TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so 10-H1 (242*243) 2018
TiM HI^U BAC TRU'NG VA GIA TRj CUA CAI LU-ONG NAM BO
HUYNH BU'C THIEN
Cii Iwang la thi loai sin khau ddc dio cua dan tdc. Nd vira glCr gin ddng am nhac truyin thdng (nhac cung dinh Hui) vira dip u'ng yeu ciu, thi hiiu ciia cdng chung thdi dai (kich ndi kiiu phwong Tay), lai kit hgp vdl thi loai san khiu CO truyin (hit bdi). Bdi vay cii iwang mang ve dep ciia kich bin hien dai phwang Tiy, ciing vdi tiing hat vi dieu bd dien ta theo truyin thing din tdc, trong dd phin truyin thdng ddng vai trd quyit dinh. Bii viit khii quit lai nhirng dac trwng vi gii trj ciia oil Iwang di hiiu mdt each diy dii han vi loai hinh nghe thuat nay, gdp phin bao ton, phat triin cai lwang trong thdi kf hgi nhap toin ciu.
Tirkhoa: cai lygng, nghe thuat cai lypng. Nam Bp, dac tryng, gia trj van hda Nhin bii ngiy: 10/10/2018; dwa vio bien tgp: 12/10/2018; phin bi$n: 19/10/2018;
duygt dang: 25/10/2018
I.DATVANDE
Vao nhtfng nam d i u ciia t h i ky XX, tren vimg d i t Nam Bp da khai sinh ra mpt loai hinh nghe thudt mgi Id cai lygng. Cai lygng vdl y nghTa ban d i u la "cai each hat ca theo t i i n bd" da d i n d i n gan bd mat thiit vdi cudc s i n g cua ngygi Nam Bd. Chinh sy ngpt ngap, say d i m , thiit tha, try tinh... ma cai lygng da cudn hiit khcng It khan gia qua nhiiu t h i he.
Ngdy nay cai lygng d y g c xem la mpt lpai hinh nghe thudt dpc ddc rieng biet cua dan tdc Viet Nam, chira dyng tinh
Trudng Bai hpc Khoa hoc XS hdi vd Nhan vSn, Bai hpc Quoe gia Thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh.
cdch va tam h i n ngygi Viet. Hieu ky, hieu diing va nhan thirc dting v i t h i lpai san k h i u dan tdc ddc dac nay giup bao t i n ban s i c cua nghe thuat cai lypng trcng thdi ky phat triin va hpi nhap van hda tPan c i u hien nay.
2. DAC TRU'NG C O A CAI LU'ONG NAM BO
Qua trinh hinh thdnh va phdt trien san khiu cai lygng Id qud trinh phdt trien ciia npi dung cac cdu chuyen kjch, qud trinh hinh thdnh c i u true kjch ban va nhtrng dac tryng ciia nghe thuat cdi lygng. Qud trinh i y da hodn chinh nghe thuat cai lypng trong m i l quan he t i n g hgp thg - ca - miia - nhac - hpa. Cung vdl thdi gian, nhtrng dac diem cLia san k h i u cai lypng dypc the hien rd net.
HUYNH BLfC THIEN - TlM HiEU BAC TRU'NG VAGIATRI...
Cai lypng l i n dau x u i t hien vac nam 1920, khi doan hat Tan Thinh ra m i t khan gia. Tan Thinh khdng dimg ten ganh md dung ten dodn hdt vd ghi rd dodn hdt cdi lypng, dydi bang hieu cd trep ddi lien:
Cai cich hit ca theo tiin bd Lwang truyin tuing tich sinh vin minh Bdi liin nay da neu len nhirng dac diem CP ban cila san khiu cai lygng.
Cai lypng v i n la mpt dpng tir thypng diing d i n trp thanh mdt danh tir rieng.
Cai lypng cd nghTa Id thay del cho t i t hph. Ndi thay doi g day tire Id so sdnh vdi hdt bdi. Thay doi luc ndy ca v i mat tudng tich lan hdt ca theo hydng van minh t i i n bp liic b i y gip, tire Id theo hypng "ty san hda". San khiu cai lypng da cc nhirng cai cdch so vdi hdt bdi ca v i ndi dung vg span l l n nghe thuat trinh d i i n . Dypl day chiing tdi xin trinh bay rd nhirng d i i m gling va khdc biet nay.
2.1. v i qud trinh bleu d i l n N i u hdt Bpi d i l n lien tuc ttr d i u d i n cuii, chi ngirng mpt luc de sang ldp mdi r i l t i i p tgc hat, khdng cd ha mdn thi cai lygng sau moi Ipp deu cd ha man va ddn giira hai man.
Tuy vay, cai lypng da k i thira hdt bdi v i mat xay dyng tuing tich, dcng tac ngcai bd vd cdch dieu de bieu d i i n g i m miia, trinh thirc, vc thuat, cdch hda trang vd phuc trang. Ca-ra-bp Id bupi SP khai cila san khiu cai lypng, xudt phat tir ca-ra-bp ma cdc dpng tdc miia eg ban, trinh thirc ra dpi. Liic d i u dp dap irng nhu c l u cua ngygi
xem, d i i n vien da biit tim tdi sang tao them cdc ddng tdc ngcai bp de minh hpa cho Idi ca them phong phu. Ve sau cac dpng tdc ngcai bd dd da dypc cac nghe sT due k i t , nang cao tren cc SP k i thifa tinh hpa ciia nghe thuat hat bpi.
2.2. v i san k h i u
Thep giap s y T r i n Van Khe: "San k h i u cc mdn nhung, phi, den rpi lai khdng dpn sp nhy hdt bpi hay cheo ma cd canh tri. Sau mdi Idp d i u cd de CO tren sdn k h i u , ca tren tam phdng phia sau l l n hai ben each ga. Khan gia khong chi col d i i n , nghe hat ma cdn chd dpi xem tranh canh nya. VI vdy, p m i l tuing d i u cd r i t nhiiu de- ep" (Trin Van Khe, 2004: 24).
Tuing tich cda cai lypng khac hpn so vdl cheo vd hdt bpi. Npi dung cdc vd cheo xuit phat tir nhtrng cau chuyen d nong thdn; hdt bdi l l y cdc tuong tich tif ljch sir Trung Hoa; trcng khi dd nhiiu vd cai lypng hinh thdnh tif cac tieu thuyit treng nygc, cd khi dira theo sir Viet Nam, hay nhtrng cau chuyen cua dgi s i n g xa hpi.
Ldi thpai thep 161 ndi chuyen dpi thygng, van chypng sir dung chQ' Ndm chir khdng dimg chtr Hdn, mac dil v i n cdn gitr thee 161 biin ngdu, thinh thpang mdi cc mdt vai diin tich.
Tir lau ngygi Phdp da say sya thypng thirc nhyng vp nhac kjch d nhd hdt Tay Sal Gdn. Hang nam, doan hdt ttf Phdp sang d i l n . Trong cdc vp d i i n nhac kjch, dien vien d i i dap bing ldi, xen Ipi ca, lam khi dung bai ca d i
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 10-H1 (242<-243) 2018 ddl thcal. Ngodi ngygl Phdp, nhtrng cdng chirc ngygi Viet biet tiing Phdp cung d i n tham d y nhii'ng buoi d i i n , xem cdch trinh d i l n vdi man, canh; cc thdi gian tam ngyng d i i n x u i t de khan gia cd the gidi lao, lai cdn cd nhii'ng t i m phdng, pane; khong cd tring c h i u dya hgi, khdng cd ddn nhac gidi thieu nhy hat bpi. Cd le cdch thirc trinh dien cua cac dean hdt tir Phdp d i n da anh hygng d i n sy thay dpi cua san k h i u cai lygng.
2.3. Ve bo cue vd* d i l n
San k h i u ca kjch co truyin hat bdi, cheo v i n la san k h i u k i chuyen. Mg d i u cd mpt bai hat gido d i u tdm t i t c i t chuyen se trinh diin, binh luan y nghTa vd rut ra bdi hoc v i luan ly dao dire.
Sau dd mdi nhan vat t y ra gipi thieu ten hp, n g h i nghiep. Tren san khiu, cdc ldp lang tir d i u d i n cuii trpn ven theo trinh t y thdi gian. Neu Id mpt c i t truyen ddl thi se dien lien h i i , nghTa Id mdi buoi d i l n mdt doan hoan chinh. Sg dT cd l i i b i cue nay vi cdc vg tuing scan theo cdc truyen, ma Idi viet truyen xya ciia Trung Q u i c va ciia ta Id truyen ke kieu chypng hdi, mdi chypng h i i la mdt p h l n trpn ven ciia truyen.
Cac soan gia d i u tien ciia sdn k h i u cai lygng v i n la soan gia ciia san khau hdt bdi. Nhyng cdc soan gia thupc Idp k i tgc thi nghieng han v i each b i cue thee kich ndi: vp kjch d y p c phan thdnh h i i , mdn, Ipp, cd mp mdn, ha mdn, thep sy t i i n triin cua hanh dpng kjch. Vai trd ciia dao d i i n , scan gia khdng Id lilu trydc khdn gia md an sau lyng nhan vat.
Cdc v g v i i t v i cdc tich xya, ban d i u cd khi cdn gltf it nhiiu b i ego klig hat bpi, nhyng cdc vd ve d i tdi xa hdi mdi thi hcdn tpan theo b i cgc ciia kjch ndi.
Cang v i sau thi bd cue cua cdc vp cai lypng, ke ca cdc vg d i tdi xya, cung theo kieu b i cgc cua kjch ndi.
2.4. V i d i tai va cdt truyen Tren san k h i u hat bdi, dai da s i cdc vd d i u soan theo cac truyen Trung Quic. Cung cd mdt s i vp rut ra tif ljch sir nydc nhd dp cdc tri thyc Nhc hpc scan, nhyng khong pho biin lam.
Cdc VP cai lygng thi ngay tir d i u d i u khai thdc truyen ndm ciia ta nhy Kim Vin Kiiu, Luc Van Tien hoac nhtrng truyen trong khung canh xa hpi Viet Nam.
Sau dd chieu thep thj hiiu cua khan gia cai lypng, cung cd mpt s i vp span thep cac truyen, tich cua Trung Quic va d y p c khan gia r i t ya thich, nhy Xir in Bing Quf Phi, Manh Le Quin...
Nhyng dii cting mdt c i t truyen vdi hat bpi, san k h i u cai lypng v i n khai thdc khdc: hat bpi khai thdc mat dap dire phong k i i n , cdn cai lypng khai thdc mat trir tinh, dnh hygng y thu'c he t y san nhiiu hpn.
Tuy cdc scan gia dya vap truyen xya ciia Trung Qudc, hcac cd c i t truyen vdi nhan vat, dia danh cd ve cua Trung Q u i c , nhyng nhtrng canh ngd, tinh t i i t thi lai phdn dnh xa hpi Viet Nam. Cung nhy mpt so scan gia mygn nhii'ng c i t truyen cua kjch, tieu thuyit, dien anh ciia phypng Tay, nhyng c i t truyen, nhan vat d i u Viet
HUYNH eCrC T H I E N - TlMHlEUBACTRlfNGVAGlATRI...
Nam hda. Cdn nhtrng v g gpi la tuing xa hpi thi d i u d y a vdp nhil'ng cdu chuyen cua xa hpi Viet Nam.
2.5. v i am nhac
Cdc loai hinh san khiu hdt bpi, cheo, cai lygng d y g c gpi la ca kjch. Cdi ten i y t h i hien ca hdt ddng vai trd chu y i u . La ca kjch chir khdng phai Id nhac kjch vl scan gia khong sdng tdc nhac ma chi soan Idi ca theo cdc ban nhac phil hgp vdi cac tinh huing s i c thai tinh cam. Tuy Id ca kjch nhyng v i n cd ndi xen vac hdt. Diln vien chi ndi trcng nhii'ng trypng hpp d i l ddp ngan gpn. Nhyng ldp he thygng ndi nhiiu hgn. Nhyng del vdi nhtrng ldi ndi cd npi dung trtr tinh nhiiu, hpac sap b i t vdp ca thi diin vien khdng ndi binh thygng ma ndi ngdn nga t r i m bong cd nhac dem; ndi nhy vay gpi la ndi l i i . Trpng cdc vg v i i t v i d i tdi xya h i u nhy chi cd ndi l i i va ca. Cdc v g v i i t v i d i tdi xa hdi vi g i n vgi kjch ndi - p h i n ndi tygng dpi nhiiu hpn, t y nhien hpn.
Am nhac cung cd s y khdc biet. Bdi ban d i u x u i t phat ttr nhac Tai tir: dieu Bic vui typi, dieu Nam buin ba, tir nhac thinh phdng chuyen thdnh nhac san khiu.
San khiu cai lypng sii' dung cdi v i n dan ca nhac cc r i t phong phu ciia Nam Bd. Tren bydc dygng phat triin, nd dypc bo sung them mpt s i bai ban mdi nhy bdi Da ci hoai lang, sau nay Id Vpng CO, Id mpt l i i ca noi tiing ciia san khdu cai lypng. Np cung bap g i m mpt s i dieu ca v i n la nhac cua Trung Quoe nhyng da dygc pho biin tir lau
trong nhdn dan Viet Nam, da dypc Viet Nam hda.
Ve nh?ic eg thi khi ban nhac tdi tir hoa t l u g thinh phdng thydng sir dgng:
mpt ddn nggyet, mpt ddn cd, mpt ty ba, mpt dan bau, mpt dan tranh, mpt sdc, mdt tieu, khi cd ngygi ca thi them doi phach. Khi da thdnh mdt ipal hinh san k h i u thi cai lygng to chirc dan nhac;
h i i d i u gdm cd: t r i n g ban, song lang, ddi nao bat, ddn nguyet, dan tam, dan tranh, sdp, tieu...; ve sau cd bo sung them ddn bau, tam thap lgc, dan sin, vd hai cay dan Tay Ban c i m vd VT e l m .
2.6. V i diln xuit
Ta biit ring ca nhac tai tir thdng qua ca-ra-bp md thanh cai lypng cho nen d i l n x u i t (ra bd) Id y i u t i quan trpng ciia san k h i u cai lypng.
Dien xuat ciia hdt bdi Id thep l i i typng tryng y d c le. D i i n x u i t ciia cai lypng thee l i i hien thyc. Cai lypng tuing Tau cung ccn phang p h i t kiiu hdt bpi, .nhyng cd khuynh hydng hien thyc
hpn, kheng bat bupc phai tudn thu hinh thirc, chi c i n cdch dieu Id chinh.
Trong cdc v g v i d i tdi xya, diin xuat cua d i l n vien it nhiiu cdn tygng tryng y p c le, vl d i tdi vd nhan vat gling nhy d i tdi va nhan vat hdt bdi, cho nen d i l n vien da di d i n cho b i t chydc cdc cdch dien x u i t cila diin vien hat bpi. Nhirng dien vien nay khi dap tao cac d i l n vien tre hp day thee each d i l n x u i t ciia hg. Tuy nhien, tinh tygng tryng y d c le trong diln xuit ciia d i i n vien cai lygng v i n nghieng v i hien thyc nhiiu hgn.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQl so 10+11 (242*243) 2018 Cdch hda trang ciia hat bpi Idm cho mat mOI dien vien nhy mdt chiic mat na, ndi len tinh cdch cua nhan vat.
Dien vien khd cd the bleu Id tinh cam bang bp mat ay. Dien vien cai lygng cung hda trang nhyng chi de che uy nghi, d i l m le hpn, hpac gid hpn n i u la d i i n vien tre ddng vai nhiiu tuoi, nen d i l n b i i n tinh cam cua nhdn vat d y p c dien ta qua net mat cua d i l n vien.
v i dpng tdc thi d i i n vien hdt bdi lam dieu bd thep nhtrng nguyen tdc n h i t djnh; d i l n vien cai lygng d i l n x u i t t y nhien hgn. Khi dien vg v i d i tdi xd hpi thi d i i n vien d i l n x u i t nhy kich ndi.
Nhyng khac vdi kjch ndi d chd nhiiu doan thoai khdng ndi md ca, cho nen cir chi dieu bp cung uyen chuyen, m i m mai thee Idl ca spng khdng cydng dl^u nhy hdt bpi.
Nghp thuat cai lygng khi mdi ra ddi, toan bp san k h i u Id ta thyc, thyc trong dien xuat hdnh ddng nhan vat, trong dpng tdc d i l n ke, md ta minh hpa van hpc, thyc trcng trang tri, dac cu... nghe thuat ta thyc ciia nghe thuat cai lygng da d y g c cdc nha sang tao sdn k h i u tuyen ngdn cho loai hinh ngh? thuat ndy. Nam 1937, nghe sT Nam Chau tuydn bo "cai lypng that phai dep, dep phai that". Tuyen ngdn ciia dng the hien pham c h i t san k h i u cai lygng la ta thyc, nhyng phai my le hda san k h i u , dat mgc dich 1^ tygng t h i m my nghe thuat. Tuyen ngdn cua dng lam thay doi trang tri vd dao cu san k h i u cai lygng, cdn trygc dd cac ban hat da the hien tren san khdu nhy trong cudn Sa thao lich sir cai lwang
(VD Dac, 2000: 77) da viit: "Bau Phdt tp chiiu hdp quang khi dac dap, Tdn T i n hd phpng da vd, Na Tra tay xdch can khdn, chan dap xe may y nhy that". Nhtrng canh dien ta that tren san k h i u cai lypng x u i t hlpn hau h i t a k h i p cdc ban hdt nhy tryng cdy canh that, dc that tren san khau. Hpac nhirng canh ddnh vc, dam dap gam, nhap qua cira so, hpc mdu typi... nhy that.
Vgi tuyen ngdn cua span gia Nam Chau, nghe thuat cai lypng, sdn khiu d y p c my le hda, cd ta thyc, nhyng cting cd each dieu, mang mpt ve dep t h i m my dac biet tinh cam, trang nha, giau c h i t thg ldng m^n. Ttr sau nam 1940, nghe thudt cai lygng dypc gpi la "man sypng trang", de dien ta mpt ve dep lung linh mp ap ddc tryng ciia sdn k h i u cai lygng.
Nhy vdy, ngh? thuat cai lygng da dl tir ta thyc t y nhien den mf le hda sdn k h i u , ngdy nay san khau cai lygng vdn k i t hgp hai ddng tham my. Mpt la td thyc, thyc d i n tirng ohi tiit nhyng lai my le hda hien thyc; hai la ta thyc t y nhien.
Trcng ca kjch, ca thygng di ddi vdi mua. Cai lygng cd miia va dien vd.
Treng cdc vd v i i t de tai xya thi mua vd d i l n vc cung b i t chydc hat bpi, nhyng nham mgc dich lam dep nhiiu hgn chp nen khdng bj gd bd theo quy t i c nhy hat bdi; d i l n vien cai lypng cd dieu kien sdng tao nhiiu hgn. Trong cac v d dien v i d i tai xa hpi cd the cd miia hoac khong cd miia ttiy theo ndi dung ciia cdc Igp kjch vd phong cdch
HUYNH Bl>C THIEN - TlM HiEU BAC TRU'NG V A G I A TRI...
biiu d i l n cua d i l n vien. Ndi chung, tren san khau cai lygng mua Id each diln nhirng dpng tdc d i hda vgi bdi ca chir khdng phai la hinh thirc bat bupc.
V i diln VP thi vdi hdt bpi id vd typng tryng. Nhitng ldp giap d i u tren san khiu chi Id nhtrng Ipp bleu dien. Vgi san khau cai lypng thi trinh bdy vd thudt cc khuynh hydng hien thyc, gypm dap khdng phai bang gd nhy tren sdn k h i u hat bpi ma bang sat, dien vien phai luyen vd thyc sy khi len san khiu bleu d i l n . Cdc vp v i d i tdi xa hpi, cung theo khuynh hydng l y , diln vien d i i n nhtrng canh d i u dao gam khd mao hiem.
2.7. V i y phiic - trang tri
Y phgc, phong canh tren sdn khiu hat bpi mang tinh y g c le cho nen da dygc quy djnh thanh nhtrng cdng thirc b i t di b i t djch vd dgn gian. Khdn gia hinh dung ra hodn canh khdng gian va thdi gian ciia Ipp kjch qua Idl ndi vd d i l n xuit ciia d i l n vien. San khiu cai lypng chu trpng nhiiu d i n trang tri, phpng canh dd vdt bay tren sdn k h i u , c i gang gay che khan gia cdi cam typng chyng kien canh that. Neu Id mpt gian phdng thi cd cira ra vac, cira so mp ddng dypc, cc glydng, bdn, tu nhy that, n i u la rirng nui thi cay c i i , d i t da nhy that.
Y phgc cai lygng trcng cac vp v i d i tai xa hpi, d i i n vien dn mac nhy nhan vdt ngoai dpi. Trpng cdc vp v i d i tdi ljch sir dan tdc, v l cdc truyen cu cua Trung Quic, phdng tdc tir nhtrng cau chuyen hay cac vg kjch ciia nypc ngodi, thi y phgc ciia dien vien cung
d y g c chgn lya d l ggi ra xuat xir cua c i t truyen vd cua nhdn vdt, nhyng cung chi cd tinh y d c le.
Nhin chung, cdi gde ciia cai lypng la sdn k h i u sdn dien vd linh hpn ciia no Id dm nhac, bpi Ipal hinh ca kjch thi vai trd am nhac Id chu y i u . Ben canh dd, nd cdn dung nap nhu'ng leal hinh nghe thuat khdc, md cdc tac gia da c h i t lgc tinh hoa tirng loai rieng. Co the ndi, san k h i u cai lypng Id mpt loai hinh nghe thuat tcng hgp, vdi mpt lyc lypng lap dpng nghe thudt hiing hau nhit sc vdi cdc Icai hinh nghe thuat khdc, bao g i m kjch ban van hpc (tac gia), nghe thuat bleu d i l n (diln vien), cdng tac dan dyng (dao dien), thiit ke my thuat (hpa sT), ky thudt dm thanh dnh sang, am nhac (nhac sT vd nhac cdng), trang tri (hau ddi)... Ngdn ngif ciia cai lypng rat phong phii, khong chi p ldi ca, cau thoai ma cdn dypc t h i hien bdng mdu sac ciia canh tri, dnh sang, am thanh trong dm nhac, dpng tdc trong b i i u d i i n . . .
Mdt ddc tryng ciia nghd thudt san khau cai lypng la tinh ydc 1^ rat cao vd da chieu da dang. Thdi gian, khong gian, cdc vat t h i . . . d y p c dien ta bing ngh# thuat, ky thudt met cdch nhanh Cheng tdi tinh. Tinh y d c le ndy mpt phan k i thira tir san khiu hat bpi.
Chfnh dac tryng phong phii nay dS dem d i n ve ngpan mgc va Id mpt trong nhtrng y i u t i hdp d i n ciia nghe thuat san khdu cai lypng.
Cd the ndi, nghe thuat sdn khiu cai lygng Id nghe thudt tong hgp vd la cdng trinh cua tap the. Nd Id nghe
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQl so 10+l 1 (242*243) 2018 thudt tong hgp vi bap g i m nhieu linh vyc nhy van hpc, hpi hpa, am nhac, vu dac, k i i n triic... Nhirng y i u t i nay cd m i l quan h$ g i n bd, hO'U eg vdl nhau trong mpt tdc pham, tap nen net rieng dac sac ciia sdn k h i u cai lyong.
3. VAI TRO VA GlA TR! CiiA CAl LLTONG NAM BO
3.1. CS v u t i n h t h i n dan tgc San k h i u cai lygng d y p c hinh thdnh trcng nhtrng nam d i u t h i ky XX, Id sdn pham t i t y i u cila xa hpi Viet Nam, chinh xac la xa hpi Nam Bp liic b i y gid.
Thgi diem khai sinh ra nghe thudt cai lypng Id liic d i t n y d c ta d i l n ra cupc Duy tan, tim ra mpt 161 thpat cho sy nghiep ddu tranh cua dan tpc. Nhdn dan d i n vdl san k h i u khcng chi de thda man nhu c l u gidi tri dgn thuIn md ccn de n g l m nghT v i nhirng bdi hpc dao ly ma vp hdt mupn chuyin tai.
Cai lygng ludn i i y npi dung d i u tranh glai phdng dan tdc, mieu ta ddi s i n g sinh hoat cua cha dng Idm mpt trpng nhtrng d i tai quan trpng trpng sdng tac. Trcng nhiiu giai doan, cdc vg cai lygng, ban vpng o i trd thdnh vD khi d i u tranh vdl ke thti, k§u gpi sy thu'c tinh vl van mSnh dat nypc, van m?nh dan tpc.
Trcng phong trdc Xd V i i t Nghg Tinh (1930 -1931) da cd mpt bai Hanh van khich le tinh than d i u tranh ciia d i n g bap:
Hdi ddng bio Hal ddng bio Tinh lieu lam sao
Nha tan cira mit Siu bay mwai nam Bem than no le Canh tinh nhw thi Ba lim din hi de ngdi yen
Nhtrng ngydi cdng san bj bat giam trong nhd tti ciia chinh quyin thyc dan Phdp cung da tifng "to chirc dien kjch de giai tri, d i n g thdi cung de tuyen truyin t y tydng yeu nygc, t y typng each mang cho cdc tti nhan vd gido dgc tinh t h i n ddn tpc, trdeh nhiem d i i vpi cdng ly, chinh nghTa cho bgn cai til" (Hoang Nhy Mai, 1986), d i i n hinh nhy trong cdc nha tti Lao Bac, Ken Turn, Budn Me Thudt, da cd nhiiu bdi d y g c hat len d l co vu khich le tinh t h i n til nhan:
Vui mung vui xlit bao Chung ta vl chu nghTa tii cao Ma hy sinh giu' lay phong trio Quan gl than tu tdi lao daol Tdi day, minh gap nhau day Co tiin len xin dirng nin da Thit bai li me thanh cdng Ndi bit binh danh do cho xong Bin gan diu tranh din cung Dau Kon Tum, Lao Bao chdlo...
Thdi ky Phdp dd hp, sdn khiu cai lygng dd od nhieu vd neu cap tinh t h i n yeu nygc, nhy: Nggn cd hiep nw (Nguyen Thanh Chau), Dimg cd ddc lap, Ngwdl nw tf ciia Ba Tmng (ST Tiln).
Cd nhil'ng vp mang khuynh hydng hien thyc phe phdn, t i cdp tgi ac cua dja chii, t y ban c i u k i t vdi thyc dan, bde idt dan dp npng dan, cdng nhan nhy Bdi cd Lwu (Trin Hiru Trang), Boa hoa rirng (Nguyin Thanh Chdu).
HUYNH Birc THIEN - TlM HlEU BAC TRU'NG VA GlA TRI,.
San khdu cai lypng cd nhtrng t i i n d i thuan lgi de gdp p h l n tich eye vac cdng tdc cdch mang. Trcng nhu-ng nam 1940 trygc Caeh mang thdng Tam, mdt khuynh hygng dan tdc yeu nygc da hinh thdnh; mpt s i ngygi trpng gidi cai lypng, dypc gidc ngp tir phpng trap Viet Minh da tham gia hpat ddng vd It nhieu diing sdn khau cai lypng de tuyen truyin che chii trypng danh Phdp, duel Nhdt.
VI vdy, sau khi Cdch mang thang Tdm thanh cdng, "chinh quyin each mang chil trypng dting sdn k h i u lam mpt trypng hpc sinh ddng, h i p d i n d i gido dgc quan chiing, co vu tinh thdn yeu nydc cdch mang, hang hdi Idm nhiem vg trcng giai doan mdi" (Hd Van C l u - Hpang Chdu Ky - Hpdng Nhy Mai, 1980).
Nhil'ng vg cai lypng cd tinh t h i n dan tdc, cc khuynh hydng yeu nygc trydc kia, nay t i i p tgc dygc cac nhd hdt va ca cdc dpi tuyen truyin xung pheng cpng dien, khpng ccn phai tim cdch ne trdnh sy kiem duyet ciia thyc dan nhy trygc. Nhiiu vp tuy chya that hcdn chinh va sdu sac, nhyng vdn cc tdc dgng cc vg tinh t h i n yeu nypc ciia d i n g bac, s i n sdng cam vu khi chong lai thyc ddn Phdp am myu xda bd n i n dpc lap dan chii cua dat nygc.
Cudc khdng chiin toan q u i c no ra, cdc dodn cai lygng p thdnh p h i va cdc tinh deu ddl v i cdc vimg khdng chiin va t i i p tgc cac vg diin. Trong c u i n Khang chiin nhit dinh thing lai (1947), Trydng Chinh da viit: "Cupc chiin tranh nay la mpt cupc dac Ion
ldn. Nd gliip ta each mang hda van hda mpt cdch tdc bap. Mpt hien typng ldn dang d i l n ra, nhiiu thanh phi bi phd, dan thdnh p h i v l que. Thdnh thj, ngi trung tdm van hda trypc day, bay gig bj djch c h i i m , b i l n thanh den tii da man, d i y r i y van hda trgy l^ic ngu dan. Trai lai, then que trygc ddy la npi t i n tai hii Idu, bay gig trg thanh nhirng viing van minh t i i n bp. Van hda trypc ddy la mpt vat thygng thirc cua mdt s i it ngygi gidu cd g thdnh thj, nay bdng nhien g i n dai chiing hen" (Ha Van c i u - Hpdng Chdu Ky - Hpang Nhy Mai, 1980).
Cupc khdng c h i i n da dya san khiu cai lygng ra khdi thanh p h i ldn, v i cdc vimg xa xcl " g i n d?i chung hgn".
Cupc scng mgi, con ngypi mdi dypc d i l n ta mpt each hen nhien, chan that da lam che bp m^t vd ban chit oai lygng thay del han, mpt s y d i l thay ttr cpi re, nd khiln cai lygng cdng nii rd tinh chat ngh$ thuat "vi nhdn sinh".
Luc nay oai lygng da dl sau vdc hi$n thyc d i u tranh anh dung cua ddn tpc, hang loat v g cai lygng ve d i tdi djch hdu, each m^ng da ra ddi nhy Mau tham ding Ngc Nan, Ngwdl nir dien vien miin Nam, Ba me sdng Hong, Tinh rieng nghTa ca, Bai ca bit khuit va dac biet la v g Ngwdi con gai dit do.
C h i t anh hiing ca, lang man, lac quan cdch mang dya vdc cai lypng da ddnh tan nhtrng djnh k i i n cc htru sal ldm v i han che ciia leal hinh san khau ndy.
Trpng cupc khdng chiin chong MJ, phong trao d i u tranh yeu nypc cua
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQl so 10+11 (242+243)2018 sdn khau cai lypng dien ra manh me g Nam Bp. Tir phpng trdp ddl hiep thygng Teng t u y i n cii', van dcng bap ve hda binh, nhiiu vg cd gid trj da ra dpi nhy Con dd Thii Thiem, Lip sdng Gianh, Ngwdi me hiin, Chen chia Chi Linh, Hda hing Nhat Tio... Vap nhtrng nam 1960, nhiiu v g dien tryc t i l p vach t r i n 111 s i n g , van hda My pha heal dao ly, tha hda ccn ngygi nhy Spf biin tren san k h i u Thanh Minh - Thanh Nga. Mpt s i vd khac cung len dn s y "can thiep ngd ngygc"
cua My scng kin dap hgn, n h i n vdp tdc hai phd ndt gia dinh, cha dap tinh ngypi nhy Tam long cua biin ciia Ha Triiu Hpa Phypng, Cinh cd trang ciia Thu An.
D i tdi ljch sir vdn Id mpt d i tai truyin thing cua nghe thudt cai lypng liic nay trp nen ng rp tren cdc sdn k h i u vpl cdc v g : Tran Hwng Bao binh Nguyen, Trieu Trinh Nwong, Trwng Vwang, Lira Dien Hdng. Nguyen Hue... Nhyng v g cai lygng nay da khich le tinh than "Day md di" cua nhilu tri thirc, thanh nien mien Nam.
Khi d i q u i c My m d rpng chiln tranh xam lygc, ddnh phd m i i n Bac, ca nydc bimg len khcng khi ching My ciru n y g c thi tren san khdu cai lypng xuat hien hdng loat v d phan dnh vd bleu dygng chii nghTa anh hiing cdch mang ciia chien sT, cdn bp va nhan ddn: Ben xic may bay. Lwdl biin, Giir dat...
Hoat dpng ciia cai lygng Sal Gdn - Gia Dinh Id mdt vl dg tieu biiu v i sy ddng gdp d i i vdi each mang. Khi cdch
mang, r i l khdng chiln bting no, nhiiu nghe sT da tham gia phong trdo d i u tranh, trp thdnh nhirng can bp c i t cdn, mpt s i trp thanh dang vien Dang Cpng san nhy span gia T r i n Htru Trang, Nguyin Thanh Chau, s i khac lam ndng c i t che phong trdo d i u tranh nhy Ba Vdn, Ba Du, Tdm Danh, Thanh Loan, Tdm Cui, Phiing Hd, Bay Nhieu, Kim Ciic...
Cd the ndi, cai lypng da ddng gdp mdt phan khdng nhd vdo phong trdo d i u tranh glal phdng ddn too trypc nam 1975. Thong qua cdc tdc pham ciia minh, cac scan gia da khpi day trcng Idng m i l ngydi tinh yeu que hygng d i t nygc, tinh t h i n t y hdo dan tpc, quyit tam d i u tranh bac ve to q u i c minh. Thdng qua cai lypng ngydi dan d y p c hieu them ljch sir va k i thira nhtrng gid trj truyin thing t i t dep ciia dan tpc. Gid tri nay ciia cai lygng v i n d y g c cdc scan gia hien nay tiip thu, k i thira.
3.2. Gia tri v i van hda - xa hoi San khau cai lypng hinh thanh trpng d i i u kien xd hpi Nam 86 vd ca nydc Id thupc dia ciia Phdp. Liic d i u "cai lypng" la mpt danh tir chung thee phypng dien xa hdi, Id each gpi ciia cac phong trdo cai each liic b i y gig, trcng dd cd vdn d i cai cdch sdn khiu md chinh y i u Id cai cdch hdt bpi. Sau nay cai lypng trd thanh mpt lpai hinh sdn khdu nghe thuat dypc nhiiu ngydi yeu thich. Sy ra dgi ciia n i n nghe thudt ndy phii hgp vdi sy tien bp xa hpi vd ddp U'ng nhu c l u ciia ldp khdn gia mdi.
HUYNH BU'C THIEN - TlM HiEU BAC TRUNG VA GlA TR|..,
Cai lygng cd mpt sire s i n g manh Het khdng nhil'ng d m i i n Nam md dygc yeu chupng va m i n mp khap ca nydc.
Bdi nd la mpt nguin sing tinh t h i n cua ngypi ddn, gliip ngydi dan bay td tam t y tinh cam cua minh. Nd la mpt loai hinh van hda nghe thuat dan tgc mang "cd tinh cila Nam Bp".
Trpng nghe thudt cai lypng, v i thi phap, sang tap nd da hdm chira hai dac d i i m cd ve trai ngygc nhyng lai thing nhdt, dd la sy khep kin mang tinh djnh hinh cua nhirng quy ydc san khiu truyin thing vd sy mg ra ciia cac hinh thai nghe thuat san k h i u hien dai thich hop cua ne. Mat khac, nghe thudt cai lypng cdn cd mdt khudn mat rieng kha ai, mang d i y chit nir tinh. Cho nen, nd vira dam dd sac thai truyin t h i n g , lai vira mang tinh hien dai.
Nghe thuat cai lypng qua cdc thdi ky bap triim tren h i t la y nghTa hydng thien. Trtr mpt bp phdn nhd cai lypng cd npi dung cau khdch, lech lac t y typng (nhit la trydc nam 1975), cdn lai tuyet da s i cd npi dung tich eye, thygng hydng ngydi nghe, ngygi xem d i n tinh t h i n yeu nydc, tinh t h i n dan tpc, tinh t h i n typng than tygng ai, t h i m d i m chu nghTa nhan van. Cdc tuing dil i i y tich ciia Trung Quic v i n hypng ngygi ta d i n nhii'ng d i l u t i t dep, phil hpp vdi truyin thing ngan dpi ciia dan tpc Viet Nam.
Trpng nhirng nam 1960, 1970, trydc anh hypng ciia van hda My, d mien Nam cd r i t nhieu phcng trap heat
dpng bap ve ban sac van hda dan t6c.
Trong san k h i u cai lygng, mpt s i vd da phan anh d y p c tinh t h i n nay, nhy Tuyet tinh ca. Sin khiu vi khuya, Nwdc biin mwa nguin. Con cd tring... Ben canh dd cdn cd cac ban ca vpng co nhy Rwdc tinh vi vdl que hwang, Lf ngwa d, Bim cwdl dau xuan... Mpt s i ban cdn md ta dpi s i n g xa hgi cua Viet Nam trydc day nhy mdt cdch keu gpi gitr gin nguin cpi: Trang sang vwdn che, Triu cau...
0 san k h i u cai lypng, nhtrng vp diin the hien dgi s i n g tam ly ciia con ngypi dypng dai Id mang d l tdi mang lai r i t nhiiu thdnh cdng. Ngay tir nhil'ng bydc di d i u tien, nhirng vd d i l n s i n g Idu trcng khdn gia Id nhtrng vd v i d i tai hien dai, nhy Td Anh Nguyet, Bdi cd Lwu..., r i l tiip theo la Ngwdi nii' dien vien miin Nam, Ngwdl con gii Bit Bd, Mau tham ddng Noc Nan .. Dd Id nhii'ng v g diln thdnh cdng da phan dnh chan thyc cupc song d i y gian nan, vdt va nhyng cung rat anh hting ciia nhan dan Viet Nam trong thdi ky bj dp hg vd trcng khdng chiin. Vdi npi dung va gid trj nhdn dao hdm chtra trcng hinh tygng ngydi phu nil' n6ng dan, nhirng ba me ngheo kho lam lu nhyng c i n oil va giau dire hy sinh, nhii'ng lac ndng tri d i i n ya ndi t h i n g ndi that, hgi ngang tdng nhyng r i t myc nhan dl, vi tha vdi bd con, d i n g bdo va quyit liet, khang khai trygc ke thii... da Idm che sdc dieu cai lygng them g i n gill vdl cupc s i n g dygng dai. Nghe thudt cai lygng da gdp p h i n xay dyng nhdn cdch con
TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI so 10+11 (242+243) 2018 ngypI Viet Nam trong nhiiu thdi ky cua dan tpc - trpng cupc dau tranh glal phdng dan tdc trygc day va xay dyng d i t n y g c ngay nay.
4. K E T LUAN
Dti trai qua nhu'ng b y d c thang t r i m , cai lygng da ddng vai tre r i t quan trgng trcng viec gitr gin cdc gid trj truyen t h i n g van hda ddn tpc, hydng mpi ngygi d i n nhtrng d i i u t i t dep.
Gacxia Lerca da ndi: "Mdt sdn khdu khpng t i i p thu d y g c mach dap xd hpi, mach dap ljch sir, tham kjch cua dan tpc minh, mdu sac dich thyc ciia phcng canh vd tdm h i n minh, sdn k h i u i y khcng cd q u y i n t y ggi Id sdn k h i u ma chi la mdt phdng giai tri, mpt npi ddnh chp cdi viec ghe tdm, menh danh la 'gilt thi gid'" (www.cailupng.
ccm.vn). Nghe thuat se khdng td nghe thuat n i u nd khdng dl sau vdo cdc ngd ngdch kin ddo cua tam hdn vd t y typng con ngygl, khi triit ly cupc s i n g nhydng b y p c chp nhii'ng npi dung t h i l u chdn that vdl l i i d i l n tiiy tien, vgi cdi cydi re t i l n , vdi Idl hd hao mang tinh chat khau hi$u.
Chinh vi ra ddi ttr nhu c l u xd hgi, cai
lygng trypng thanh r i t nhanh. Vdl ba nam dau ciia thdp ky 1920, cai lypng cdn dang chap chOng nhu'ng bypc dl d i u tien. Nam 1931, cai lygng dd chinh thirc d y g c gldl thieu a treng nydc vgi danh nghTa la mdt Ipal hinh nghe thudt hien dai. Cd dypc k i t qua ndy Id nhd'vdp cdng sire ddng gep cua nhiiu t h i he scan gia nghe sT.
Giir gin ban sac van hda co truyin, t i i p thu t i t nhyng tinh hoa cua van hda nhan leal, truyin sire manh t y tygng cho ngydi thydng thirc, nang cao hp len, nhdm xay dyng mpt xa hpi mdi ngdy cdng t i t dep Id mgc tieu, la nguyen vpng ciia san k h i u nel chung vd cai lygng ndi rieng.
Mpt di san vdn hda nap cung cd nhii'ng giai dean phdt trien dat tdi dinh eap. Trpng giai dpan dinh cap ciia minh, cai lygng da cd mpt anh hygng rpng Ipn vd qua dd cd nhitng dcng gdp dpi vdi s y di len cila xd hpi, ciia dat nydc. Vi vay nghe thuat cai lypng c i n phai d y g c quan tdm bac t i n de lyu gitr nhtrng gid tri nghe thudt dac sac vd nhii'ng ky ire lich sir da qua ciia dan tdc. •
TAI LIEU TRiCH DAN
1. Hd Vdn Cau - Hodng Chdu Ky - Hodng Nhu' Mai. 1980. 35 nam Sin khiu ca kich cich mang. Ha Noi: Nxb, Vin hOa.
2. Hodng Nhir Mai. 1986. Sin khiu cai lwang. Bong Thdp: Nxb. Tong hpp Bong Thdp.
3. http.www.cailuong.com.vn.
4. Nhirng birc thw cua Ban chip hinh Trung uang girl Dai hgi van ngh6. 1982. Hd NOr Nxb.
Su' that.
5. T 6 Hitu, Tran Bd, Hd Xuan Trudng. 1982. Vin ngh0 - vO khi cua cich mang. Hd Ngi:
Nxb. Sy that.
6 Tran Vdn Khe. 2004. Du ngoan trong im nhac truyin thing din toe. TPHCM: Nxb. Tre.
7. Vu Bdo. 2000. So thio lich sir cii lwang. TPHCM: Nxb. Tong hpp TPHCM.
