Tap chf Khoa hpc xa hgi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017 ' °^
TIN NGUdNG CU DAN VEN BIEN OA N A N G TRONG QUA T R I N H 0 6 THj HOA
(NGHIEN COru TRUdNG HOP LANG BI^N MY KHE, QUAN SON TRA, THANH PHO OA N A N G )
L£TH|THUHI£N"
Tom tdt: Bd thj hda td qud trinh tdt yiu trong tiin trinh thUc hien cdng nghiip hda - hiin dgi hda ddt nUdc d Viet Nam. Ld mdt trong nhdng dfa phdang cd tdc dp dd thi hda dien ra nhanh vd mgnh nhdt trong cd nudc, diin mgo thdnh phd Dd Ndng dang khdng ngdng doi mdi, kio theo sU chuyen bien cda cdc gid tri vdn hda truyen thdng, trong do cd tfn ngUdng cdddn ven bien, vdi nhiiu bieu hiin khdc nhau. Lua chgn Idng My Khi (nay thudc phudng Phddc My, qudn Son Trd) tdm diem nghiin cdu, bdi viit phdn tich nhdng biin doi trong tin ngddng cua cdddn tdng bien My Khe, qua dd phdn dnh xu hudng biin dot chd dgo cda tfn ngudng cdddn ven biin Dd Ndng trong qud trinh dd thf hda hiin nay, dong thdi chl ra nhdng nhdn td tdc dpng din su biin dot do. Kit qud nghiin cdu si gdp thim tudn cdcho cdc ban ngdnh qudn t^ vdn hda thdnh phoDd Ndng trong viec ban hdnh cdc chfnh sdeh gid gin, phdt huy nhdng gid th vdn hda ddc sdc cda cdddn ven bien Dd Ndng.
TCf khoa: do thj hda, tin ngUdng, gia th van hda, tdng bien, My Khi.
Abstract: Urbanization is an inevitable process in industrialization - modernization in VietNam.
Being one of Viet Nam's big cities. Da Nang's rate of urbanization has been considered faster and stronger than others. During the process, the city's appearance has been transforming remarkably, which causes numerous changes of traditional cultural values, including the locals'religious beliefs in the region. Choosing h/ly Khe village (Phuong My ward. Son Tra district) to conduct her study, the author analyzes the changes in the locals'religious practices in the village that reflects the changes in Da Nang coastal area during the urbanization presently. Besides that, the paper indicates factors affecting those changes in order to provide strong arguments for Da Nang's policy makers in preserving and promoting their unique cultural values.
Key words: urbanization, religious beliefs, cultural values, coastal villages. My Khe.
Ngaynhdnbdi: 28/6/2017; Ngdy duyet ddng: 15/8/2017.
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Datvande nham muc dfch phat trien mot each toan i mot trong nhOng dia phuong tieu bieu dien va ben vOng Da Ning trong hien tai va cua ca nuac ve hieu qua va toe dp do thi tuong lai. Bieu do co nghTa, van hoa cU dan hoa nhanh chong, bo mat thanh pho ven bien se dong vai tro quan trqng trong Da Ning dang ngay cang thay doi khong phat trien nen kinh te noi day. Tuy nhien, ngCfng. Cung nhu kha nhieu dia phuong ven dU6i tac dong cCia qua trinh do th| hoa, bien khac cCia Viet Nam, Da Ning da va dang nhieu gia trj van hoa ciJa cUdan ven bien da chCl dong trong trao luu hudng bien, xay clan bien doi theo ci hai khia canh tich cUc dung moi quan he kinh te va van hoa bien, va tieu cUc, trong do co tin ngudng, ma lang bien My Khe, nay thuoc phudng PhU6c My,
•TntcmgBanwcSii pham Da Ning, quan Son Tra, thanh pho Da Ning la motvi Email: [email protected]. du dien hinh.
6 6 LETHITHU HICN
1 . Vai n e t v e d o t h j h o a Oa N a n g v a l a n g b i e n M y Khe
D d t h i hda la k i t q u i tat y i u t r o n g tien t r i n h hien dai hda dUa dat nUde phat trien di len d mpi qude gia tren t h i gidi, t r o n g d d cd Viet Nam. Dac biet, t r o n g n h d n g nam gan day, trUdc yeu eau ddi mdi va hdi nhap kinh t l qudc te d l cd sU bung no v l tde dp do thj hda, ma Da N i n g la m d t t r o n g nhOfng "hinh m a u " cda e l nUde v l cdng t i e quy hoach, xay dUng ed sd ha t a n g va chinh trang d d thj (Huynh PhUdc, 2010,tr.230).
Ve khdng gian, pham vi d d thj dUpc m d rdng, ranh gidi hanh ehinh cda e i e quan huyen dddc phan ehia t h e o hUdng d d thj hda, t r o n g d o dien tfeh dat huyen Hda Vang t h u hep lai n h d d n g cho cho viec hinh t h a n h eae quan ndi thanh mdi la Cam Le va Lien C h i l u , nang t d n g sd quan ndi t h a n h eda thanh p h d I l n 6 quan.Cac t u y i n dUdng ehinh eda thanh p h d dddc m d rdng, d d n g t h d i vdi v i l e xay d d n g cac t u y i n dUdng du Ijch t r p n g yeu nhU: dUdng N g u y i n Tat Thanh, Hoang Sa, Le Van H i l n , Ho Xuan H u o n g , Pham Van D o n g , d u d n g len khu bao t d n Ba Na - Ndi Chua, ban d i o Son Tra....NhUng eon dUdng d o vUa tao c i n h quan d e p eho t h a n h p h d , vda tao dieu k i l n t h u h d t eae n g u d n v d n d a u t u trong va ngoai nUde xay d u n g cae khu d u lich, p h a t t r i e n e i c nganh djch vu va s i n xuat cdng nghiep, g d p phan thay doi t h a n h p h d Da NSng. Ben canh d o , hang loat cac eay eau Idn ndi lien hai b d sdng Han n h d eau sdng Han, eau Tuyen Son, eau Thuan PhUde, eau Rdng phue vu d u lieh, t h d n g t h U d n g , eung e i c hoat d d n g k h i e , da g d p phan xda dan khoang c i e h v l kinh t l - x l hdi gida hai ben b d sdng Han, tao d i l u kien p h i t t r i l n manh me e i e khu d d thi m d i phia d d n g sdng Han.
Qua t r i n h d d thi hda cdng tao ra sUe h d t vdi d d n g di dan t d ndng t h d n va e i e t i n h khae tdi.Ty le dan di eUso vdi dan thanh p h d t a n g t U 3 , 4 % (1997) len 16,2% (2008) khi ma dien tich d d t h i tang dan t d gan 2 0 % (1997) I l n
3 8 % (2008), GDP/ngUdi tang 3,8 trieu d d n g / ngUdi (1997) ien gan 10 trieu d d n g / n g u d i (Bui Quang Binh,2010, tr.269) va h d n 44trieu d d n g / n g u d i nam 2015. D d thj hda thuc day tang t r d d n g kinh t l - x l h d i , t h u nhap va d i l u kien sdng eda n g u d i dan dupc nang eao, co n h i l u CP hdi t i l p can vdi eae djch vu v l dien, nUde, y t l , g i i o due, van hda, g i i i t r i va eic co hdi n g h i n g h i e p . . .
Song song vdi nhUng t i l n ieh, t i l n trinh d o t h j hda d Da NSng eung bpc Id mot so nguy c P t i l m an rat d a n g lo ngai. Viec thu hoi dat, giai p h d n g m a t bang va tai djnh cUcOa eae gia d i n h va ea nhan lam n i y sinh nhdng he luy phUe tap, lien quan d i n nghe nghiep, sinh k l , d d i sdng cda n g u d i dan nhU: mat viee, thay d d i cdng v i l e . . . ; viec gia tang dan sd nhanh va t a p t r u n g d e i e quan ndi thanh da d i n d i n sU t l i v l sUe ehUa cho co sd ha t a n g tai d d t h j ; d n h i l m mdi t r u d n g gia tang.
d khia eanh d d i sdng van hda, d d thj hoa eung d l k h i l n n h i l u hoat d d n g van hda va ie hdi t r u y i n t h o n g bj mai m d t va dan thay t h e bdi nhijfng h o a t d d n g g i i i t r i hien dai nhu ea phe, internet, bi da, sieu t h j . . .
Ldng bien My Khi nam v l phfa hiJu ngan sdng Han, la m d t t r o n g nhUng lang dUpc hinh t h a n h kha sdm d Da N i n g , khoing nhu'ng nam eudi t h e ky XVI. B i n canh ngif n g h i e p giiJf vai t r d ehu dao, dan lang My K h l edn t r d n g Ida va hoa mau. Nam 1972, My K h l sap n h a p v d i lang PhUde TrUdng thanh p h u d n g Phudc My, quan III, sau 1997, doi ten quan Sdn Tra. Du chi c i e h t r u n g tam thanh p h d 1km n h u n g eho d i n tan n h d n g nam eudi t h i ky XX, bdTay va b d D d n g sdng Han d u d n g nhU van la hai t h i gidi each b i l t va d d i lap nhau. Nam 2000, cau sdng Han dUpc khanh t h a n h va sau d d la cau Thuan PhUdc, eau Tran Thi Ly, cau Rdng d l n d i l i l n hai bd, d d thi hda chinh trang ed sd ha t a n g dupc day manh sang phia D d n g , sU b d n g nd cua nganh "cdng n g h i e p k h d n g k h d i " - d u Ijeh d l t i e d d n g m a n h m e d i n lang bien nho
Tap chi Khoa hgc xa hoi mien Trung. So 4 (48) - 2017 I 67 be nay. Ndng - ngu khdng cdn la hai nghi
ehfnh d day ma da chuyen ddi the manh sang dich vu. Hien toan phudng chi edn 70 lao ddng dinh bat thdy sin vdi eo eau san lupng chilm 1,78% tdng sin lUdng danh bat thuy san toan quan Sdn Tra (Chi cue thdng ke quan Son Tra, 2016, tr.151,157). SUchuyIn doi nghi nghiep da gay Inh hUdng Idn d i n tin ngudng eua eU dan ven biln Cdng vdi do la qua trinh ehinh trang dd thj diln ra sdi ddng tren dia ban toan phddng, lam thay ddi han dien mao eda phudng PhUdc My ndi chung, lang biln My Khe ndi rieng va thu hut ngay eang nhilu dan ndi khae d i n djnh cd. Dan sd cda phudng tang tU 9.766 ngUdi (nam 1997) Iln d i n 13.299 ngudi (nam 2003), 16.214 ngUdi (nam 2010) va 18.416 ngudi (nam 2015) (Chi cue thdng ke quan Sdn Tra, 2016, tr.32). Trong khi dd, dan lang My Khl lai ban dat va ehuyen di ndi khac sinh sdng vi dat dai d day cd gil ngay mdt eao hdn do phat trien eic djch vu du ljch nhU nha hang, khich san...Dd thj hda tai khu vUe nay dupc day manh nham phue vu phat trien du Ijch thanh phd khien sinh hoat tin ngUdng d My Khe bj bien ddng manh hdn eie lang ven biln khac cua Da Ning.
2. Tin ngUdng ciTdan ven bien Oa Nang trong qua trinh do thj hoa thanh phd - nhin tir lang bien My Khe
2.1. Tin ngUdng truyen th6ng dIdng bien My Khe
Su k i t hdp giUa yeu td "ndng" trong edi ngudn va"ngU"nPi vdng dat mdi trong sinh hoat va lao ddng san xuat da dan d i n sU da dang trong tam thde thd than eua ngudi Viet ven biln Da Ning ndi ehung va My Khe ndi rieng. Ngddi dan My Khl thd cung el Ong, Tiln hien, NUthan/Mau than, Cd hdn/Cd bae, Tam vj.
Tfn ngddng thd cd 6ng: Gan liln vdi cudc sdng mUu sinh tren bien, tin ngUdng thd ea Ong la tfn ngUdng dac thu nhat trong ddi sdng tam linh cua eU dan ven bien Da Ning.
CIc danh xUng eua ca 6ng la: Ngai, Ong, DUe Linh Ong, DUc NgU Ong, Ddng Hli eU tdc Ngpe Lan ehi tdn than. Nam Hai eU tde Ngoc Lan chi tdn than. Khdng ehi trd thanh vi than blo trp eho nhUng ngudi di biln, el Ong cdn dUdcxem nhuthan bao hd cda lang van (gidng nhuThanh hoang) va la mdt phdc than. Truyin thuylt v l Ddc NgU Ong d eae lang bien Da Ning chd yiu gan liln vdi sU kien cdXi gidp vua Gia Long khdi tinh einh hiem ngheo tren bien.
Tin ngudng thd Tien hien: Gan vdi cdng eudc khai hoang lap lang eda ngUdi Viet trong hanh trinh di md edi, tfn ngUdng thd Tiln hien the hien dao ly "udng nUdc nhd ngudn" tu" bao ddi nay eua ngUdi Viet. Trong quan niem cda ngUdi dan ven bien Da Nang, Tiln hiln la ngUdi din trudc, ddng chan khai pha, lap nghiep d vdng dat mdi. Tien hiln lang My Khe la dng Dam Van Don, ngddi Nghe An, din day khai eU lap ap vao the ky XVI. Trong tam thUc dan bien My Khe, Tien hiln khdng chi la bae td cua ddng hp ma cdn la Phdc than/Than lang, nen dUdc thd d dinh lang, ddng thdi cdng thd d nha thd tdc Tiln hiln-tdc Dam.
Tin ngddng thdNdthdn/Mdu thdn: Ddi vdi ngd dan ven biln Da Ning, niem tin v l cic Ba/Mau xuat hien la d l dip dng nhu cau va khat vpng trong ddi sdng vat chat ,tinh than khi phli ddi mat vdi nhdng cln trd eda td nhien trong khi khl nang ed gidi han eda minh chda the vddt qua. Tieu bieu nhd tfn ngUdng thd Thien Y A Na, ba Dang Que, ba Dai Can, ba Thuy Long, ba Ngd Hanh. Rieng d lang My Khe, tdng cd milu thd ba Dai Can vdi ten gpi day du trong cac bin sac phong cdn Idu lai tai lang la Dai Can Qudc Gia Nam Hli TLT Vi Thinh NUdng ThUdng Dang Than.
Tin ngddng thd Cd hdn/Cd bdc:Jm ngUdng thd Cd hdn/Cd ble eda cd dan ven bien Da Ning nam trong ddng ehly ehung eda tin ngUdng thd Cd hdn d ngudi Viet miln Bae va Bac Trung Bd. Cd hdn, cd bac trong quan
68 leTHITHU HIEN niem cua ngUdi din biln My Khe khdng ehi
la nhUng ngUdi ehet do bj dn djch, benh tat, ehiln tranh,... khdng ai eham sdc md ma, hUPng khdi, ma edn la vong linh ngUdi Cham - tien chd vung dat Da Ning va vong linh cda ed dan sd tai, dac biet la ngU dan cie ddi cda nhilu tdc hp trong lang da bd minh tren bien trong eudc mUu sinh.
Tin ngddng thdThdn Ndng: Khdi thdy, ben canh ngU nghiep, ngUdi dan My Khe edn canh tie Ida va hoa mau tren nhdng con eat trang, tan dung nguon nUde td hai con khe, dd la ndi va ngoai Tilu Khe. VI vay, dan lang da xay dimg milu thd than Ndng, phdi thd than Hda va than Thdy, gpi la milu Tam vi de eae than linh phd hd cho eupe sdng ndng nghiep day bap benh, khd nhpc eda minh.
Cdthendi,cungnhUeUdan ven biln khac d phUPng Nam, cU dan ven bien Da Ning ndi ehung va eU dan ven biln My Khe ndi rieng
"dl thilt lap va xay dUng cho minh mdt he thdng niim tin, nham hd trp dac lUc eho cdng cudc mUu sinh. Ndi bat trong he thong dd la niem tin vao sU trp gidp, hd mang eda ea Voi" (Nguyen Xuan HUdng, 2009, tr.256).
TrUde day, ngddi dan My Khe cd hai lang thd el Ong II lang Ong va lang Ba. Lang Ba nam d khu vUc bien My Khe hien nay, doan giao nhau gida dUdng Vd Nguyen Giap va Vd Van Kiet. Lang Ong d My Khl nam each lang Ba 200m v l hudng Ddng Nam.
Vdi niem tin tfn ngUdng sau sac, eU dan ven bien Da Ning thUe hanh tin ngUdng thudng xuyen, khdng chi cac djp l l hay le hdi ma trude moi lan di bien va sau khi di biln v l : "Hdi trddc, trddc khi di bien ngd ddn phdi ra cdc lang miiu cdng le chi, xdi thit. Di bien ve cdng dem le den tg an than" (Ong Dim Van Kh., 80 tuoi, lang My Khe).Tat el suy eho cung deu nham dat den eae gia trj dat lanh, ngudi an, eudc sdng dd day, no am.
2.2. Bie'n doi tin ngUdng truyen thong d Idng bien My Khe hien nay
Trong bdi einh dd thj hda d Da Nang ddgc day manh, nhat la sau nam 2003, theo
hudng "md rdng bd sdng, keo dai bd bien"
lang bien My Khe da cd nhdng thay doi dang ke, the hien d he thdng ed sd ha tang, ed s6 vat chat - ky thuat, ddi sdng kinh te, van hda, nip sdng van minh, sU chuyin djch dan cu...
Keo theo dd la nhUng biln dot trin phuong dien tin ngudng truyen thdng.
Thd nhdt, thay doi trong niem tin vd thdc hdnh tin ngddng
De cd thdng tin va sd lieu eu the cho npi dung nay, chung tdi da tiln hanh phat 120 philu hdi tren dja ban trUde day la lang My Khl, gdm 54 nam va 66 nU. Trong dd co 6 ngudi la ngU dan, 19 ngUdi la budn ban, djch vu, 25 ngudi la can bd, edng nhan vien ehde va 70 ngUdi thudc thanh phan khac (nhu ndng dan, sinh vien, that nghiep...).Ve ngudn gde, ed 52 ngUdi la dan tai cho d lang My Khe va 68 ngUdi la dan td noi khic den (tUcac phudng khie trong thanh phd hoac tU cac tinh thanh khie trong el nUde).
Kit qui khio sat cho thay, vdi 120 ngUcii dddc khao sat, khdng qua 50% sd ngUcri dupe hdi tin vao sU linh thieng eda than Thanh Hoang,Tiln hiln va than Nam Hli, da sdtra ldi khdng tin hole khdng b i l t g i v l cac vi than dd nen khdng Ida ehon dap an nao (trong 3 dap an:Tin, Ngd vUc, Khdng tin).
Da sd cU dan sdng d My Khe hien nay khdng hilu biet nhilu v l eae vj than hay y nghla eae le edng, le hpi ma minh tham gia. So ngUdi tra ldi bilt v l vj than cda tfn ngudng thdThanh Hoang,Tiln hien vaDdc NgU Ong theo thU tU lan Iddt la 49 ngUdi - 21 ngUdi -19 ngUdi, tren 50% khdng bilt cae vj than dd la ai, tham chf ed den 77,5% ngUdi khdng biet cac vj than eua cu dan ven bien thdcdng la vj than nao,nhutrudng hdp Dde Ngu Ong.Tuong tU nhd vay, ddi vdi y nghla cua eae le hdi, le cdng, kit q u i khao sat nhU sau: 38/51 ngUdi da tdng tham dU bilt chinh xae y nghia eda Ie hdi dinh (chilm 74,5%), 26/51 ngUdi bilt y nghla l l hdi Cau NgU (chilm 51%).
Tap chf Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017 69 Trong thUe hanh tfn ngudng, v l tan suat
edng bli tai cae dinh, lang, milu eua lang, kit qua khio sat eho thay d My Khe, hon 50%
ed dan khdng tham gia hole ft d i n eie ndi thd eung hon so vdi trUde day, sd ngUdi den cdng bai nhilu hon so vdi trUdc day ehilm ty le thap. Sd ngudi khdng ddng gdp vat chat cho hoat ddng tin ngudng len d i n 53 ngddi (ehilm 44,2%). Cdn ddi vdi viec d i n cd sd thd tutrong mpt nam, sd ngudi den dinh va mieu eda lang vao nhUng ngay thudng, ngay l l va le hpi ngay eang giam. Sd ngUdi din lang Ba cdtang nhUng khdng dang ke. Nguyen nhan cua hien tupng dd la vi ban rdn con eai, viee lam, tudi tie (nhilu tuoi nen sde yiu) hole do khdng cdn di bien nu'a.
NhUvay, niim tin va thUe hanh tin ngUdng d cd dan ven biln Da Ning trong qui trinh do thi hda van duy tri nhUng cd nhUng biln ddi nhat djnh. Mae diJ niim tin tin ngUdng d moi ngUdi ddgc hdi it cd suthay ddi, song xet tong the sd lUpng ngUdi dUpc hdi d My Khe, cd the thay niem tin vao eie vj than da gilm sut khl nhilu, b i n canh dd ed nhUng ngudi vi khdng b i l t c l e v j than trong tin ngUdng la ai nen khdng bilt tin hay khdng tin. Nhdng ngUdi nay chd yiu thudc v l thanh phan khong lam ngU nghiep hole tu" ndi khie mdi chuyin den djnh ed. Susuy giam trong niim tin va thUe hanh tin ngUdng cda ngUdi dan My Khe se anh hudng d i n sUduy tri, blo tdn tin ngUdng cdng ddng da ton tai lau ddi tai noi day.
Thd hai, thay doi ddi tugng vdcasd thd td Thay doi vi doi tugng thd: Hien nay, eung vdi suthay ddi trong niim tin va thUc hanh tin ngUdng, ddi tupng thd eung trong cic Cd sd thd tu eda edng ddng eU dan ven biln My Khe da ed sU thay ddi, du khdng ding ke.
Mdt sd vj than khdng cdn ca sd thd tU nen khdng dddc thd cung va dan md nhat trong tam thd'c ngUdi dan bien, dien hlnh la BaDai Can: "Mieu Bd Dai Cdn xUa Idn lam, xudn fry thu tehdng ndm cd Idng xudng cdng. Ddn Idm
bien d ddy thi ghe ludi dn thua nhd cdi bien nen thd cdi Idng miiu hp mgng dehg Idm dn do. Hdi trUdc, trddc khi di biin phdi di ra cdc sd, Idng mieu cdng li che, xdi thjt. Chd hit roi"
(Ong Dam Van Kh, 80 tudi, lang My Khe).
Thay doi ve khdng gian thd tU: Hien nay, do thi hda thanh phd khiln einh quan sinh thli xung quanh elecdsdthdtutin ngUdng eua lang khdng cdn nhu trudc. Td n d tinh mjch, kha tach rdi khu dan eU, nay nhilu ed sd thd tu dupe ra "mat tiln", nam tren eae true dudng giao thdng chfnh cda phUdng, cda quan nhU dinh My Khl, Ilng Ba My Khl. Mat khic, khdng gian yen tTnh, rdng Idn v l ram rap cOa cac cd sd tin ngudng bj pha vd bdi sU gia tang din sd td nhien va cd hpe. Diln tieh ndithdtubithu hep, nhudinh lang My Kh^, khudn vien cda dinh xUa rat rdng, gdm dat cda tru sd UBND phudng PhUdc My va ehua Phude My ngay nay. Mdt sd khdng gian thieng "biln mat" nhd: lang Ong My Khl, mieu BaDai Can va milu Am linh.TrUde day lang Ong My Khe nam each lang Ba 200m v l hudng Ddng Nam, hien nay da khdng edn do nam trong khu vUe bj giii tda theo quy hoach eua thinh phd. Milu Dai Can Nam Hai d lang My Khe cdng biln mat do lam dUdng Nguyin Van Thoai. Milu Am linh eda lang My Khe nam gan lang Ba d l bj dap sau giai phdng. SU thay ddi khdng gian thieng d day xuat phat tU nhilu nguyin nhin khac nhau:
do cdng tac quy hoaeh, chinh trang dd thi eda chinh quyen thanh phd; do lay dat xay dung ehua, tru sd ehinh quyin.
Thay doi trong kien trdc: VI ed bin, kiln true eda eie ed sd thd tu tfn ngudng eung nhu bd cue, bai tri trong eae noi thd tU d lang bien My Khe hien nay van gid nguyen theo kilu truyin thdng. Tuy nhien, mdt sd cd sd thd tu tin ngUdng dupc tu bd hole xay mdi, dac biet trong khoing thdi gian td' nim 2000 trd lai day, thi ft nhilu d l mang nhdng nit kiln true khie trddc, nhU lang Ba. Lang Ba My Khe mdi dupe xay lai nam 2006. Nlu
70 I lETHjTHUHieN trUde day lang Ba lam bang go, ed l^u chieng
trdng, binh phong thi nay dugc xay hoan toan bang xi ming cdt thep, khdng mang kiln trdc quen thudc eua lang Ong (ed binh phong tru bilu, ban thd ngoai dan (am edng cd hdn) ben trong binh phong va din nha lang), chi cdn nha Ilng eau trdc ba gian vdi dien tieh ven ven 24m^ khdng ghi ten ed sd thd tu, khdng ed hang rao bao quanh va khdng cd eong.
Qua thdi gian hang tram nam, mdt sd ed sd thd tu tin ngudng d lang My Khl da va dang dan xudng cap, nhudinh lang mli ngdi bi vd, tudng bi nut, reu mdc... Nguon kinh phi trdng tu chd yeu tU hai ngudn: huy ddng dan lang va ehinh quyin ho trp.Tuy nhien, ngudn kinh phi huy ddng ngay cang khd khan. Ngan sich thanh phd Da Nang danh cho cic hoat ddng vln hda rl't thap, keo theo chi eho van hda, trong dd cd tin ngudng d cap quan va cap phudng edng bj han chl.
Trong khi do, cU din d cic lang ven bien My Khe hien nay da phan den td lang khac, tinh khae, vi vay, viee huy ddng kinh phi sira ehUa, xaydUng laicdsdthdtutin ngUdng cda lang eang trd thanh mpt van d l nan gill:
"Bdy gid dinh qud xuong cdp, cdi nudc vdi dd nd rdi ra roi, ddng vd nd rdt hitra, khdng xdy dugc. Nin bdy gid Idm ddn xin Idnh dgo trdng tu Igi md chda ddgc. Trudc ddy, nhd nUdc vd nhdn ddn cdng Idm Id rdt de, trUdc ddy ngudi ta cdng nhau xdm lgi xdy dung, 500 ngddi, vl du nhdrda, md chUthl cdn VA thdi, tdcid ngudi to di nai khdc hit. Nhdng ngudi cd tdm, ngddi ta dn qud nhdke trdng cdy ngddi ta cdn ve thdp huang, khdng thi ngudi ta quin luon, thi bdy chd lay chi ddy md nhd nUdc vd nhdn ddn cdng ldm" (Ong Tran Vln Th, 67 tudi, lang My Khl).
ThUba, thay ddi trong le cdng Xu hudng ehd dao hien nay trong thuc hiln eic nghi le cung te d Ilng My Khe la ddn giln hda, t h i hiln d su thu hep v l thdi gian, duy tri hole thu nhd quy md to chdc, bd bdt mpt sd tilu le, cung nhU khdng cau ky, cau n l trong l l vat dang Than.
Cae quy tac kieng ky ddi vdi nhdng vat pham dangThan trong cac budi le khdng cdn tuan thd nghiem ngat nhU trUdc, ma theo hudng don gian, tien dung. SU tien dung dugc the hien d viee mua sin hay dat lam ddi vdi l l vat dang than, nhU trong l l Xuan thu minh nien nam 2013 d lang My Khe ehCi yiu dat suat lam sa'n:"Trinh tdcdng (liXudn thd minh niin) ban ddu Id phdi cdng cd hon.
Trung le vdi tieu le Id ngodi dd cung mdt mdm cam, trong Id mpt co xdi to, thit, bdng hoa qua.
Bgi le phfa trong Id phdi cd con heo quay, mdm cam trong, mdm cam ngodi. H6i trddc Id Idm bd, td ddn Idng Idm, tdndu. Bdy gid Idm li thi ddt sudt vi khdng cd ai Idm nda" (Ong Dam Van Kh, 80 tudi, lang My Khe).
Dae diem ndi tren khiln cho thdi gian eung l l thay ddi (nhU le t l Cd hdn thay vi to ehUc vao Idc td md sing, khoang 4h thi nay td chdc vao Ide 6h sang, tham ehi mudn hdn), ddng thdi eung lam giam nhdng quy ehuan trong viee Ida chpn II vat t l Than.
Tai lang My Khl, l l hdi C^u ngd vang bdng trong ddi sdng tin ngddng eua edng ddng eU dan ndi diy d l hdn 20 nam, hien chl cdn le te Dijfc Ngu dng ddgc tiln hanh long ghip vao le eau an dau nim eda lang ngay 24 thing gieng keo dai trong khoing nda gid ddng hd. Cd the l^ giii nguyin nhan do sd lUdng hd theo nghi biln d lang hiln chi cdn vai chuc hd, hau hit da ban dat, tai djnh cU ndi khic hoac chuyen ddi nghi nghiep mdi din den sU"thd d" vdi vj than blo trp nghi di bien (bilu hien d thd eung va tham du l l hdi). Su khie biet giUa l l xUa va nay con ddgc bilu hien d viec xuat hien eda cac yiu td van hda hien dai trong l l hdi. Dd la sU ho trp eua cdng nghe, khoa hoc ky thuat nhU loa, am li, dien nhap nhly tren ban thd, den thd va sU dung giay mdi dinh bang may vi tfnh de thdng bao ngay td ehd'e le. Cung nhd ed may tinh lUu trd, van t l dupe in sao thanh nhilu bin va dan d i n susip nhip hai dng tU vln va tu le lam mdt. Trong l l vat, xuat hien
Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hgi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017 I 71 nhUng loai hang "ngoai nhap" nhu rUpu tay,
binh keo ngoai, hoa qua ngoai.Trong trang phue t l la l o dai khan ddng truyin thdng nhUng di giay thdi nay.
Ben canh dd, nghi thde tdng dn trong le ha neu d My Khe nay khdng edn, ma trong ngay nay, dng ehd bai cda hai lang chi ra dinh thap huong te ie va lam l l ha ky:"Hd/ frUdc cOng cd thdy phdp, mdt cdi be, 4 ngUdi khieng, CO nhdng gi xdu thi thdy phdp di len trin do cho khiing diqua Idng khdc, qua rdng, ra ngodi biin tdng khUdi ra biin. ChUthl cdng cdng vdn sdd trong Idng thdi chd khdng cd be tdng khd"
(Ong Dam Van Kh, 80 tudi, lang My Khe). Sau gill phdng, le thUdng ky va ha k:y d l thay cho le thUdng neu va ha neu trUde day.
Tuy nhien, lai ed l l edng dUpc phue hdi, nhu le ky Tien hiln d lang My Khe. Sau khi xay dung lai nha thd tdc nam 2010, tdc Dam d l phuehdi lai cae nghi thiJc cung t l truyen thdng, quy md ldn hdn trUde. Ba nam to chdc mdt lan dai te, thdi gian la 3 ngay 2 d i m , phan hdi ngoai mdi doan hat bdi v l phuevu ngUdi d i n dU, edn ed bieu diln cae the loai nhac: nhac t i l n ehiln, nhac d e h mang, nhac tre...
Thd td, thay doi trong bd phdn to chdc vd thdc hdnh nghi le
V l Cd ban, to chUc va phan nhiem cdng vile trong le edng va l l hdi d lang My Khe hien nay thupc ve Ban khinh t i l t gidng nhd trddc. Song de "danh chfnh ngdn thuan"
trong viec huy ddng kinh phf, nhat la tU phia cae doanh nghiep, n^n ed sU k i t hpp, phan edng "ngam": Oy ban nhan dan phudng phu traeh giay mdi, thudng ed mdt ngUdi tham gia vdi tU each Phd Ban to ehUc, cdn lang lo viec chuan bi nghi le, cdng kieng. "Bgi li cd Oy ban cdng ddng ra td chdc, bin Oy ban thay mat mdi thdnh phdn tham dunhu thdnh phd, qugn, bdo ddi ve dUa tin. Cdn tieu li vdi trung le thi Idng to chdc, tdt cd cdc li li Idng lo, cdn Oy ban chl to phdn ddi ngogi, khdng lo kinh p/i/'"{OngDamVan Kh, 80 tudi, Ilng My Khe).
Viee lUa chpn ngUdi thuc hanh nghi le khdng qua eau ne nhu trudc. Vidu nhu trUde diy hpc trd gia le dUpc chpn lUa can than v l gia einh, pham chat, dp tuoi, nay chi can d i p dng tuong ddi v l dp tudi (18-20 tudi, tham ehi nhilu hon). Cd mdt thuc trang dang xiy ra d cac lang ven bien Da Ning do II sU e ngai cda ngUdi dan khi phli d i m nhan vj trf trong Ban nghi l i ndi rieng. Ban khanh t i l t ndi ehung, dan din nguy cd thieu hut v l ngudn nhan lUe thUe hanh nghi l l , duy tri tin ngudng truyin thdng. Dilu niy dUpc ly giii do nhilu nguyen nhan, khdng ndi din quyin lpi vat chat, ngay c l sU n l trpng trong cdng ddng cUdan ddi vdi nhUng ngUdi tham gia cac Ban cdng khdng nhutrude day.Them vao do la sumlt mdi do trach nhiem mang lai va sUc khde suy yiu do tuoi tic, benh tat... Vi khdng cd ngddi doe ehuc van cho nen lang phli t h u l ngUditddoin tudng Nguyen Hiln DTnh vdi mde gil 500.000 ddng/lan. Mot nhan vat "ehd ehdt" eda Ilng da td y mudn dupe nghi ngpi khi dUpc phdng van: "Chd Idm d Viin thuy sdn Nha Trang, nghi hiAJ roi ve ddy song. Cung td qui minh nhmig dt tdm xa sudt, gidve bi mdy ong bdt vd tdm bdi bdi dddc 2, 3 ndm ni, bieu sao tdm vgy chd chd cd biet chi md md Idm. Chd dang tinh xin nghi day"
(Ong Nguyin Van Th, 60 tuoi, lang My Khe).
Nhin chung, ben canh viec duy tri, blo lUu nhUng yiu td truyen thdng, tin ngUdng d edng ddng cUdan ven biln My Khe hien nay it nhilu da ed su thay ddi nhU la kit qui tat yeu eda qua trinh van ddng, phit trien kinh t e - x l hdi dia phddng trong tiln trinh do thj hda, hien dai hda.
3. NhuTng nhan to tac dong den bien do!
tin ngudng cda cUdan ven bien Oa Nang trong qua trinh dd thj hoa
Su biln ddi tin ngUdng eU dan ven bien My Khl trong qua trinh dd thj hda chju tic ddng td'bdn tic nhin quan trpng:
Chu truang, chlnh sdeh cda chlnh quyen dia phdang
72 LETHITHU HIEN
TU djnh h u d n g phat trien nen kinh t l dua t r e n t h e manh v l bien, qua t r i n h d d t h i hda t h a n h p h d k h d n g nguYig dddc day m a n h , nhat la khu vUe ven b i l n . Nhdng b i l u t d d n g v l n hda bil'n (nhU I l n g Ong, lang A m l i n h / Cd b l e d lang My Khe) dang ngay eang thUa vang cdng vdi sU"tan v d " c d a lang ven b i l n d o d d t h j hda, lam b i l n dang c i c cd sd tin ngUdng eda eU d i n v l lam thay d d i le hdi t r u y i n t h d n g b i l n . M d t sd c o sd t h d t U bi di d d i , xay mdi h o l e bi t h u hep d i l n tich de phue vu cho cac edng t r i n h dan sinh. Tuy n h i i n , viec xay dUng nhUng t u y i n d u d n g Idn ehay dpc ven b i l n eung vdi hang t r a m t u y i n p h d m d i d a d U a n h U n g e d s d t h d t d t f n n g d d n g ra "mat tien", tao d i l u kien eho ngUdi dan va d u khach t i l p can.
B i n eanh d d , chinh s i c h dau t U p h i t trien van hda, tfn n g u d n g cda thanh p h o v l c i c dja p h u o n g ven bien cung t i c d d n g ldn d i n dien mao tfn n g u d n g cU dan ven b i l n Da N i n g hien nay. Do ngan sach cda thanh p h d eho ITnh vdc van hda k h d n g n h i l u , vl v i y , hoat d d n g tfn ngUdng cdng ft nhan d u p e sU hd t r p t d phi'a ehinh q u y i n . Lang My K h l ehd y i u ehi duy tri t d ehUe nghi le, t h i l u kinh phf d e t d c h U e le hdi t h e o d j n h k y " t a m nien d i o han".
Mac d d vay, c i c chinh sach hd t r p n g u dan eua thanh p h d Da N i n g k h d n g ehi g i d p e i i thien d d i sdng, d i m bao an t o i n lao d d n g cho ngU dan ma edn g i d vai t r d quan t r p n g g d p phan duy tri v l n hda tin n g u d n g t r u y i n t h d n g , v i n g U d I n l a e h d t h e t i n ngUdng.
Nhdng xdo trpn ve ddn cd
0 p h u o n g dien v l n hda t i n ngUdng t r u y i n t h o n g , nhUng xao t r d n d i n cU d o sU xuat h i l n cua ngUdi dan t U noi khac t r o n g thanh p h d hay td* e i e t i n h t h a n h khae t r o n g nude da lam suy g i l m phan nao sU cd k i t ve mat t a m linh t h d n g qua tin n g u d n g giUa nhUng ngUdi sdng t r o n g eung m d t khu vUc ven b i l n . Dan c h d n g t d lang My Khe eho thay, nhUng n g d d i n g u c d k h d n g gan b d
lau dai vdi m i n h dat, k h d n g ed hieu b i l t ve tin ngUdng, k h d n g lam n g h i bien,... nhdng dac t i n h d d khien cho hp t h e m xa rdi vdi tfn ngUdng cda c d d i n tai eho.
Sdchuyen doi nghe nghiip
D d i v d i m d t b d p h i n ngU d a n , d d thi hda t a o cho hp c o hdi "ddi d d i " n h d t i l n bdi t h u d n g , ban dat; d d n g t h d i ed t h i lUa chpn nhieu edng viec m d i lUdng eao hon v l it rdi ro, it nguy hiem h d n n g h i di b i l n "hdn treo edt b u o m " nhU: lam edng nhan t r o n g cac nha may, xf n g h i e p hay n h i n vien t r o n g nha hang, k h i c h san, q u i n n h a u . . .
Vi t i n n g u d n g g a n vdi n g h i nen khi bp phan n g u d a n ven b i l n Da N i n g thay ddi sinh k l da t i c d d n g k h d n g n h d d i n nhdng thuc hanh tin ngUdng t r o n g edng d d n g lang bien. 0 lang My Khe, cd t h i t h l ' y sU g i l m sut ve so l u p n g ngUdi t h e o n g h i b i l n d l d i n d e n t i n h t r a n g t h i e u ngUdi thUe hanh nghi l l , t h i l u kinh p h i duy t r i , k h u l c h trUdng hoat d d n g tin ngUdng. NhUng thUe hanh tin ngUdng k h d n g edn d u p e thUe hien thddng xuyen n h u t r u d e .
Tdc ddng cua yiu td kinh ti, khoa hgc - fry thugt
Kinh te p h a t t r i l n khien d d i sdng cU dan ven bien Da N i n g t r d n i n kham k h l hdn, vi vay ed d i l u k i l n d d n g g d p cho cac hoat d d n g tin n g u d n g edng d o n g eda lang. 0 lang My Khe, ben eanh sU suy thoai eda m d t so hlnh t h l i tin ngUdng t h i eung ed e i e ed sd t h d t u tin ngUdng dupe sda chda, t u bd d m U c d d k h i e nhau h o l e xay lai. D d t h d dupe thay m d i , b i n v l d e p h o n . L l vat p h o n g phd, sinh hoat tin ngUdng dupe phuc hdi.
Ben canh d d , d i l u kien lao d d n g dUdc c i i thien edng vdi t r i n h d p phat trien cda x l hdi, cda edng d o n g c u dan b i l n d i n d e n mdt sd thay d d i t r o n g d d i sdng t i n ngUdng. CIc p h u o n g t i e n ky t h u a t hien dai c u n g dddc Ung d u n g t r o n g t h d t u k h i l n cho viee t h d cdng dupe t h u a n t i e n . 0 m o t khfa eanh khae, khi con ngUdi dupe trang b j , ho t r o b d i cdng
Tap chl Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017 I 73 nghe, khoa hpc ky thuat tien tien thi niim tin
cua hp vao eic t h i luc sieu nhiin, cac vi than bien ludn trp gidp ngU dan binh an trong mdi chuyin ra khoi vao long dang dan mai mpt.
Ket luan
Bien ddi vln hda la mdt quy luat tat yeu, t h i hiln sU van ddng de thieh dng vdi hoan cinh mdi, ddng thdi edng phin anh sde sdng ndi tai cua vln hda. Bien doi tfn ngUdng cda cd dan lang bien My Khe la vi du dien hinh eho sd biln ddi hien nay dang dien ra tai eic lang ven bien Da Ning, do la xu hUdng mai mdt, biln mat dan cua mdt sd hinh thai tin ngUdng.
Thuc trang tren da dat ra mdt sd van de doi vdi edng tie blo tdn vln hda, tin ngUdng truyin thdng cda eUdan ven biln ndi ehung, eU dan ven bien d Da Ning v l My Khe ndi rieng trong qui trinh do thi hda hiln nay nhU: duy tri ehd the eua tin ngUdng cU dan lang bien My Khe khi nghi bien truyin thdng d l v l dang mai mdt; huy dpng ngudn kinh phi ho trd eho hoat ddng tin ngddng khi dan "ngu cu" ngay mdt ddng va khdng lUu tam den tin ngUdng ndi d mdi;... Day la nhdng van d l rat dang quan tam bdi trong tUdng lai, tin ngUdng se ddng mdt vi tri, vai trd quan trpng trong nin kinh te biln noi day, gdp phan tao dUng dien mao thanh phd hien dai, ning ddng nhUng vln mang dam dau an vln hda truyin thdng.
TAI Ligu THAM KHAO
1. Ban khanh t i l t My Khe (2004), Lich sd M//Chexd,Tai lieu do dng Nguyin Van Thinh, Thinh vien Ban khinh t i l t Ilng My Khe cung cap.
2. Bui Quang Binh (2010), "Van de lao ddng nhap cU trong qua trinh dd thj hda d thanh phd Da Ning", trong Do thi hda mien Trung - Tdy Nguyin vd nhdng vdn de kinh ti- xd hpi dgt ra, Nxb Chinh trj - Hlnh chinh, Ha Npi, tr.267-280.
3. Chi cue Thdng ke quan Sdn Tra (2016), Niin gidm thong ki qudn San Trd 2015, LUu trd'tai Chi cue thdng kequan Sdn Tra,Thinh phd Da Nang.
4. Nguyin Xuan HUdng {20Q9),Tlnngddng cd ddn ven bien Qudng Nam - Dd Nang: Hlnh thdi, ddctri^gvd gid trl,Jddien Bach khoa va Vien Van hoa. Ha Npi.
5. Hu^nh Phudc (2010),"Vai n e t v l d d t h i hda miln Trung va thanh phd Da Ning trong thdi k>' ddi mdi", trong Bd thf hda mien Trung - Tdy Nguyen vd nhdng vdn de kinh te - xd hpi datra, Nxb Chinh tri-Hlnh ehinh. Ha Ndi, tr.
228-238.
6.JB{20^6), Nam 2015 cd mdc tdng trddng GDP cao nhdt ke td thdi diem 2008, website:
http://vi/ww.baodanang.vn
7. Ngd DUc Thinh (Chd bien, 2000), Vdn hda ddn gian tdng ven bien, Nxb Van hda Dan tdc, HI Ndi.
