989) chiing tdi tiily chiing cd sU tUdng d d n g rd rft v l loai hinh va cha't lifu vdi di vat gd'm tim tiia'y d An Phong, do dd chiing tdi cho r i n g v l nien dai ciia di tich An Phong cd the' tUdng dUdng vdi di tich Gd Thanh. Ma nhU chiing ta da bie't di tich Gd Thanh (Tiln Giang) dUdc xe'p vao k h u n g nien dai tit the ky IV de'n the ky VIII, thdng qua phong each t u d n g da va nien dai tuyft dd'i C^" (Le Xuan Dif m, Dao lmh Cdn, Vd Si Khai 1995). Do dd chiing tdi tam xe'p nien dai ciia An Phong vao khung tiieky IV-VIII AD.
Ha Van Can - Di tich kien trijc van hoa 6 c Eo... 35^
5.3. Dua vao p h l n kie'n tnic da d u d c phat hifn trdng hd' t h a m sat An Phong thi di tich cd the' la mdt p h l n mdng t u d n g ciia mot di tich kieh tnic ldn (cd c h i l u r 6 n g ciia t u d n g cdn do dudc d cum kie'n tiiic A la 2,65m). Hifn tai, mdi phat hifn m d t p h l n ciia q u i n the kie'n triic dd.
Vi vay, chiing tdi cd the doan dinh rang day la m d t q u i n the di ti'ch thdi ky 6 c Eo l l n d i u tien dudc phat hifn trong dia ban tinh Ben Tre.
5.4. Day la lln d i u tien mdt kieh tnic v i n hoa 6 c Eo dudc phat hifn d tinh Beh Tre. Ciing vdi phat hifn di d u Gidng Ndi thu6c giai doan van hoa tiln 6 c Eo trudc dd va di tich 6 c Eo dien hinh d An Phong mdi day da la'p d l y khoang tring tiong ban dd khao c6 hoc v i n hoa 6 c Eo d B ^ Tre.
TAI LifiU D A N
DAO LINH CON 1989. Khai quat di tfch Go Thanh. Trong Nhiing phdt hien mdi ve Khdo cdhgc ndm 1989.
Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hpi. Ha Npi: 95 - 98.
LE X U A N D I E M , D A O LINH CON, VO Sl KHAI 1995. Vdn hoa OcEo nhimg khdm phd mdi. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa h6i, Ha N6i:442 - 443.
VO si KHAI 1985. Nghien cim khao c6 hpc 6 c Eo; Mudi nam nhin lai. Khdo cdhgc, sO' 4: 13 - 32.
NGUYfiN TRUNG D 6 1983. M6i sd dja diem khao c6 hpc mdi a Niii Sam (An Giang) thu6c van hoa 6 c Eo vCra dupc phat hidn. Trong Nhirng phat hien moi ve Khao c6 hpc nam 1983. Nxb. Khoa hpc xa h6i.
Ha N6i: 201 - 204.
ARCHITECTURAL SITE FROM OC EO CULTURE FOUND IN B^N TRE
HA VAN C X N
In July 2010, Viet Nam Institute of Archaeology and the provincial Museum of Ben Tre conducted an archaeological survey in Ben Tre, including An Phong village, An Thach commune, Md c a y Nam district (Ben Tre) and gained important and interesting new findings.
At An Phong, from the three test-excavated trenches with the total area of 32m^, we found three brick patches of foundations, a cluster of dumped bricks spreading outside of the rest- excavated area. Apart from them, we found 8 3 porsherds and a pot spout. From the comparative study, the author thinks that the findings at An Phong would babe belonged to Oc Eo culture, equivalent to Gd Thanh site (Tien Giang), from about the fourth - eighth cneuries AD.
This is the first time an architectural site from Oc Eo culture has been found in Be'n Tre. The Gidng Noi site from pre- 6 c Eo culture cind 6 c Eo culture site at An Phong have filled in the blank on the map of 6 c Eo culture in Ben Tre province.
