fivii hau ^'ang hn/ng. AT ihin'il cong ir'inh. Van luj va Cong nghe lUcn
TIEM NANG KHI HYDRATE TREN BIEN DONG- NGUON NANG LUONG TRONG TUONG LAI
Nguyen Diic Thiing2, VQ T r u o n g S o n ^ Nguyen Bicu", Nguyen NhirTrung^, Van Due Nam
' 'long cue Bien vd Hcii dao Viet \ain.' Tong hoi Dia chdl Viel Nam.
"^ I 'ien I 'iif ly - Dia chdl bien. I 'ien Khoa hoc vd Cong nghe I 'iel Nam Tom tat:
Trong hoi canh kinh te loan can phat hien manh me. nhu cau nang lirgng ngay cang tra nan cap bach vd nguon nang luang truyen thong nhu ihan. ddu khi. da chdy. ngay cang can kiei th'i khi llydraie (GH) duac the gif'ri xac dinh sc Id nguon nang Immg mdi thay ihe cac loai nhien lieu hoa ihach trong tuang lai Gil ilncang ton lai on dinh Irong dien kien do sou nude hien tren 500m luong ung vdi dp sudl thuy iTnh >50 at Vimg Gil on dinh ilucdng a vdi tram mil dudi mat day bien a viing sudn luc dia. Nhieu quoc gia cd bien tren the gioi da quan lain dac biel vd ddu lu thich dang cho cong tuc nghien cuu. dieu Ira vd danh gid liem nang loai hinh idi nguyen ndy.
Theo danh gia cua Sd Dia chat Hoa Ky Viet Nam nam trong nhdm cd tiem nang irting binh vt^ khi hydral cua chdu A, gdin cd (theo thu tu gidm ddn): Philippin.
SriLanka. Malay.mi, Viet Nam. Nhat Ban. Trung Quoc vd Pakistan. Bdo cdo se khdi qudt ve tiem nang ciia tdi nguyen GH iren Bien Bong Viet Nam vd cde dinh hudng nghien cuu. diSu tra ddnh gid vd lien tdi khai thac thu hoi trong luang lai-
GAS HYDRATE POTENTIAL OF EAST SEA - THE FUTURE ENNERGY RESOURCE Abstract:
In the context of strong growing global economic, energy demand is becoming more urgent, and traditional energy sources such as coal, petroleum.
shale gas. . are increasingly exhausted, the gas hydrate (GH) is defined new energy .sources to replace fossil fuels in the future. GH normally exists in a stable status in 500m water depth corresponding to the hydrostatic pressure greater 50 at. Gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) exists in the depth of several hundred meters below sea floor at the continental slope. Many maritime countries around the world have special interest and appropriate investment /or research, investigation and assessment of potential resources of this type.
According to the USGS assessment. Viet Nam has average potential of gas hydrates among the Asian countries include (in descending order): Philippines, Srilanka. Malaysia. Vietnam. Japan, China and Pakistan The report will give Li brief overview of GH resources potential of Vietnamese East Sea and orientation for research, assessment and investigation of gas hydrate and process to exploitation and recovery GH in the future .
Hoi nghi Khoa hoc va Cong nf^he Bien loan quoc Idn thir V
MdDAU
Trong nhilng nam gan day da phat hien loai hinh tai nguyen nang lugng biSn mai - khi hydrat^(Gas Hydrate), se la nguto thay thS nhien lieu hoa thach trong tuang lai, khi hydrat dang ten tai duoi day cac dai dugng la van ii nong bong va nhay cam, do vay cac qu6c gia CO bien tren the giai quan tam dac biet va dju tu thich dang cho cong tac nghien ciru, diau tra danh gia tiem nang va tiSn toi tham do, khai thac. Theo du bao cua cac nha khoa hoc, cac vung bian Viet Nam rit co tilm nang va loai tai nguyen bien nay. So Dia chit Hoa Kj) xep Viet Nam nam trong nhom co tiam nang trung binh ve Khi hydrate ciia chau A g6m CO (theo thu tu giam dan): Philippin, SriLanka, Malaysia, Viet Nam, Nhat Ban Trune Quoc va Pakistan. ' • • 6
I. Khaj niem Khi hydrate (HSng Anh: Clathrate hydrates, gas clathrates, gas hydrates rnethane hydrate, clathrates, hydrates...Han Viet: bang chay) la mot h6n hgp dang tinh thJ , r t , r = " ^ ? """ ."*' P*"^" ^ **' hydrocarbon (chu ySu la methane) va nuoc. Tap hop
tinh the mau trang nay khi dot len cho ta nggn lua mau vang (Hinh 1). ^
Hinh 1: Mot sS hinh anh da bang chdy tinh Ithiit
d ^ ^ t y S ^ ? ^ f : ^ : l : : ^ t 5 ^ B h a n g ) ^ c a * a h . „ g s u a t h a y m 6 d u c ,
"16ng" dirge tag nen bclcac phan tt n ^ c N h l f ' M > ' " ' ' ' " "* "*' * ' « » B " "hung cai khi rang, CO tha d6 sap tao t h S u w T t i S f b S ftlnl , f • ' ' "'l """"^ "^ ^ ^ nen 6n dinhkhi chiia cac phan tit khi c6 kich t h u l t w \ ^ * f " ' ™ 8 . nh™g chung se trg phan ttr thip (g6m co a , m CO, CH H ^ f t ^ ' ^^ ' ° '^^'^ "*' '^ " * « 1«™S hydrocarbon khac va freon (khi W ^ h T S ' t S l a ^ ' v ^ ' . !f ^ ' ' " " ^ ">•" •"«'' ^°
nhiet do - ap suit nhSt dinh Khi hydmHiani n h f i \ l^-*'^' ''""S nhQng diSu kien pha huy khi hydrat la su chuyln pha Mc 1 a ! hvd ' ^ * ! ' '"'* ''"^- ^^ *anh tao va cau trie tinh tha lap phuong'- cj^ truc^oaif a'^S^Si^l^S if S i " " ™ ! . " " f^ ' '^^
hrong ung Pmin va ^ 3 ™ ; hilm gap han la lo^H^ 1 . " " """"^ """"S gian P6lmmm (loai H) (Hinh 2). ^"^ '" '°*' '^™ '"'= "hbrn khong gian luc phuong
TiSu hah Nang luang, Ky thudi cong trinh. Van tdi va Cong nghe Bien
^"=W ^J^ w~.
Hinh 2: Nhung loai long tao nen nhung cau true khi hydrate khac nhau O ca sa loai 1 bao gom 46 phan tii nuac, loai II gom co 136 phan tu nu6c va loai H c6 34 phan tu nuac. Chung se tao nen cac dang cau true dac trung va cac khoang trong giiia chung se dupfc lap day ciing cac phan tii khi thich hgp. Loai I se tao ra hinh muai hai mat ngii giac (loai nho) va hinh 24 mat ngij giac (loai lan), thich hgp de chura khi methane, ethane vai ducmg kinh phan tu khoang 5.2A (Hinh 2). Loai II se tao ra hinh 16 mat ngu giac (loai nho) va hinh 36 mat ngii giac (loai lan), thich hgp de chua propane, isobutane vai kich thuac phan tir 5.9-6.9A. Loai H chi moi tim \hky a Vinh Mexico, thich hop vai cac phan tu khi lan nhu butane.
II. Dieu kifn t6n tai on dinh va tiem nang cua khi hydrate (GH) trSn the gioi //./. Biiu kien ton t^i on dinh cua khi hydrate (GH)
Trong tu nhien, khi hydrate tap trung a khu vuc bang vinh cuu va tram tich bien sau, chii yeu la cac thanh tao tram tich khac nhau. 6 khu vyrc bang vTnh cihi (vung Bac cue), luon ton tai mgt lap bang vTnh cuu day hang nghin met, tao nen ap suat lan ciing vai dieu kif n nhiet dp luon thap, la nai thuan Igi tharfi tao khi hydrate. Hon niia, ban than lop bang day nay eung la Idp chan tfit, tao thanh bay chiia cac tich tu khi. Do do, nhimg khu vuc bang vTnh cuu co the chua hang nghin ty m"' khi methane dong thai la noi du trii khi d6t khdng 16 co the khai thac va spr dung trong tuang lai.
Khu vuc kh^c neu hpi ti^ dieu kien ap suSt cao di kem nhiet dg gin vai diSm dong la vung day bien sau. Gradient ap suat a bien tang khoang 1 atm/lOm nuac. 6 do sau 500m, ap suat khoang 50 atm, nhi^t dp 4-5°C, la dieu kien ly tuong hinh thanh khi hydrate. Duoi day bien, cac v$t chat hiiu ca hi phan huy, nen tram tich a day dugc bao hoa khi CO2, methane, ethane, hydrosunfua...; tai day, duoi dieu kien ap suat cao, nhiet dg thip, khi hydrate dupfc hinh thanh trong tram tich day va tram tich gan day bien. Cac lap trim tich nay lai bi phu bin cAc lop trSm tich mdi co thanh phan thach hgc khac nhau (Hinh-4) ciing chura chat hihi ca, va qua trinh hinh thanh khi hydrate lai tiep tyc. Vi khdi luCng trim tich bien r§t Ion nen lugng khi hydrate cGng rat Ion, la nguon nang lugng ti^m tang cho tucmg lai. Ham lugng hydrate trong cac tram tich cat ket va cat ket hat tho (dg r6ng Ion) co the len tai 60%. Cac tap set, bpt va carbonat ciing la doi tucmg chiia hydrate. Vi vay cac trim tich vun la cac doi tugng tim kiem tiem nang. Nhimg bieu hien, khi hydrate dugc phat hien
c Idn iliiJL
tren thS gioi thuang t6n tai tren bS mat day bian dual dang go doi (mound) " .™ng ^len nong BJc cue hoac Nam cue. GH co tha tao thanh vung ton tai ben^vung Stability zone) trong khoang giiia mat day bian va mat phan xa mo phong day bien (Bottom Simulated Reflection-BSR) a vung cue va duoi sum, d6c them luc dia. Khi hydrate thuang ton tai on dinh trong diau kian tham bifa sau. Tren tha gioi, tuy thugc vao vi tn va cau tmc siran luc dia cac "mo khi hydrate" hinh thanh 6 do sau khoang 500m (khong ke vung them luc dia bian BSc Bang Duong).
a) va b6i canh kian tao: Cac thanh tao khi hydrate tren tha gioi chu ylu dugc hinh thanh trong bdi canh ria luc dia tich cue: Ranh NanKai - doi hut chim Dong Nhat Ban, ranh Chi La thugc dai hut chim fay Chi La, Bai Loan... hoac da p h k cac "mo khi hydrate" tren the gidi lian quan dfa ria luc dia thu dpng ya viing bian ria. Day vimg khi hydrate on dinh thuang a vai tram met duoi mat day bita viing suon doc them luc dia, doi hilt chim va khong ton tai 6n dinh duoi vung thlm luc dia trong viing khi hau nong. Trong khu virc Bian Dong co 3 diam biau hien GH lien quan voi ria luc dia tich cue - doi hut chim tay Philipin, Sumatra va nam Indonesia, so con lai lian quan true tiap voi ria luc dia thu dong.
b) va cdu triic dia chit: Cac dijm khi hydrate dugc phat Men tren tha giai dau lian quari dan nhung khu vuc co cSu trie dia chit rit phiic tap, hi chia cjt boi cac dirt gay co tuoi khac nhau, tuy nhien cac dirt gay tre va dirt gay da ky co vai tro quan trgng, la "kanh din"
khi methane tir ngdn duoi sSu lan ting tram tich tuoi Miocen - Pliocen - De tir. ^ c) va dia ting va moi truong trim tich lien quan: Nhu da trinh noi tran, doi ton tai ban vimg (stability zone) nam trong khoang giira mat day bien va mat phan xa mo phong day bien (BSR), nghia la chung lien quan true tiep voi cac fram tich tang nong va tang mat trong khoang 200 - 250m tinh tir day bien co tuoi tre. Cac tai lieu nghian cuu, diau tra va tham do khi hydrate tren khap the gioi da chung minh, khi hydrate dugc hinh thanh, tich tu trong tram tich tuoi tit Miocen dan De tir, trong do 40% khi hydrate lian quan dan dja tang Miocen va 60% - lien quan dSn Plioce - De tii. Mot trong thi du diSn hinh chu6i mo khi hydrate Ranh trung Tam Hoa Ky da dugc tham do, trong t6ng s6 23 16 khoan gap khi hydrate: 9 trong liim tich Miocen, 11 frong PUocen, 2 frong De hi va 1 trong Eocen.
d) Ve dac diam tram tich co chiia GH
IChi hydrate hmh thanh trong cac thanh tao trim tich khac nhau vai diSu kien do r6ng x6p, do tham thau, do niit ne, mat dg khe mit cao (Hinh 3).
^ ^ b4 mit div "biin
T&B t?i trong trim tfch bftn
Hinh 3: GH trong cac tram tich khac nhau
tflntji trong ttkm tfch c4t * duMsSu
Tiiu ban Nang luang. Ky thuat cong Irinh, Van tdi vd Cong nghe Bien
Assumed geothermat gradient = 27 3° C /1000m (Irom KvunvDidvn and Barnaid 1982]
Hinh 4: Dai on dinh hinh thanh (Stability zone) GH
II.2. Ti^m nang khi Hydrate tren the gioi
Hinh 5: Sa do phan bo cac diem mo GH tren the gidi
Tren th^ giai da phat hi6n 49 vi tri co GH va dSu hieu GH, phan bo rong khap tren cac Dai ducmg ciia trai dat: Thai Binh Duong 18 diSm, Dai T3y Duong ~ 13 diem, Bic Bang Duong - 5 di^m. An Dp Duong - 1 diSm, Bien Nam Cue - 3 diem, Bien Caspia - I dilm va ho nuac nggt Baikal - 1 diem (hinh 5). Tren vung Bien Dong da ghi nhan dugrc 6 vi tri (Hinh 6). Trong tu nhien, 1 met kh6i hydrate khi (loai hydrate methane) co ty trpng 9I3kg/m^, khi bi pha huy se giai ph6n§ 164m^ (loai I), 143m^ (loai II va H) khi methane va 0,87m^ nude. Day chinh la kha nang tiem tang hydrate khi trong dieu kien tu nhien [3].
Hoi nghi Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Bien loan quoc laJH
Hinh 6.
TiSm nang khi GH tren the
giai
U I S S I R I ^ ^ K - ' '
TNDB hydrite khi'toin the S.10^-1,2.10*
glo'l (tcf)
TNDB hydnle khi trong moi 1,1.10^-2,7.10' truffng bien siu (tcf)
Tiam nang khi hydrate tren tha goi theo du bao cua cac nha khoa hgc khi hydrate - vai trir lugng Ion gip hon 2 lin trir lugng nang lugng hoa thach da biat da thu hut su chu y rgng rai tren toan the giai. Khi hydrate da dugc xem la ctiu canh ciia nhan loai va nang lugng va la nguon nang lugng tiam tang trong tuang lai. Dy bao trir lugng khi hydrate tran toan the gioi la khoang 400GtC 6 viing Bac cue (MacDonald, 1990, khong c6 so lieu viing Nam eye) va khoang 10.000-11.000 GtC o c4c dai duong (MacDonald, 1990; Kvenvolden, 1998) (Hinh 6). Theo tinh toan khac ciia cac nha khoa hgc CHLB Nga (V.A. Solobev, I.M.
Mirtrinhik), tai nguyen khi hydrate tren toan tha gioi khoang tir 2*10'"^ ddn 7,6*10'^ m^.
Hi?n nay da xac dinh dugc cac vi tri co tiem nang lan va khi hydrate, thi du: viing dac quyan kinh ta cua Hoa Ky tren bian Thai Bmh Ducmg, Dai Tay Duong - 90* lO'^ m'; vting xich dao va xung quanh Nhat Ban - 40*10'^ m'; bian BJc Canada - 50*10' m'; vung biSn xung quanh An Do -122*10' m' [1,6,7].
TI.3. Tiem nang khi Hydrate tr§n Bien Ddng
Bian Dong Viet Nam hoi hi du dieu kien hinh thanh khi hydrate nhu: do sau day bijn, djc diam dia mao, nhiet dO ddy biin, trim tich, ngudn khi cac diu hieu dia hoa, dia vat ly..., d5c biet la ciu hiic dia chat va b6i canh dja chit va cu6i eung mot trong cac diau kien tian quyat la sy xuit hien cua cac ba chiia diu khi Song H6ng, Phii Khanh, Tu Chinh - Vung May, nam Con Son, cac nhom bi Hoang Sa, Truong Sa tren cac vung biSn cua nuoc ta[15].
Nguyin Nhu Trung, Nguyen Diic Thing va nnk., (2007) da phan BiSn Dong Vi?t Nam ra ra bon vung du bao va tinh toan tiem nang khi hydrate: (1) Quin dao Hoang Sa va k6 can (308.500kni'); (2) Phu Khanh (194800 km^); (3) Dong Nam - Tu Chinh - Viing Mdy (194400km); (4) Quan dao Truong Sa va kl can (3944000km^) (Hinh ). Nguyin Nhu Trung bang cac phuong phap tinh toan ly thuylt khac nhau, da du bao tilm nang khi hydrate loai I (bang 1), loai II (bang 2) va Igai H (bang 3) tran cac vung biin Viet Nam [15]
Tiiii ban Nang lugng, Ky thudl cong trinh, Van idi vd Cong nghe I
Bang J. Tra lugng CH4 adiiu kien tieu chudn cho gas hydrate loai I
STT
1 2 3 4
K h u v i i c d i / b S o
Quan dao Hoang sa Bien Phii Khanh Bien DN - TC - VM Quan dao TruQng sa
T6ng.
Thi tich t i n g GHSZ (km3) 45182.1 25751 2 29186 5 54893 155012.8
T r O l u v n g CH4 a DKTC v d i E=0,9% (m3) 1-66722E+13 9 50219E+12 1 07698E+-13 2.02555E+13 5.71997E+13
TrO" lu-g-ng CH4 cl OKTC v d i E=3,4% (m3) 5.37667E+13 3.06439E+13 3.47319E+13 6 53227E+13 1.84465E+14
Tr& iippng CH4 d B K T C v 6 i E=5% (m3) 7.90687E+13 4 50646E+13 5.10764E+13 9 60628E+13 2.71272E+14
Bang 2: Tru luang CH4 a dieu kien lieu chudn cho gas hydrate loai II
STT
1 2 3 4
Khu vyc
Quan dao Hoang sa Bien Phu Khanh Bien D N - TC - VM Quan dao TruSng sa
Tflng.
The t i c h tdng GHSZ (km3) 59199 7
29SS2 37082 4 67027.4 193191.5
TrCr liro-ng CH4 6 DKTC vdi E=0,9% (m3) 1 86479E+13 9.41283E+12 1.1681E+13 2.11136E+13 6.08553E+13
TrO' l u w n g CH4 d DKTC v d i e=3,4% (m3) 7.04476E+13 3 55596E+13 4 412B1E+13 7.97626E+13 2.29898E+14
TrO'lu'ong CH4 6 OKTC Vdi
e=5% {m3) 1 03599E+14 5.22935E+13 6.48942E+13 1 17298E+14 3.38085E+14
Bang 3: Tru lugng CH4 a dieu kien lieu chudn cho gas hydrate loai H
STT
1 2 3 4 .
K h u virc d i r b d o
Quan dao Hoang sa Bien Phu Khanh Bien B N - TC - VM QuSn dao Tn/dng sa
T6ng
Th6'tich t i n g GHSZ (km3) 76534.6 35864.5 47000 5 82565 241964.6
T r O l u ^ n g CH4 d DKTC v d i E=0,9% {ni3) 2 82413E+13 1.3234E+13 1.73432E+13 3 04665E+13 8.g2a49E+13
Tru'lu'O'ng CH4 CI DKTC Vdi E=3,4% (m3) 9.10762E+13 4,26788E+13 5.59306E+13 9 82524E+13 2.87938E+14
Trir lu'O'ng CH4 b DKTC v d i
£=5% (fn3) 1.33936E+14 6.27629E+13 8 22509E+13 1.44489E+14 4.23438E+14
Neu chung ta coi khu vuc bien Viet Nam co dong thai ca ba thanh phan khi hydrate loai I, II va H trong tram tich bien, thi du bao ti6m nang trung binh cua khi hydrate tren toan bo khu vuc Bien Dong Viet Nam duac dua ra trong bang 4 [12].
Bang 4 : Tdi nguyen du bdo CH4 trung binh tinh cho truong hgp vung nghiin cuu co deu cd ba loai gas hydrate I, II vd H.
STT
1 2 3 4
Khu v^rc di^ bao
Quan dao Hoang sa B i l n Phu Khanh Bign DN - TC - VM Quan dao TnJcing sa
T i n g ;
Thi tfch t i n g GHSZ (km3) 60305 5 30499 2 37756 5 6SI61 S 196723.0
T r i i ' l u ^ g C H 4 d DKTC vdi E=0.9% fm31 2 il871E+13 I07I63E+13 1 32647E+13 2 51517E+13 7.03198E+13
Tri> l u y n g CH4 cl DKTC v d i F.=3.4% fm3l 7 17635E+I3 3,62941 E+13 4 49302E+13 8,II125E+13 2.341 E+14
Trfr lu"9ng CH4 d DKTC vdi
E=5%(m31 1 05535E+M 5 33737E+13 6 60738E+13 1 I9283E+14 3.44265E-f14
KET LUAN VA KIEN NGHI
C'llli llilii 1 6 ' ^ I J Riiiili t!»*i Pl>'li' ^'""1^
l O i r l O l ' 1 0 8 - 1 1 2 ' 1 1 6 '
Hinh 7: Sff di phan vimg du bao vd tinh tiem nang Ichi hydrate Bien Dong Viet Nam Tir nhimg tai lieu trinh bay trSn cho phep nit ra mot so ket luan sau:
1. Tucmg tu nhu cac vung biin thi gioi Nankai (Nhat Ban), Mexico, Tay nuoc Hoa kj', Chi Le, Okhosk (CHLB Nga) dong Han Qu6c..., Biin Dong Viet Nam hpi ta du cap dilu kien dia chit, kiln tao, tram tich va cac nguon khi, dp sau day bien, dia mao day bien...de tich tu, hinh thanh khi hydrate voi tilm nang Ion.
2. Voi tai heu hien nay Bien Dong Viet Nam c6 tha chia ra bon viing bien co trien vpng khi hydrate: (l)Vung bian Hoang Sa, (2)Tru6ng Sa, (3)PhiJ Khanh va (3)Tu Chinh - Viing May.
3. Tiam nang khi hydrate tren Bian Dong Viet Nam tinh toan theo ly thuyet:
CH4 a DKTC voi e=0,9% la: 7.03198 x lO" m';
CH4 6 DKTC vcri e=3,4% la: 2.341 x lO" m';
CH4 a DKTC vai e=3,4% la: 3.44265 x lO" m l
4. De lam saiig to tilm nang thuc tl tai nguyen nang lugng khi hydrate tren Biin Dong Viet Nam can day manh cong tac nghien ciiu, dilu tra bai ban, c6 h? thfing tiln toi tham do va danh gia chinh xac trii lugng cua dang tai nguyen nang lugng nay frong taong lai./.
Tieu hull Nang hrgng. Ky ihucjl cong irinh. Van tdi vd Cong nghe Bien I yHfia Hnr. \ ^
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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2. Gwang 11. I., and Joel S. Watkins 1998: Seismic stratigraphy and Hydrocarbon potential of the Phu Khan Basin, offshore central Vietnam, South China Sea. AAPG BuIlenlinV.82,N0. 9, pp. 1711-1735.
3. Ginsburg. G.D. Soloviev, V. A., 1998: Submarine gas hydrate. VNlIOkeangeologia, St.
Petersburg. Russia.
4. Jin. C. Wang, J.. 2002: A preliminary study of the gas hydrate stability zone in the South China Sea. Acta Geologica Sinica 76 (4), 423^28.
5. Milkov. A.v.. 2000: Worldwide distribution of submarine mud volcanoes and associated gas hydrates. Marine Geology, v. 167, p. 29-42.
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7. Milkov, A.v., Dickens, G.R., Claypool, G.E., Lee, Y-J., Borowski, W.S., Torres, M.F... Xu. W., Tomaru, H , Trehu, A.M., and Schultheiss, P., 2004: Co-existence of gas hydrate, free gas; and brine within the regional gas hydrate stability zone at Hydrate Ridge (Oregon margin): evidence from prolonged degassing of a pressurized core.
Earth Planet. Sci Z.e//.,222:829-843.
8. Sloan, E. D., and Carolym A. Koh, 2008: Clathrate hydrates of natural gases. Third edition. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
9. Taylor, B. & Hayes D. E., 1983: Origin and history of the South China Basin. - Part 2- Geophys. Monograph. AGU, Washington, 27,23-56.
10. Nguyen Nhu Trung 2009, Xac dinh chieu day tang hinh thanh va on dinh gas hydrate tren Bien Dong. Tap chi dau khi, so 3/2009, trang 27-33.
11. Nguyen Nhu Trung 2008, Danh gia tiem nang gas hydrate tren bien Viet Nam. Tap chi DauKhi,s6 9, trang 27-33
12. Wang Shuhong, Wen Yan, and Haibin Song, 2006: Mapping the thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone in the South China Sea. Terr Atmos. Ocean. Sci., Vol. 17, No 4, p. 815-828.
13. Wu S., Zhang G., Huang Y., Liang J., Wong H.K., 2005: Gas hydrate occurrence on the continental slope of the northern South China Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 22.p.403-412.
14. Thuyet minh "Chuang trinh nghien cuu, dieu tra co ban ve tiem nSng khi hydrate tren cac viing bien va them lue dia Viet Nam". Tong cue bien va Hai dao VieiNam, Bp Tai nguyen va Moi truong, nam 2009. •! Y H I t V T F M jl
