Cach chuyen ngfr thuat ngfr "test"
khi bilu thj mot phirong phap thfing ke hoc
f r
tir tieng Anh sang tieng Viet
Oat van de
Hien nay, nhieu dong nghiep, nhat la cac hoc vIen cao hoc va nghien cu'u sinh c6 flat v^n d^ la rki kho chuyen thuat ngu' "test" khi "test"
bieu thi mot phu-cng phap th6ng ke hoc tu" ti^ng Anh sang tieng Viet. Vi dij, trong th6ng ke sinh hoc, thLi'ang gap "Student's t test" (hoac t test), y/ test, Anova test (hoac F test). Bartlett's test, Cochran's test, Duncan's test. Hartley's test ,,,, Co ngu'ai chuyen ngCf chu- "Test" la "Chuan" va djch la "Chuan t", "Chuan -//"; c6 ngu'ai chuyen ngO' la "Kiem djnh" va dich la "Kiem djnh t",
"Kiem djnh -//"; c6 ngu'ai chuyen ngu' la "ThCe nghiem" va dich la "ThLf nghiem t", "Thi> nghiem //"; CO ngu'ai chuyen ngu' la "Kiem tra" va dich la "Kiem tra t", "Kiem tra y^": c6 ngu'ai chuyen ngCr la "Trie nghiem" va dich la "Trac nghiem t",
"Trie nghiem //", c6 ngu-ai chuy§n ngu' la "The nghiem" va djch la "The nghiem t", "The nghiem X^": CO ngu'O'i chuyin ngO la "ThCp nghiem" va djch la "Thi> nghiem t", "Thu" nghiem -i", c6 ngLcai chuyen ngij la "Nghiem phap" va dich la
"Nghiem phap t", "Nghiem phap y^"; c6 ngu-cyi chuyen ngO la "Phu-cng phap" va djch la
"Phu'ang phap t", "Phu'ang phap y^"\ c6 ngu-ai chuyen ngu' la "Phep thi>" va goi la ' Phep tht> t",
"Phep thij' -/^"; c6 ngu'cri chuyen ngij' la "Phep ki4m" va goi la "Phep kiem t", "Phep kiem y^"\
CO ngu'ai chuyen ngu" la "Phep chuan" va goi la
"Phep chuan t", "Phep chuan y^". c6 ngti-ai chuyen ngu' la "Phep nghiem" va goi la "Phep nghiem t", "Phep nghiem y^"\ c6 ngu-ai phien am ra ti§ng Viet la "Tet" va goi la "Tet t", "Tet X^"; CO ngLfoi v i n de nguyen chu" "Test" trong tiing Anh va dich la "Test t", "Test y^"...
T i t nhien, mot thuat ngO cua mot nu-ac khi chuyen ngi>' sang ti§ng cija mot nu-oc khac.
Do Trung Dam Vien Duac Lieu thu'cyng c6 nhieu y nghTa khac nhau, NhLfng trong mot tinh hudng n h i t djnh, thi chf nen c6 mot thuat ngO tu-cng Cfng, chtj khong the cung la thuat ngCr "Test" trong cung mot ngO canh cua th6ng ke sinh hoc ma lai c6 the c6 den hang chuc each chuyen ngO- khac nhau. Tuy nhien, viec thong n h i t each dung la mot viec khong h§ dan gian.
Nha lai, viec th6ng nhat c h u y i n ngiJ' thuat ngO "half-life" thanh "nCra d6i\ tu-ang nhLf hai nam ro mu'oi, vi viec c h u y i n ngij nhu* vay la rit
"cf^f, t h i nhLi-ng cung eye ky kho khan. Viec de x u l t nay, chtjng toi da neu trong bai bao "Ni>a dai, thai gian ban huy hay ehu ky nt>a phan ra'?" (06 Trung Dam, Tap ehi D y g e hoe, nam 1995, s6 3, trang 10 -11), Tuy nhien, viec dung thuat ngu" nay van theo nhieu each khac nhau,
Cung may, vao cac nam 2000 - 2002, khi bien soan "Du'ge thu' qu6e gia Viet Nam", c6 mot Ban Bien tap, chung toi da d i nghj chuyen ngQ' thuat ngCr "half-life" la "nCra dai". Ban Bien tap da tranh luan va phan tich nhiiu l l n , nhu-ng v^n khong n h i t tri du'ge. Co vj giao su' dat eau hoi:
"N§u chuyen ngij thuat ngiJ "half-life" la "niia dai", thi "plasmatic half-life" goi la gl?", Cau hoi nay dS dang giai dap, vi "plasmatic half-life"
du'ge chuyen ngCc la "nCca dai trong huyit tu'ang". Co vj phan doi da buong mot eau "Cai ong nu'a dai nCra doan nay lam phu'c tap van 6h qua!", Tuy nhien, sau nhiiu l l n trinh bay phan tich, eu6i cung Ban Bien tap cung n h i t tri chuyen ngCf thuat ngiJ "half-life" thanh "nija dai".
Tu'ang nhu t h i da la xong. NhLrng d i n khi Bo Y te to chLfc nghiem thu cuon sach "Du-ac thu- qu6c gia Viet Nam" nay, lai c6 nhiiu giao SU" trong Hgi d i n g nghiem thu phan doi, khong cho dung thuat ngij "ni>a dai", Cung may, trong buoi nghiem thu nay, chung toi cung du'ge ph6p
tham dy, v^ v^i c^c ly do a§ nhieu Ian trinh b^y v6'i Ban Bien tap, chung t6i d§ trinh b^y lai v^
thuyet phuc d y g c HOi dong thong qua. N i u trong buoi Hoi dong hop nghiem thu, ma chung toi khong du'ge dy, thi c6 khi thuat ngij nay v i n khong du'ge c h i p nhan. Noi nhLf vay de t h i y ring, viec thay doi d i t h i n g n h i t each goi mot thuat ngij da quen dung la khong de dang
Chinh vi t h i , d i i vai thuat ngu' "test" la mot thuat ngij con phijc tap han nhiiu so vai thuat ngij "half-life", chung toi cung chf b i i t dung theo each hiiu cua chung toi, c h i j khong dam d i xuat d i mong mpi ngu'ai thong nhIt, Tuy nhien, khi e h i m cac luan an thae sT, t i i n sT hoac phan bien cae bai bao dang tren cac Tap ehi khoa hoc, chung toi thu'ang phai gop y vai hoc vien va nghien ciju sinh. Nhiiu nghien eiju sinh van lai "Bay gia ho cung vin dung loan len ma thiy\
ThS theo thiy thi dung thuat ngCr naol Dung nhu thiy noi, thiy c6 dam bao la khong c6 ai phe phan em khong?". Thu thyc, chung toi cung khong dam dam bao vai nghien ciJu sinh la n i u em dung thuat ngij n^w chung toi gai y, thi khong ai phe phan em du-ac, vi lue do, chung toi eo dyge a day d i trinh bay dau, ma gia thiit du chung toi c6 mat a do, cung khong CO ca sa nao d i buoc vj phan bien kia phai chap nhan d i i u ma chung toi trinh bay. Co khi danh de nghien ciJu sinh dung nguyen van thuat ngij "test" cua t i i n g Anh, roi khi thay nao phe phan thi trinh bay ly do vay.
TrLfae tinh hinh qua bijc xuc, trong bai bao nay, ehung toi xin neu quan d i i m cua chung toi v i viec chuyin ngij thuat ngij "test" khi "test"
biiu thj mot phu'ang phap thong ke hoc tiJ tiing Anh sang tiing Viet.
Nhu tren ehung toi da trinh bay, thuat ngij
"test" phije tap han thuat ngij "half-life" nhiiu, TrLfoe hit, y nghTa cua thuat ngu' "test" r i t phong phu, khong dan gian nhu- thuat ngO
"half-life". Thy hai, thuat ngiJ "half-life" la mot danh tiJ, con thuat ngy "test" c6 t h i la mot danh tu, cung CO t h i la mot dong tu. Lai con nhiiu trugng hgp, danh t u "test" dung truac mot danh tu khac, dugc dung nhu mot tinh ngiJ d i bo nghTa cho danh t u khac do.
Oiem lai va phan tich cac each dung hien nay
De CO t h i rut ra duge each chuyin nglj "dit"
nhat cho thuat ngu nhu "test" trong ITnh vyc thing
ke sinh hoc (xin nhan manh la chi trong ITnh vyc thong kg sinh hoe thoi), chung t6i xin ph6p c6 mot vai phcin tich v i cac c^ch dung hien nay.
Co nguai chuyin ngu thuat ngij "test" sang tiing Viet la "chuan", "phep chuan" "tieu chuan"
va goi vi du la "Chuan t" hoac "Phep chuan t"
hoac "Tieu chuan t". Chung toi nghT chuyin ngiJ
"Chuan" nen d i danh cho thuat ngu trong tiing Anh nhu "Standard", "Standardization", hoac
"Norm", hoac cung l l m c6 t h i la "Criterion", ehu khong nen la chuyin ngu cho thuat ngij "test"
trong b i t eu tinh huong nao. Trong cuon "Tu d i i n toan hoc Anh Viet" cung eo truang hgp chuyin ngij thuat ngij "test" sang tiing Viet la
"Tieu ehuin". Nhung theo ehung toi, viec chuyin ngu nhu vay la khong that hgp ly. Tom lai theo chung toi, viec chuyin ngij thuat nglj "t test" sang tiing Viet la "ehuIn t", "tieu chuan t"
hoac "phep chuan t" la khong dung.
Co nguai chuyen ngij thuat ngu "t test" theo kiiu phien am, va goi la "tet t", hoac d i nguyen van tiing Anh la "test t", ehi dao 2 chij "t" va ehu
"test" cho phu hgp vai each hanh van trong tiing Viet. Trong thyc t i , cung eo nhiiu truang hgp, ta phai dung theo kiiu phien am hoac mugn nguyen thuat ngij tiing nuae ngoai sang tiing Viet. Nhung do chi la nhijng truang hgp b i t dae dT. Con n i u c6 kha nang Viet hoa dugc, lam cho tiing Viet phong phu han, trong sang han, ehung toi nghT, ta nen thyc hien. Oac biet la a day, da c6 muai m i y each chuyen ngu, ta nen ehpn lly mot each hgp ly nhIt, Do do, chung toi thIy khong nen chuyin ngij thuat ngiJ "t test" tu tiing Anh sang tiing Viet la "tet t" hoac "test t".
Cung CO nguai chuyin nglj thuat ngij "t test"
sang tiing Viet la "kiim djnh t", "phep kiim djnh t",
"kiim tra t", "phep kiim tra t" hoac "phep kiim t".
Thuat ngu "kiim tra" hoac "kiim dinh" thuang d i chl mot viec da lam, nay lam lai d i xem viec da lam CO dung khong hoac dung d i n mue do nao, hoan toan khac vai "test" trong thing ke sinh hoc.
Thuat ngij "kiim tra", "kiim dinh" trong tiing Viet thuang d i chuyin ngu cho thuat ngij "examine",
"examination" hoac "control" cua tiing Anh. Cung CO truang hgp thuat ngu "test" duge chuyin ngij sang tiing Viet la "kiim tra", nhung do la truang hap kiem tra v i ky nang, nang lye, sy hieu biit, trinh do van hoa.,, va khi do, "test" thuang thupc tu loai la "dong tu", Vi du: We shall be tested on grammar tomorrow, hoac We have to test his
TAP CHi DUQC HQC - 11/2009 (SO 403 NAM 49)
knovi/ledge of computers. Trong nhung tnj'ang hgp n^y, chuyen ngij IS "thu" cung khong sai, nhung ehung chung quS, nen ta thuang chuyen nglj la "kiem tra". Con trong tinh huong cua mot phuang phap thing ke nhu "t test" thi khong nen dung chuyin ngu "kiim tra" hoac "kiim djnh".
Cung CO nguai chuyin ngij thuat ngiJ "t test"
sang tiing Viet la "Trie nghiem t", "Thu nghiem t", " T h i nghiem t". Cac thuat ngu "Trie nghiem",
"ThLP nghiem", "The nghiem" thuang de bieu hien hanh dong lam mot viec gi, trai lai day la mot phuang phap (phep); vi vay, viec dung nhu vay la khong hgp ly. Cung eo nguai cho ring, cac thuat ngij "Trie nghiem", "Thu nghiem",
" T h i nghiem" ma ehung toi dung a day la danh tu ehu khong phai la dong tu. Theo ehung toi, n i u dung vai y nghTa danh tu thi nen dung thuat ngu "phep thu" (hoac '"phuang phap thu") vua noi len duge day la danh tu, lai neu len dugc day la mot phuang phap (phep) thij c6 quy trinh, quy t i c ro rang, Tuy nhen, dung thuat ngiJ "Phep thu" cung khong dung trong tinh huong nay (xin xem phin trinh bay ngay duai day).
Thuat ngij "test" trong tiing Anh, thong thuang khi chuyen ngij sang t i i n g Viet la "thu".
N i u "test" la danh tu thi duge c h u y i n ngij la
"Sy thu" hoac "Viec thu". Truang hgp "Sy thu"
nay la chi mot phuang phap c6 quy trinh quy t i c thi nen chuyin ngu la "Phep thu". "Phep thu" nay c6 t h i la thu in vivo, c6 t h i la thu in vitro, cOng eo t h i la thu theo mot quy t i c nao do, Trai lai, thuat ngij "test" trong t h i n g ke hoc a day la "nghiem" lai nhung k i t qua thu d u g c tu cac "phep thu" in vivo hoac in vitro de rut ra k i t kuan xac dang v i cac k i t qua thu dugc. Vi vay, chung toi d i nghj c h u y i n ngu thuat ngiJ
"test" trong thong ke hoc la "phep nghiem".
Cung CO t h i goi la "nghiem phap", nhung theo chung toi thuat nglj "phep nghiem" t h u i n Viet han thuat ngij "nghiem phap". De t h I y ro han tai sao trong truang hgp nay lai nen c h u y i n ngiJ la "phep nghiem", chung toi xin neu vai vi du minh hoa sau day.
V i d u 1
Trong mot thi nghiem nghien CLPU tac dung Igi mat cua thuic T tren chuot lang, da dung 2 16 chupt lang, m i l 16 8 eon. D i n luu mat tu i n g mat ehu cua m i l chupt vap tung i n g nghiem de do t h i tich mat chay ra. Bam thuic vao ta trang chupt 6' 16 thuic, con 16 doi chyng bam dung dich NaCI 0,9% vai cung t h i tich. Do the tich mat chay
ra cua moi chuot trong 30 phut ke t u khi bam thuoc vSo t^ trSng chupt, ta se d u g c the tich mat tiet ra cua m5i chupt. Chuyen the tich m$t tiit ra cua m i l con chu6t quy ra cho 1 kg chupt (ml/kg) Tinh the tich mat trung binh (V) cua moi 16 theo trj trung binh ± sai s i chuan (M ± SE), vi du 16 dii ehung ta tinh duge Vc = 3,76 ± 0,31 ml/kg, eon 16 thuic la Vt = 4,35 ± 0,36 ml/kg.
D i n day, ta t h I y t h i tich mat trung binh cua m i l chupt 6' 16 t h u i c t i i t ra n h i i u hgn so vd'i 16 d i i ehung. Ta con c6 t h i tinh d u g c ty le mat a 16 t h u i c t i i t ra n h i i u han so vo-i 16 d i i chung la 15,7%. Tuy nhien, ta khong b i i t duac sy tang nay thyc s y la do thuoc gay ra hay do sy ngiu nhien cua viec ehpn chupt da dua vao 16 d6i Chung va 16 thuic. De lam d i i u nay, ta phai tiin hanh "Phep nghiem" so sanh 2 s i trung binh Vc va Vt dung phuang phap tinh t h i n g ke sinh hpe. Co n h i i u phuang phap tinh thing ke Trong truo-ng hgp nay, vi du ta ap dung "Phep nghiem t" (t test) c h i n g han,
Truo-c h i t , ta phai tinh trj s i cua "t" theo m6t quy trinh, quy t i c n h i t dinh cua "phep nghiem t". Sau do, ta tra cuu mot bang gpi la "bang t"
d i xac djnh xem xac s u i t P la bao nhieu:
N i u P > 0,05 thi > 95% truo-ng hgp, 2 tn so trung binh Vc va Vt khac nhau khdng c6 y nghTa. T h u i c T tuy c6 lam tang s u tiit mat 15,7%, nhung s u tang nay kh6ng c6 y nghTa thong ke 6' nguang xac s u i t P = 0,05. Noi m6t each khac, t h u i c T thyc c h i t kh6ng eo tac dung lam tang t i i t mat c6 y nghTa t h i n g ke so vd'i 16 doi chung, ma s y tang nay la do s y ngau nhien cua viec ehpn m i u chupt vao 2 16.
N i u P < 0,05 thi > 95% truo'ng hgp 2 trj so trung binh Vc va Vt khac nhau c6 y nghTa, tuc la thyc chit, > 95%. tryo'ng hgp, thuic T lam tang t i i t mat n h i i u han so vd'i 16 d i i chung.
N i u P < 0,01 thi > 99% truo'ng hgp, 2 tri so trung binh Vc va Vt khac nhau c6 y nghTa thing ke, tuc la > 99% tryo'ng hgp, t h u i c T lam tang t i i t mat nhiiu han so vai 16 d i i chung.
N i u P < 0,001 thi > 99,9% truo'ng hgp, 2 tn s i trung binh Vc va Vt khac nhau c6 y nghTa t h i n g ke, tuc la > 99,9%i truo'ng hgp, thuic T lam tang t i i t mat n h i i u han so vd'i 16 d i i chCeng khdng dung thuoc T.
Nhu vay la nho' "Phep nghiem f, ta xac dinh dugc ro thuoc T thyc c h i t c6 lam tang the tich mSt tiit ra hay kh6ng? va ca muc d6 c6 y nghia cua viec T lam tang t h i tich mat tiit ra la bao nhieu %.
Hi0n nay, vd'i cSch s u dung Microsoft-Excel (xin xem sach 0 6 Trung DSm, S u dung Microsoft-Excel trong thong kg sinh hoc, NXB Y hoc, 2003) ta kh6ng can phai tra bang, mS mSy cho ta trj so cu the cua P, vi du P = 0,0236 (dT nhien P = 0,0236 thi P < 0,05). N i u b i n g each tra bang (khdng dung Microsoft-Excel), ta chi c6 the xac djnh dugc 6' mot s i muc nhu P > 0,05;
P < 0,05; P < 0,01; P < 0,001 ( t i t nhien, nhu t h i cung la du).
(y day, chung t6i cijng xin neu, eo nghien cuu sinh d i n trinh bay vd'i chung t6i la: thay phan bien phe phan nghien cuu sinh, cho r i n g nghien cuu sinh v i i t c h l j P (ehu P in hoa) la sai va b i t nghien cuu sinh phai sua la p (ehu p thuang); lai eo nghien cuu sinh phan anh la thay phan bien phe phan nghien cuu sinh, cho la khi s i ca t h i nghien cuu trong m6t 16 it thi phai dung ehu p, con khi s i ca the trong mot 16 nhiiu thi phai dung ehu P. Thyc ra, chy P a day la v i i t t i t cua chij "xac suit" trong tiing Anh (va nhiiu t i i n g nuae ngoai khac) la
"Probability". Vi t h i v i i t P hoac p d i u dugc.
Trong cac c6ng trinh nghien cuu c6ng b i tren cac tap ehi khoa hpe nuae ngoai, cung d i u t h i y CO khi dung p, c6 khi dung P.
V i d u 2
C6 the l l y m6t vi du thu 2 "Thu nghiem dinh lugng corticotrophin b I n g phuang phap tiem du6'i da chupt c i n g t r i n g "
Chung ta b i i t r i n g corticotrophin hay adrenocorticotrophie hormone (ACTH) la hormon do thuy truac t u y i n yen t i i t ra c6 tac dung kich thich v6 thugng than t i n g hgp va giai phong cac glucocorticoid & 16'p bo cua v6 thugng than. T h u i c c6 tac dung tang d i n g hoa glycogen, c6 tac dung c h i n g viem, c h i n g t h i p kh6p, ching dj ung, uc c h i m i i n dich. Dae biet la corticotrophin c6 tac dung lam tieu acid ascorbic 6' thugng than. L i i u dung cua corticotrophin cang lo'n thi ham lugng acid ascorbic trong tuyin thugng than cang thIp.
M i l tuang quan liiu lugng-dap ung giua hoat dp cprticotrophin (tinh bIng dan vj q u i c t i U) va hSm lugng acid ascorbic (tinh b I n g mg trong 100 g tuyin thugng than) chat che d i n muc c6 the dung phuang phap nay d i djnh lugng liiu lygng corticotrophin da dung.
Gia thiit, ta c6 mot m i u corticotrophin (gpi la m i u thu T), ngoai nhan de 1 U/mg. Ta phai djnh lugng xem m i u thuic T d6 thyc c h i t la bao
nhi6u U/mg. Muon the, ta phai dung mot m i u corticotrophin chuan (gpi \A m i u chuan S) c6 hoat dp vi du cung Id 1 U/mg. Dung 4 16 chu6t c i n g trIng, m i l 16 10 con, 2 16 thu vd'i m i u S, trong do, m6t 16 dung liiu 0,25 vd 1 16 dung lieu 1 U/100 g chupt. Hai 16 thij vd'i m i u T cung dung lieu nhu vay. Sau khi thuic dugc tiem duo'i da 60 phut, g i i t chupt, b6c tach l l y tuyin thugng than va dinh lugng acid ascorbic trong tuyin thugng than. K i t qua thu duge, tinh quy ra ham lugng acid ascorbic (mg) cho 100 g tuyin thugng than. Tinh trj trung binh va phuang sai cua m i i 16. Trong truang hgp nay, ta dung phep phan tich phuang sai (ANOVA test hoac F test) nen can tinh phuang sai cua m i i 16 (khac vd'i vi du 1, ta tinh sai s i chuan). Gia thiit, sau thi nghiem, ta thu dugc cac k i t qua nhu sau:
Ham lira'ng acid ascorbic (mg/100 g t u y i n thipang thian) va p h i r v n g sai cua cac 16
Thong so
Che pham chuan S
Che pham
thLH T Tong
Trj trung binh Phu'cng sai (V)
Lieu thap Si
332,0
1026,7 Lieu cao S2
248,4 483,8
Lieu thap ti
323,9
725,0 Lieu cao f2 244,0
718,7 so
1148,3
2954,2
Den day, ta phai xac djnh tinh c6 gia tri (validity) cua thu nghiem dung ph6p phan tich phuang sai hoac "Phep nghiem F". N i u phep thu khdng eo y nghTa t h i n g ke, thi thu nghiem kh6ng c6 gia trj va phai t i i n hanh lai thi nghiem.
N i u phep thu c6 y nghTa t h i n g ke, thi tinh eo gia trj (validity) cua thu nghiem dat yeu c i u , lue d6, ta mo'i dugc tinh hoat lue va cac gia trj tin cay cua hoat lue so vd'i thuoc chuan S.
Trong vi du nay, n i u thyc hien "Ph6p nghiem F", ta xac djnh dugc ty so F = 90,5 tuc la xac s u i t t h i n g ke r i t c6 y nghTa vd'i P < 0,01.
Sau khi da xac djnh dugc thu nghiem dat yeu c i u , ta mo'i tinh hoat lye cua m i u thu T so va\
m i u ehuin S. K i t qua tinh toan cho thay, hoat lye cua mau corticotrophin dem thu la 1,11 U/mg, tuc la hoat lue cua m i u thu T cao hgn hoat lye cua m i u ehuin S, hay n6i mot each khac, m i u thCp T thyc c h i t c6 hoat lye cao han hoat lue ghi tren nhan. Gio'i han tin c$y trong truo'ng hgp nay tinh d u g c la t u 0,82 d i n 1,51 U/mg. Ta b i i u thi hoat lye P (tu chij potency) cua m i u thu T (Pj) nhu sau:
PT = 1,11 ( 0 , 8 2 - 1 , 5 1 ) U/mg a P = 0,05,
TAP CHi DUQC HQC - 11/2009 (SO 403 NAM 49)
Qua 2 vi du da n§u 6' tren, ta thay thuSt nglj
"test" trong thong ke hoc nen dugc chuyen nglj la "phep nghiem". Sau day la bang ghi mpt s i chuyin ngu cua thuat nglj "test" trong thong ke sinh hoc (bang 1).
Bang 1: Thuat ngu "test" trong thing ke
3uoc chuyin nglj la "phep nghiem"Thuat ngO tl4ng Anh Chuyen ngO sang tieng Viet Student s t test
ttest ANOVA test
Ftest
•/.^ t e s t
Bartlett's test Cochran's test Duncan's test Hartley's test
Phep nghiem t ciia Student Phep nghiem t
Phep nghiem ANOVA Phep nghiem F Phep nghiem /^
Phep nghiem Bartlett Phep nghiem Cochran Phep nghiem Duncan Phep nghiem Hartley G h i e h u :
Student 6' day k h d n g phai la "sinh vien" m a la ten d u g c G a d d u m d u n g khi xay d u n g n e n
"phep n g h i e m " nay
A N O V A la chiJ v i i t t i t c u a A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e s t u c la phep p h a n tich p h u a n g sai
F test la "phep n g h i e m F" c u n g la each gpi khac c u a phep n g h i e m A N O V A .
Cac each chuyen ngO' thuat ngu'
" t e s t " tie ti4ng Anh sang tieng Viet
T e s t du'O'c c h u y i n n g O la "thCp", " S L F t h i F "
Cach c h u y i n n g i j chinh c u a thuat n g i j "test"
t u t i i n g Anh sang t i i n g Viet la " t h u " . N i u "test" la danh t u ehi s y viec hoac hoat d6ng thi nen c h u y i n n g i j la " s y t h u " , "viec t h u " . N i u "test" la danh t u d u n g truo'C mot danh t u khac, lam nhiem VU tinh n g u cho danh t u do, t r u m 6 t vai t r u a n g h g p dae biet, ta nen c h u y i n n g i j sang t i i n g Viet la "thO-", Mot s i vi du d u g c neu trong bang 2.
B a n g 2: T h u a t ngiJ "test" l a m n h i e m vu tinh n g u d u g c c h u y i n n g i j la " t h u "
B a n g 4 : T h u a t n g u "test" d\jfCfc c h u y i n n g i j la
Thuat ngO tifing Anh ChuySn ngif sang tiSng Viet test solution
test substance test preparation test tube test pilot test flight test match test paper
dung djch thif chit thLP che pham thi>
6ng thi>. dng nghiem
phi cong lai thCp (may bay moi) chuyen bay thi>
tran dSu thi>
giay thup {vi du gily quy)
T e s t du'O'c c h u y e n n g u ' la "thLF n g h i e m " ,
" p h e p thup", " p h e p n g h i e m "
T e s t d u g c c h u y i n n g i j ' la " p h e p t h u " khi test la d a n h t u chi m 6 t p h u a n g p h a p c 6 quy trinh quy t i c n h i t d j n h . C o t h i n e u m p t s i "Phep t h u " trong D u g c d i i n d u g e c h u y i n n g i j tij thuat n g u "test" trong t i i n g A n h ( b a n g 3).
B a n g 3 : T h u a t ngiJ "test" d u g c c h u y i n ngu' la " p h e p t h u " trong D u g c d i i n
Thuat ngCf tieng Anh trong Du'O'c dien
Chuyen ngO sang tieng Viet
Test for abnormal toxicity Phep thu- doc tinh bat thu-ong Test for bacterial endotoxin Phep thi> noi doc to vi khuan Test for depressor substances Phep lhi> cac chit ha ap Test for histamine Phep thi> histamin Test for pyrogens '* " ' Phep thii cac chit gay s6t Test for sterility Phep thLK v6 khuan Microbial limit test Phep thCf giai han vi sinh vat
T r o n g t h y c t i hien n a y , eo n h i i u trudng h g p , thuat n g u "test" c u n g ehi m 6 t phuang phap t h u theo m p t q u y t r i n h q u y t i c n h i t djnh, n h u n g lai d u g c c h u y i n n g i j ' la "thCp nghiem". Vi du m p t p h u a n g p h a p d i x a c djnh c h i t do, hoac d u n g c h i t d 6 d i x a c d j n h m 6 t c a i khac. Chung t6i nghT, trong n h u n g t r u o ' n g h g p n h u vay, n i u c h u y i n ngit' la " p h e p t h u " c u n g t i t h a n va danh c h u y i n n g l j " t h u n g h i e m " c h o t h u a t n g l j "assay"
trong t i i n g A n h . T u y n h i e n , n i u d u n g chuyen ngO " t h u n g h i e m " thi v a n c 6 t h i d u g c . Sau day la m p t s i v i d u ( b a n g 4 ) .
thLP n g h i e m " h o a c " p h e p thCp"
Thuat ngO tieng A n h Chuyen ngi> la "thup nghiem'" C h u y e n ngO la " p h e p thi>"
Acetic acid test Acetone test Agglutination test Allergy test Aminopyrine test Bone conduction test Capillary resistance test Dark adaptation test Dark room test Heel-knee test Histamine test Latex test
T h u nghiem acid acetic ThLP nghiem aceton ThLP nghiem ngung k i t ThiJ nghiem di i>ng ThLP nghiem aminopyrin Thi> nghiem dan truyen xipcng T h i j nghiem sue ben mao mach ThLP nghiem thich LPng bong toi ThLP nghiem phong toi
ThLP nghiem got chan-khap g i i ThLP nghiem histamin
T h i j nghiem latex
Phep thLP acid acetic Phep thLP aceton Phep thLP ngung k i t Phep t h i j d i u n g Phep t h u aminopyrin Phep thLP d i n t r u y i n x u a n g Phep thLP sue b i n mao mach Phep t h u thich u n g bong toi Phep t h u phong toi
Phep thi> got chan-khap g i i Phep t h u histamin
Phep t h u latex
(Xem Hep Irang 58)
