Ttr CHiMH SACH DEN CCJOC SONG
Doi mdi mo hinh tang trifdng kinh te:
Tiif dau va nhu' the nao?
PH^M TH| TUV PHAM QaOC TRflNG'
Da CO nhi^u nghign cvtu \i ddi mdi m6 hinh tang trtfdng kinli t€', cung nhii khdng it lu^n ban v^ tai cS'u true n^n kinh t^* ca d ptiam vi qud'c gia lin idiu vrfc va quS'c 16', the nliiAig clitfa c6 nghiSn cihi nao de cap tSi vi$c phan djnli ro sir khac biet giSa dSi mtfi mo hinh tang trifclng kinh t6'vSi tai c^u true nen kinh tC
^
QUAN NIEM VE DOI M 6 | M 6 HINH TANG TRUING KINH TE
T5ng trifdng kinh te theo nghTa chung nhat c6 the hieu la viec tao ra nhieu cua cdi hdn nham dap (fng nhu cau xa hoi.
De thifc hien cac muc tieu tang triTdng, c^n xdc lap "Mo hinh tang trifdng". Mo hinh tang triTdng kinh i§' la phi/dng tiSn hay cdch thiJc di dat di/dc cdc miic tieu tang trufdng. Tuy thuoc vac dac diem moi thdi ky, cdc quoc gia c6 the c6 muc tieu tang trUdng khac nhau, tuy nhien, deu mot muc dich la dem lai sif phon thinh cho xa hpi.
ThuSt ngi? chuy^n ddi, hay ddi mdi mo hinh tSng trifdng kinh te, theo nghia phd bien, la viec thay ddi cdch thtfc van hanh nen kinh te theo chieu hudng tien b0. Ddi tndi mo hinh tSng trudng kinh le \h viec xac ISp khung khd chung, hay mo ihtfc chung dinh hUdng van hanh nen kinh te' tren cd sd toi u\i hda cdc nguon liTc cua qu6'c gia vdi mot cd cau kinh te hdp IJ. hieu qud, hien dai, nham dat toe dO tang iru'dng cao, ben viJng.
Ddi mdi mo hinh tang trifdng kinh te c6 quan he hiJu cd vdi nhidm vu lii cd cS'u n^n kinh te. Bdi, de thUc hien viec ddi mdi mo hinh tang tru'dng can phai cd cau lai nen kinh te, mot mat nh^m khac phuc nhffng khuyet tat, nhi?ng han che ndy sinh trong qui trinh t3ng tru'dng. Mat khdc, xay diTng mpt cd ca'u kinh te dap i?ng yfiu cau cua mo hinh tang tru'dng.
Vi^c lai ca'u true hay cd cau lai nen kinh t^' phSi difdc x&c dinh gin vdi viec
cd cau lai cac nginh kinh tB, ky thuat, cdc ITnh vii'c cho den cac bo phan... cua nen kinh td'quo'c dan.
Nhu vSy, CO the noi, chuyen ddi hay ddi mdi mo hinh tang tru'dng kinh te la xac lap/dinh hUdng each thifc van hanh nen kinh te de dat cac muc tieu tang tru'dng, phal trien. Con tai ca'u inic nen kinh tS' la vi6c thifc hien hay hien thifc hoa each thu'c van hanh nen kinh te'da difdc Iifa chon.
Trong dieu kien hien nay, tai ca'u true nen kinh te, ddi mdi mo hinh tang tru'dng kinh te phai la qua trinh hien thifc hieu qua 3 tru cot: kinh te - xa hoi - moi triTdng. Day la nhffng tutudng quan trong nhat, cung la nhu^ng net mdi trong ti/duy phat trien hien dai.
Tren cd sd ly luan tren, nhdm nghien ciJu dua ra nhiYng phdc thao ban dau ve doi mdi mo hinh tang tru'dng va tdi CETU true nen kinh te nhif Bang.
DIEU KIEN DE THLfC HIEN DOI MQfl IVIO HINH TANG T R U O N G K I N H TE
De ddi mdi mo hinh tang trifdng, can nhin nhan mot each khaeh quan ve mo hinh tang tn/dng da cd tren cac phifdng dien; (1) Phat hien nhffng khuyet tat cua mo hinh cu de cd giai phap loai bd; (2) Phat trien nhiJng the manh, nhUng \Xu viet cua mo hinh da cd de hoan thien, nang cao hieu qua va sdc canh tranh cua mo hinh mdi. Viec phat trien nay gan vdi yeu cau dam bao tinh kha thi vh hieu qua cua tien trinh tai ca'u true nen kinh te de hinh thanh mo hinh tang tru'dng mdi.
Nhi^ng yeu cau neu tren cd the coi nhU nhCng dieu kien bat buoc de ihLfc hien nhiem vu ddi mdi mo hinh tang trifdng kmh te cua mot quoc gia. Bdi le, neu khong xac dinh du'dc yeu cau ra soat mo hinh tang trUdng cu de cd sif dieu chinh, vi^a loai bd edi 16i thdi, vijfa bd sung phat trien cai mdi, thi khong the xdc dinh du'dc chinh xic npi dung cua md hinh mdi.
' PCS, TS., Hpc vi6n Chinh trj Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh I Email: [email protected]
•fl CHiNH SACH DEN CUOC SONG
RANO: BOI MCJl MO HINH TANG TRtfaNG VA TAI CAU TRUC NEM KINH TE - NHtTNG P H A C THAO BAN DAO Cac tiSu chi
Quan niem
Ban chai
Miac tieu Chu the thu'c hien Cach thiJc thUc hien
Cac dieu ki6n, tien de can thiet Ket qua ky vong
D^i mdi md Imih tang tnfdng Doi m6i mo hinh tang tnrSng kinh te la viec xac lap khung kho chung, hay mo thu'c chtmg dinh hifdng van hanh n^n kinh te tren c<J sd tS^i iTu hoa cac nguon lUc cua quBc gia vdi mot cd cau nen kinh te hdp ly, hieu qua, hifen dai nham dat toe do tang tru'dng kinh te cao theo hiTdng phat trien ben vilhg.
Thay doi each thiJc van hanh nen kinh te.
Dat muc tieu tang tru'dng, phat trien nen kinh te da xac dmh.
Nha ntfdc va cac cd quan chiJc nang dong vai tro md dt/Sng va ho trd
Nhan dien chinh xac cac khau dot pha va giai quyfe't tot cac dot pha.
Khoa hoc va cong nghe la dong liTc quyet dinh, nguon nhan lUc dong vai tro trung tarn, la chu the sSng tao va siJ" dung khoa hoc, cong nghe, dong thcti la life lu'dng thu'c hien chdc nang quan Iji.
Nen kinh tetang tru'dng, phat trien ben vffng tren cd sd thu'c hien hieu qua 3 tru cot. kinh te - xa hoi - moi tru'dng.
Tai ctf can nen kinb te . ^ Tai cau tnic nen kinh te la hoat dong cung cfl^, to chiJc lai cau tnic t&ng b6 phan cau thanh n^n kinh t^
(nganh, linh viTc, chu the) va tdng the nen kinh te theo hu'dng hdp ly, hieu qua.
To chiyc. sip xep lai van hanh cua tifiig b6 phan trong nfin kinh le' hu'dng den mot long the nen kinh te hi6u qua theo mo hinh tang tru'dng da \\Xa chon.
Toi tfu hoa hieu qua hoat dong cua tiJng ngSnh, ITnh VLfc kinh te tren cd cd sd m$t cd ca'u kinh t^ hdp If, hieu qua va mang tinh ben viJng
TJlng chu the trong nen kinh te la chu thi, li/c lu'dng chu cong cua tien trinh nay.
Day manh CNH, HDH, thuc day chuyin dich cd cSu nen kinh tS' gdn vdi ap dung khoa hoc cong nghS vi to chiJc lai hoat ddng kinh te - xa h3i (san xuat, liTu thong, phan phoi) theo hu'dng tham gia cd hieu qui vao manp san xuat khu viTc va chuoi gia tri loan cau.
Sir hoan ihien cua the che nha niTdc; Irach nhi6m v^
hieu life, hieu qua quan ly nha nifdc lit tien d^, dilu kien quyet dinh de cac chu the kinh te phat tnln vifng chiic trong hoi nhap.
M5i nganh, ITnh vifc, b6 phan ciia nen kinh te van hanh hieu qua trong mot ca'u tnic nen kinh t^ hifn dai, ben vSng.
NguSn: Tdng hdp cua nhoin tSc gw
Dong thdi, tang trifdng cd the difdc thiJc day bdi nhieu nhan to'. Tuy tLfng giai doan phat trien khac nhau cua nen kinh te, ma mot hay mot so'nhan to'nay se noi len trd thanh nhan to'then cho't, hay con goi la dong life cua tang tru'dng. Vi vay, mud'n thanh cong trong ddi mdi md hinh tang tru'dng, Nha nitde can phai xac dinh difdc nhiTng dong lu'c tang tru'dng phij hdp cho tifng thdi ky. Dong thdi, can iSu tien tap trung moi nguon life (vo'n, lao dong, tai nguyen, cd che'iTu dai...) cho cac dong lire da xac dinh, hoac cho phep n^n kinh te phat trien theo dinh hu'dng.
Kinh nghiem quo'c te cho thay, cac ntfde, nhiT: Nhat Ban, Han Qud'c deu cd chie'n liTdc tang tru'dng c6 trong tam. Nha nifdc difng trddc nhiJng liYa chon v^ xac dinh dong lij'c cho tang tru'dng kinh te (diTa vao xuat khau hay tieu dung trong nifdc; phat trien nong nghiep, cong nghiep lap rap hay dich vu, du lich...). Viec xac dinh dong lu'c can du'dc xem xet tren hai ed sd: (i) Dac thu quoc gia (trinh dp phat trien kinh t e - xa hoi, nang liTc canh tranh...); (ii)Dae diem, xu the'quo'c te(phan chia lao dong quo'c teva khu viTc, xu the'phat trien...).
Ddi mdi mo hinh tang trirdng kinh te khdng chi di^ng lai d viee xac dinh dau la dong life tang trifdng, ma eon phai dinh hinh nen nhu'ng dinh hifdng chinh sach chii yeu nhlm phat trien to'i u'u cac dong life tang tru'dng nay, tan dung to'i da nhu'ng Idi the, cd hoi cua giai doan do. Mot nen kinh te ed tang tru'dng chi khi nhu'ng nhan to'dau vao ed ban {von, lao dong, tai nguyen) du'dc dam bao. Difa tren cd ,sd trong tam dong life tang tru'dng da du'dc xac dinh 6 tren, Nha Du'dc can
ban hanh cac chinh sach nham phdt trien toan dien va cd dinh hu'dng cac nguon lu'c. Npi dung nay c6 the c6 stf tham gia cua ca khu vife tif nhan lln Nha nu'dc, vdi vai tro cua Nha nifde la chu dac, do c6 kha nang tap trung nguon life cao hdn.
O cac quo'c gia td ban truyen tho'ng, ck tap doan kinh te xuyen quo'c gia c6 vai tro khong thua kem nha nifdc trong phSt trien ngudn life cho tang trifdng.
Ngoai viec xac dinh ddng Irfc, t^i ifu hoa dong life, thi mot nhan to' dong vai tro then chot doi vdi tang tnfdng, phit trien kinh le la the che' va chinh sdch cua Nha nifdc. Vi vay, ddi mdi md hinh tang tru'dng kinh t^'can phai gan lien vdi viec thiet ke va trien khai he thong the che va chinh sach mot each c6 he thong, hu'dng den mue tieu phat trien, tao dong life tang trifdng va qua do dat difdc ck mijc tieu tang trifdng. Can xac dinh difi?c vai tro cua Nha nifdc (trong mo'i quan h^
vdi thi trifdng), vai tro cua khu vifc nW nifdc (trong mo'i quan he vdi khu vifc dfin doanh va dan sif) va vai tro cua hi thong the che kinh te... Theo d6, Nha nUdc can ihifc hien to'i cac chiJc nSng cua minh.
nhif: dieu hanh vT mo nen kinh te, xay difng he tho'ng cac chinh sdch kinh le - Jia hoi hifu hieu, cd che thii tuc hanh chinh
Kmht^vlDfbl^
gon nhe, hi$u qua... Qua nghi6n citu hoc thuSt v^ kiem chiJng thrfc tiln, nhSt Ik qua hidn thrfc phat trien cua cdc quoc gia phifdng TSy, cho thay rang, nen tang th€
che (institutions) ddng vai trd quan trong nhSt trong si/ thanh bai cua mot qu6c gia, mot dan t6c.
Ben canh do, vai trd cua Nha nifdc trong nin kinh te cd the difdc thd hien dac biet tai mdt sd ng^nh, Hnh vifc then ehdt, nhif: dien life, giao thong, vi6n thong... Nha nu'dc tnifc ti^p thu'c hien khi khu vtfc tif nhan khong du, hoac ehtfa du nguon lu'c de hoat ddng, trong khi diy lai
\h ITnh vifc khdng the thiS'u doi vdi nen kinh te. Day la iTnh vifc thugc "quyen t\l quy^t" cfia Nha niJdc khi khu \\ic tif nhan it ed kha nang tac dong tni'e tiep (d cac nifdc tif ban, khu vijfc tif nhan c6 the t^c ddng thdng qua vfin dong hinh lang - lobby). Tai noi dung nay, cai thien can hifdng tdi hieu qud cua vai tro Nha nifdc, chd" khdng chi la gia tang vai trd ciia Nha nifdc trong nen kinh te.
NHCTNG cgfi M 6 CHO VIET NAM
Ddi vdi mot nen kinh te dang ehuyen ddi va hdi nhap nhif nen kinh te Viet Nam hi6n nay, ddi mdi mo hinh tang tru'dng kinh td'bao ham nhiem via tie'p tiic thifc hien mo hinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hda d§.'t nifdc, song hanh vdi nhiem vtj kh^c phijc nhiJng yS'u kem sai sot da chinh thu'c difde xac nhan tif nhiJng chang dUdng dau cua cong cuoe ddi mdi (1986- 2001). Tuy nhien, cho den nay, van chifa kh^c phuc difdc, cDng vdi vific hoan thi§n he tho'ng thd ch^ va c6 sif tham khao md hinh tang tnfdng ciia cac nifdc, cac nen kinh t6'di tru'dc.
NhiJng y^u k6m, sai sdt sau gtn 30 nam ddi mdi da difde nhan dien kha ro ndt, song va'n de du'dc Tong Bi thu Nguyen Phii Trong dat ra tai phi6n khai mac Hgi nghi Trung tfdng 5 Khda XI la:
can phdi l^m ro nhihig nguyen nhan dSn
den viec keo dai nhu'ng sai sdt, yeu kem thi mdi cd thd xic dinh difdc nhu'ng giai phap thu'c sU ed hieu lu'c va hieu qua de khac phuc nhu'ng ton tai do. Tdng Bi thif chi ra rang, mot trong nhiJng nguy6n nhan do la tinh trang chien lu'dc, quy hoach, ke hoach va chinh s^ch da difdc ph6 duydt diu bi chi phd'i d nhifng mtfc do nhat dinh, bdi "tif duy nhiem ky", tif tudng cue bo, benh thanh tich, chij quan duy y chi hay "Idi ich nhdm". Do do, viec ra soat, dieu chinh cac chie'n lifdc, quy hoach, ke' hoach va chinh sach de khac phuc difdc nhiJng khuyet t§t cua md hinh tang tru'dng cu la mdt qua trinh chuyen ddi nhan thu'c, da'u tranh tif tifdng, ddi mdi tif duy. Dieu nay c6 nghia rang, nhan thu'c du'dc va'n d l la quan trong, song quan trong hdn la can tao ra quye't tam hanh dong vdi mot si^ dong thuan cao (ma tnfde het la sif dong thuan cua doi ngu nhu'ng nha lanh dao, quan ly vh tohn Xh6 h$ thd'ng chinh tri ciia dS't nifdc) dd khac phuc, giai quyet van de. Day c6 the ddde coi la mot trong nhiJng dieu kien tien quye't de nhiem vu ddi mdi md hinh tang tnfdng, tai ca'u triic nen kinh te Viet Nam CO difdc nen tang vijng chac ban diu.
De thu'c hien viec ehuyen ddi mo hinh tang tnfdng, tnfdc hd^t cin phai tien hanh ra soat lai quy trinh va phifdng phdp xSy diJng md hinh tang tru'dng ddng thdi vdi viec dieu chinh noi dung va eac giai phap thifc hi6n md hinh tang tru'dng theo tinh than Nghi quye't Trung Udng 3 Khda XI. Cung can nhan thu'c them la, qua trinh nay cung day gay go va gian kho, nhS't la dS'u tranh vdi cac nhdm Idi ich - mot thifc the xa hpi da cd tiem life Idn, cd cho diJng viJng chac, da difdc thiet lap va eiing c6' qua hang chuc nam phat triln cua dat nu'dc. Cu6c dau tranh nay can du'dc td chde trien khai vdi tinh thin quye't het vi no quyet dmh kha nang phat trien ciia nen kinh tdda't nu'dc theo dinh hufdng xa hoi chu nghia. Neu khdng lam difdc dieu nay, thi muc tieu doi mdi mo hinh tang tru'dng khd dat ket qua nhif mong ddi.
Doi mdi mo hinh tang trifdng kinh te la mot qua trinh, khdng thd hanh dong theo y muo'n chii quan, ma phai tao ra eac tien de va dieu ki^n cho qua trinh chuyen doi, nha't la phai nam bat de hanh dong dung quy lu^t phat tridn. Chinh vi vay, trong nhiJng nam dau ciia thdi ky thiJe hien Chie'n lifdc phat tnen kinh te - xa hpi 10 nam 2011- 2020, can ed siJ ket hdp giiJa tang tnfdng theo chidu rdng vdi tang tru'dng theo chieu sau, phai van ddng theo hifdng chuydn manh sang chieu sau, lu'c la nang cao gia tri gia tang, tang ham lifdng khoa hoe, cong nghe trong san xuat.Q
TAI LH;U THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen DiJc Thanh (2010). Lua chon de tdng triidng bin vitng, Bao cao thu'dng nien kinh te Vi^t Nam 2010, Nxb Tri thiJc, Ha Npi
2. William Eastely (2014). Truy tim can nguyen tdng irudng, sach dich, Nxb Lao ddng va Xa h0i, HaNpi
3. Vi^n Chien lifijc ph3t tridn - Bd K6'hoach va Dau tif (2011). Ky yeu Hoi thao khoa hoc Tdi rd'u true nSn kinh te, chuyen ddi mo hinh tdng trudng gan vdi chong lam phat, on dinh kinh te vJ mo irong m^t sd'ndm trudc mdt, ngSy 28/9/2011, Ha Npi
