Tinh hien dai nhin tu* Ichia canh tri€t hoc
D 3 Quang Hung' ' Dgi hgc Quic gia Hi Ngi.
Email: [email protected]
Nhin ngiy 4 thing 11 nim 2016. Chap nhgn ding ngiy 8 thing 12 nim 2016.
Tom tat: 0 Viet Nam, tii dau thl 1^ XX ttong nhilu ITnh vyc van h6a, xa hfi, thugt ngii hifn dgi hoa dan ttd nen phi biln vdi y nghia canh tan, doi mai theo hudng Au hda va trd thanh van dfi tu tudng triet hpc, mgt dfng lyc quan trpng ciia sy chuyen biln van hoa - xa hfi. Tuy vgy, thugt ngii nay chua phan anh hit muc df sdu sdc va rfng ldn cua thugt ngu tinh hifn dai, mft trong nhung khai nifm co vj tri trung tam ttong suy nghT va hanh dfng cua nhan logi "thdi hifn dgi", nhat la trong cac xa hgi Au - MJ.
Tiir khoa: Tinh hifn dgi, hifn dgi hoa, hau hifn dai.
Abstract: In Vietnam, since the early 20* century, in various social and cufaural fields, the term
"modernisation" has been more and more popular with the meaning of renovation towards Europeanisation. It has also become an issue of philosophical ideology, and an important motive of socio-cultural transformation. However, the term does not reflect fully the depth and breadth of the term "modernity", one of the concepts located at the centre of thinking and actions of the "modem"
mankind, especially in European and American societies.
Keywords: Modernity, modernisation, post-modem.
1. M d dau
Tinh hifin dgi Id mft ttong nhfing kfadi nifm cd vj tti ttung tdm ttong suy ngfai vd hdnh ddng ciia nhdn logi nhifiu the ky nay. Y tudng v l tinh hifn dai dudng nhu dugc bdt diu tfi ch5; eon ngudi khi dd phat trifin dfin mdt trinh do eao tfaudng ddi hdi cd mdt sy tuang ling giiia sdn xuat, lao dgng vd tri tuf, khoa hgc, cfing nghfi hay qudn 1^ phii hgp. Thdm chi, cdeh td chfte xa hgi cung phdi dugc td chfic quy cu bdng ludt phap va mdi ed nhdn ciing cd xu hudng ty gidi thodt khoi nhfing rdng huge ty nhifin va xa hdi dfi khdng dinh vai ttd cua ly tri. Thdm chi,
nhiing khdi nifm tu do vd faanfa phdc ca nhdn cfing ddi hdi su tfada mdn cua nhiing nhu ciu duy ly. Uy quyfin 1^ tri hgp pfaap gdn vdi nfin kinh t l thj trudng cda chii nghTa tu bdn ttong vifc xay dyng xa fadi faifn dgi mge du khdng du dfi cfaung minfa ring tdng trudng kinh t l vd dan chu hda xd fafii CO lien faf chdt ehe vdi nhau bdng sftc mgnh cua ly tri, nhung nd ciing dd trd tfaanfa mdt dgng lye eua xd fagi hifn dai.
Vdi sy xuat hifin ciia khdi nifm tinh hifin dai, thdi dai eua ede xa hfii Chdu Au tfi the ky XVI da dugc ggi Id "thdi hifn dai"; thdi dd nhung chuyfin bifin quan trgng vfi kinh tfi, xd hdi, ddc bift Id trifit hge dd lam thay
ddi ddi sfing vgt chit, tmh thin eua fap mgt each edn bdn. Vfi mgt tu tudng, khi Chdu Au budc vdo thdi ky Khai sdng tfi the ky XVIII thi khdi nifm tinh hifn dai thye sy hinh thdnh vdi hai yfiu tfi cfit loi: cdi duy ly dugc dl cao vd cd nhdn dugc gidi phdng ttd thdnh hf gia ttj, gop phin quyfit djnh hinh thanh nfin van minfa Cfadu Au faifn dgi.
Ddy cung Id liic anh sang cfia 1;|? tri da thiic diy sy ra ddi cua he tu tudng ciia Chfi nghTa hifn dgi phuang Tdy tucmg fing vdi mft xa hfii thfi tue thodt khdi mfi hinh mft xa hgi "nude ttdn gian" cfia Kinh thdnh.
Khdi nifim tinh hifn dai dan dan duge khdng djnh thfim nhiing yfiu tinh. Ndi each khdc, tinh hifin dai khdng pfaai chi Id mgt sy biln ddi dem thudn cua mft chuoi sy kifin ndi nhau ma con Id sy lan truyfin nhfing san phdm cua hoat ddng ly tri, khoa hgc, cfing nghe, qudn ly. Nd bao ham mdt su phdn hoa va bifin ddi ngay cdng tdng trong ddi sdng xd hdi cua cdc yfiu td chinh tri, kinh tfi, ddi sfing gia dinh vd tdn gido, trong dd tinh duy ly da ttd thdnh dgng luc thue ddy mgi hogt dpng vd logi trfi mgi kieu hogt dfng khfing phil hgp. Thfi ky XIX va diu thfi ky XX, tu duy cua lodi ngudi vfi tinh hifin -.dgi da trd nfin thye su rd net. Max Weber (1864-1920) da dua ra djnh nghia ndi tieng vfi tinh hifn dai bing each tri tue hda nd, doan tuyft vdi truyen tfadng mue dich lugn tdn gido, dfi ddng nfait tinfa hifn dgi vdi sy duy ly hoa.
Y tudng cua Max Weber, cung gifing nhu f tudng ciia nhiing ngudi di trude nhu Comte, Hegel, vd ed Marx, dd Id sy thay the tfin gido von d vj tri trung tdm bdng ly tti va khoa hgc, ylu to tin nguOng tfin gido ehi cdn vj tri ttong ddi sfing ed nhan rieng tu.
Tdt nhifin, ngudi ta cfing khfing dan gidn nghT rdng, chi can fing dyng khoa hgc vdo cdng nghf la dd ed xd hfii hifn dgi. Do Id vi.
vi tti eiia tti tuf, duy ly edn pfadi dugc dam bao trudc nfaung dp luc ciia cfainfa tri faay tin ngudng tdn gido; tinh phi ea nhan eua ludt phdp phai bao vf dugc quyfin eon ngudi vd khfing the bifin nd thdnh cong ey cua quyln lye cd nhan; ddi sdng cdng cdng vd ddi sdng rifing tu phdi dugc tdch bift... Tfi khia egnh cua triet hgc xa hfi vd trifit hgc vfi con ngudi bdi vifit ndy phdn tich nhgn thfic va ljcfa sfi difin bien cua tinh faifin dgi; su khiing hodng cua nd va sy difiu chinh khi chuyen qua giai dogn h$u hifn dai culi thl ky XX diu XXI.
2. Logic t r i l t ly cua tinh hifn dgi Trudc hit, tinh hifn dgi phdn dnfa mpt cau tnie xd hfi mdi ciia chu nghia tu bdn ve ciu tnic giai cap vd tdng ldp xa hgi gdn liln vdi he thdng kinh te vd cfing nghifp hoa.
Thuyfit hau hifn dai eho rdng, cdu triic xd hdi rdt da dgng, phuc tgp vd gdn lifin vdi su phdn fada xa fagi ttfin edc kfaia cgnh tft kmfa t l , ehinh tri dfin vdn hda, tam ly, gidi.
Tinh hifn dgi eoi ttgng nfin tdng kinh te, nhung ddng thdi dfi eao nhdn td vdn hda va con ngudi. Dieu nay da duge nfiu lfin ttong 1^ thuylt xa hgi hpc cfia Weber va Durkheim khi hai fing ban ve su bifin dfii xd hfi hifn dai. Cd mdt difiu md cdc nhd xa hfi hge tfin gido hfit sfic quan tdm, dd Id vai tro cfia lao dfing, td chfic sdn xuat va anh huong cua nd dfin ddi sfing tfin gido, nhu cde pfauong phdp khoa hge to cfauc lao dgng tfaeo quan nifm cua F.Taylor, theo chu ngfaTa Ford. Theo thuyfit nay, cde cfing ty ldn sfi dyng lao dfing bdn - kJ ndng de sdn xudt hang loat hang fada cung cip cfao thj trudng dgi chiing. Thuylt ban hifn dai cho rdng, cdch td cfafic lao dgng tuan tfaeo xu
22
Bo Quang Hung hudng da ngdnh, da ITnh vuc va sfi dung lao
dfing da ky ndng.
Difim nhdn ciia tinh hifin dgi (nhu Max Weber da nfaifiu ldn khdng djnfa) ttong san xudt va ddi sdng xd hgi la tinh duy ly. Dfii vdi sy kiem sodt lao dgng, cac thuyfit hifn dai dfiu tap trung vdo tim bilu vd danh gia cac CO ehl qudn ly, kilm sodt. Thuyfit hien dgi cho ring, dfi kifim sodt cin thdng tin, ein hifiu biet mgt each duy ly/hgp ly vfi mue tifiu va phuang phdp faoat dfng. Nfaung tfauyet hdu hifin dai eho rdng, dilu ndy khd ed thfi xdy ra, khd cd tfai khdng djnfa dugc dieu gi mgt edefa cfadc cfadn ttong thfi gidi diy mdu thudn, bat fin, bat ttdc ndy.
Cdc nhd xa fafii fapc hifn dgi eho rdng, td chfic duy if md ra chdn ttdi mdi cho sy phdt trifin eua xd hgi. Nhung edc nhd hdu hifn dai lai cho rdng, kifiu td chuc nhu vdy chi ldm tdng su kilm sodt cfia con ngudi ma dfi ldm qud trinh che ddy sy bdt dn, sy mdu thudn va xung dot ttong cude sfing ciia con ngudi.
Dac bifit trong linh vuc chinh ttj, tinh hifn dgi khfing chi quan tdm den su chuyfin biln cfia the ehl chinh tri md ludn thiic day nln tang dan cfau fada xd fafi vd xdy dyng nfaa nude pfaap quyen theo hudng cfia edc eudc each mgng tu san. Difiu nay se ddt ra nhiing vdn de rat ldn dfii vdi ddi sfing tfin giao, do la su ra ddi vd pfaat trifin eac md fainh nhd nude thfi tuc ciing nfau tuang quan gifta tfin gido vd luat pfaap.
Cfing vdi sy phdt trien cua thuyfit hien dgi, ttong thl ky XX da xuat hifin va phat ttiln ly thuyfit phe phdn tt'nh hien dai, kfadi ngudn tfi nfaiing nghien cfiu co tinh phfi phan ciia cac nhd tu tuorng thuoc thdi dgi Khai sang vd dgt tdi dinh cao phdt trifin d thl ky XIX ttong ede tae phdm cua Marx va Engels. Dge bift vao diu the ky XX, ly
thuyfit ndy thyc sy ra ddi d Chdu Au. Theo Raymon Aron, vfi dgi thl, lich sft phfi phdn tmh hifn dai da trai qua cde giai doan nfau sau:
Thfi hf ddu tien cfia trudng phdi ly thuylt phe phan d Frankftirt (1923) la nfaiing ngudi sang ldp ra nd nfau Max Horkheimer, Theodore Adomo, Herbert Mareuse.
Thfi hf thft hai cua trudng phai Frankfiut Id Jurgen Habermas, Albreeht Wellmer va nhihig ngudi khac.
- Tfafi hf thfi ba gfim nhfing dgi difn nfau:
Axel Honnetfa d Dftc, Seyla Benhabib va mgt sd ngudi khdc d Hoa K^.
Nhung ly thuylt phfi phdn kfadng gidi faan d Dfic hay d Hoa K^' md phdt trifin d Phap vdi dgi difin tifiu bilu Id Michel Foucault, Francois Lyotard, Pierre Bourdieu, Jacques Derrida vd nhilu ngudi khdc [12], [7, tt.293-294].
Tae phdm cua Alain Touraine cd vj tri quan ttgng bdi vdi each nhin trifit hpc bao qudt; da lam ro nhiing Idgic quan ttpng cua tt'nh hifn dai ttong lich sfi xd fagi faifn dgi d Chdu Au vd nhftng vin dfi thiet yeu ciia nd nfau: ehu thfi cfia tinfa hien dgi; tinh hifin dai vd ba giai doan cua sy khfing hodng; tmh hifin dgi va hau hien dai...
Khdi nifm tinh hifn dgi gdn liln vdi pfaong trdo Khai sang d thfi ky XVIII vdi sy chuyfin ddi tu duy cfia lodi ngudi sang giai dogn dfi cao ly tti. Gdn lifin vdi difiu nay la su doi hoi eon ngudi dugc gidi phdng khdi vu try luan eiia thin thdnh. Phong ttao Khai sdng Id mdt trang su mdi do eon ngudi ty tgo nen khi bifit sfi dyng ly tri ciia minh vugt ra khdi he tu tuong dya tten quyen uy ciia thdn linh.
Tinh hifin dai thyc su xuit hifn eung vdi cdc cude Cdeh mgng tu sdn Au - My vdi
dugc quan nifim nfau sy "dfit ra kfaoi" [2, tt.48] cdc truyfin thdng va tdn gido.
Su pfaat trifin cfia tuifa hifin dai trong sufit thfi ky XIX gin lifin vdi khuynh hudng tu duy tfaeo chu nghia thyc chfing khifin eho xa hgi hpc dd bdt ddu gap nhfing vdn dfi nghiefa Iy. Cy tfae Id, eon ngudi dudng nhu dfing trudc hai du tinh: mgt bfin la y chi dua ra nhiing md hinh dn djnh cda hifn thyc xd hpi; mft bfin khac Id y thftc kinh nghifim vfi nhfing tinh huong xd hdi khdng fin djnh [3, tt.ll]. Difiu do CO ngfaTa la, xd hgi hifn dai la san pfaim cua tinh hifin dgi, nhung bdn thdn nd lgi khfing the "hdi hda" vdi sy phdt trifin cua chinh bdn than ti'nh hifn dgi.
Nhu vdy, tinh hifin dgi se gdn kfit chgt ehe vdi y tudng hgp ly hda, tham chi f tudng iy con la nln tdng dl xdy dung mgt xa hdi duy ly...
Ve mat ljch sfi xd hpi, dien trinh ljch sfi eua Chdu Au dd thl hifin thdi kJ hifin dai tfi thdi Pfayc faimg din Cdch mgng tu sdn Phdp (1789), cfing nhu sy bit diu cfing nghifp hoa mgnfa mfi cua nude Anfa. V ngfaTa tinfa thdn vd thyc tien cua tinh faifn dgi Id d cho, no khfing chi kich thieh phdt triln kinh t l thuang mai, cdc quy tdc ttao dii thilt ldp sy qudn ly cfing cgng, ma cdn hinh thdnh nhung md hinh nhd nude phdp quyfin, xd fagi tfae tuc. Mgt kfadc, y tuong vfi tinfa faifn dgi con tfaiic ddy hinh thdnh Con ngudi mdi (Ngudi hifn dgi) thay thl Con ngudi cu cua xd hfi co truyen (ttong dd con nguoi da thodt khdi mgi hinh thfic thong trj tfain quyen vd vucmg quyfin, nhfing tap tyc lgc h$u nhd the ky Anh sdng quet di).
Den ddy, chiing ta cd thfi nhdc lgi mdt djnh nghTa tuang ddi tifiu bilu /fi tinh hifin dgi cua Alain Touraine: "Quan nifm cd difin vfi tinh hifin dgi trudc het la sy ciu tgo mpt hinh dnh duy ly vfi the gidi, ddt con
ngudi vao ty nhifin, dat vu try vi mfi vdo vu try vT mo, vd tfi bd tdt ea nhfing hinh thfic nhj nguyfin vfi thdn the vd linh hfin, eua the gidi con ngudi vd sy sifiu vift" [1, tr.57].
Cd thfi ndi, djnh nghia eiia Allan Touraine tuy ndng tt'nh trifit hge, nfaimg da lot td ca bdn y nghia trifit Iy eua kfadi nifm tt'nh hifn dai. Dfi cd thl dfi nhdn bifit hon
"nhiing diu hieu xa hdi" cfia khdi niem tinh hifn dgi, chiing tdi luu y them y^ kifin cda Anthony Giddens, khi fing dua ra mft hinh anh khd todn ven vfi tinh hifn dai nhu mpt no lyc cfia bfin chifiu kich: cfing nghifp chiem uu thfi, chu ngfaia tu ban, cfing nghiep fada cfaien ttanh, vd kifim soat tat ed ede mat eua ddi sdng xd hpi... Hinh dnh nay lay tfi y tuong ciia Durkheim ve "sy cfl kit hiiu ca" dk diln td khdi nifm tinh faifn dai vd xd hpi hifn dgi.
Nhu vgy, quan nifm cfi diln ve tinfa hifn dgi tuang fing vdi y nghia mdt cugc cdch mgng xd hfi vd tu duy, keu ggi giai pfadng con nguoi vd xd fagi t n i i ^ cfi. Ndi tfafim ring, cfainfa Max Weber vdi nhihig cfing trinh do sg cua minh vfi kinh tfi va xa hgi hifin dgi dd chi ra nhiing difiu edn cot nhat (nhu sy tin e^y vdo ly tri, tim quan ttpng chu yfiu ciia lao dgng, td chfic san xuat va sy ttao ddi hdng hda cfing nhu tinh phi ca nhan cfia luat phdp...) ma dng tdm tdt ttong hai yeu to: duy Iy hda va the tyc hda.
3. Logic xd fafi cua tinfa faifn dgi Cde tae gid kinfa difin ve xa fafi fapc (Toequeville, Marx va Engels, Weber) da cd nfafing cdcfa nfain kfaac nfaau v l difiu ndy, kfai pfadi trd ldi mdt ttong nhiing cdu hdi ca ban: dua trfin ea sd ndo dfi xdy dyng mgt xd hdi hien dai dang d gifta thoi k;y cdch mang cfing nghifp ddnh ddu bdng sy tan rd ciia 24
B6 Quang Hung cdc mfii lien hfi cfng dfing dugc ggi Id **ty
nhifin"? Difiu "thifing lieng" ndo, tinh fagp pfadp nao cd thfi la ngufin cgi cho nfaftng hogt dfing xa hfii cfia con ngudi ttong xa hgi?
Nguoi dugc coi la tifiu bifiu vdi edu ttd ldi thuyfit phue cfainh la Max Weber vdi ly thuyfit sy "fagp ly fada tfai gidi". Ciing vdi kfaai nifim quan ttgng ndy dng edn dua ra mdt sfi kfaai nifim lifin quan nfau fagp ly hda kinh tfi, hgp Iy hda dao dfic ton giao, hodc duy Iy hda tdn gido... He khdi nifim nay gifip cho vific tgo ra ly thuylt tinh duy ly, tinh fagp ly ttong mgi ITnfa vuc hoat dfing xd hpi cfia con ngudi ma Max Weber coi dd Id difim then chot tao nfin tinh hifin dai [9, tt.223].
4. Net noi trdi cua tinh faifn dai Max Weber cho rdng, qud trinh hgp ly fada la sy trifin khai trong mpi ITnh vye kfadc nhau cua ddi sdng xa hgi cua tinfa fagp ly, ttong do faoat ddng xa fadi duge eoi la cd hifu qud nfiu nhu nd cd khd ndng lam mdt di dnh hudng ciia tdn gido ttong ldi song cfia cde ed nhdn.
Chinfa vi vdy, ttong giai dogn pfadt trien cua tinfa hifin dgi da xudt faifn nfafing nguyfin tdc tu duy chfi yfiu efaju sy chi phdi cfia tu duy duy ly nfau "fagp ly fada mang tinh ly tri", "khoa hgc" vd "khoa hgc ky thuat".
Tfi dd. Max Weber coi qua trinfa "fagp ly hda the gidi" chinh la ban chat cfia tinh hifin dgi pfauong Tay. Cfainh dng dd dua ra nhihig md hinh, nhung hinh thuc xa hdi eiia tinfa duy ly (ma ehiing tdi khu bift) dudi day.
Trudc hfit. Id sy fagp ly hda v l nha nude (chfi do cdng chfic, luat phap, each tfi chfic
chfi dp tu bdn mgt cdch hgp Iy ve thi trudng, lao ddng, faacfa toan, ciing nfau tdch bift qudn ly gia dinh vd xi nghifp...). Tilp do Id hgp ly hda ttong tu duy, khoa hgc, vdn hda ngfaf thugt ("qud trinfa giai ma tfaudt ciia thfi gidi" ttong ddi sfing tinh thin va sang tao kfaoa fagc ky thuat).
Mfit hinh thfic khac cua hgp ly hda Id sy md rdng ehu nghia duy ly (y nghia ciia dao dfic than Iinfa vd dgo dfic tfafi tyc, sy day lui
"niem tin" tfin gido, phep thudt bi diy lfii, thfic day tu duy thyc cfafing). Cufii cung, mgt ITnfa vye hfit sfic then chfit va phuc tap ttong cac xa fapi Au - My la fainfa thfic tdn gido vd duy ly: tfi liiih vyc "hgp Iy" chuyfin sang ITnh vye "cai phi 1^". Max Weber cho ring, trong cae xd hgi tifin tu bdn Au - My, tfin giao dd timg dugc coi la dfng luc cua vdn minfa pfauong Tdy tfaudc "ITnfa vyc cai fagp ly". Khi xd fafii tfafi tue pfadt trifin, tinh hifn dgi thdng the tfai ciing vdi vifc tdn gido bj diy lui vdo doi soi^ ed nfadn, trfin phuang difin y thfic xd hfi, tfin gido hi diy sang ITnh vuc "cdi phi ly", hodc "phan hgp ly". Day chinfa Id qud trinh md fing ggi la qud trinh fagp ly hda tfin gido [9, tt.347].
Theo Alain Tourraine, cdn nhan thfic ro mft sfi yfiu tinh sau ddy cua tinh hifn dai.
Thd nhdt, tinh faifn dgi kfafing tfai cfai dugc hieu nhu sy hgp ly hda, ma eon phai dugc hieu Id sy taeh roi ngay edng tdng eua the gidi kfaacfa quan, dugc ly tri tao ra, tfaoat khdi thfi gidi ciia tinh cfau tfae vd dd la the gidi cua cd the, eua tu do cd nfadn.
Thu hai, tinh hifin dai dd dogn tuyft vdi vu try ludn tdn giao vdn vua ed tinfa ty nhifin, vua co tinh thin thdnh dugc tgo dyng, thay thfi nd bdng mdt the gidi ciia ly tri vd sy thfi tt.ic fada de cd duge mfit tfai gidi faifn thyc hda nhiing difiu md con ngudi kfadng thl dgt tdi.
TM 6^^ tinh hif n dai cdn la sy thay the mgt thfi gim ciia y ehi thSn didnh bang mft the gidi con ngudi chfi thfi dugc tgo ra bdng tinh nhi nguyfin ciia hgp ly boa va chii the hoa.
5. Van hoa, van minh vd tinh hien dai Nhu da noi d phan ttfin, mac dfi tinh hifin dgi da ttd thanfa mdt khdi nifm trifit hpc quen thufc nhieu thfi ky nay, nhung nd van khdng ngfing dugc nhan thfic, ddc bifit ttong ITnh vuc doi sdng xd hfi vd van hda.
Mat khdc, dfi mdt bg phdn nhdn loai, cac xa hpi Au My da budc vdo ngu&ng cua cua thdi ky hau hifin dgi, nfaung sfi dfing nfaan loai, bg phan cdn lgi van dang ttong qua trinh ciia tinh hifn dai.
P. Max Wildiers (ttong cufin "Kosmologie in de westerse Cultuur, Historisch - kritisch essay, ed. Pleekmans, Kapellen/Kok Agora, Kampen, 1998"), khi mfi hinh hda budc tiln trifin eua xa hdi hifn dgi vd hdu - hifin dai da dua ra khai nifm ba trgng thdi vfi try luan vd sy bien chuyen cua chiing nhu nhiing "hinfa dnfa bifiu trung cua thfi gidi"
nhdn logi. Ba ttang thdi dd nhu sau:
Mot Id. tdm nhin cd dgi/nfing nghifp: sy thfing nhdt cd tinh cd dinh va bdt bifin ve cdu tnie. Ong cho rdng tfi thoi Hy Lgp cfi dgi, Aristote nhin thfi gidi nhu mft thyc tai CO djnh, thieng lifing ma d do cdu tnic gia tri bat bifin ttong chfic ndng eua con ngudi la nhiing chuin mye vfi xd hfi va tdn gido.
"Nfiu cdn mgt phep an dy thi cd thfi noi rdng, vu try ludn cua thdi dgi nay la mpt thang gia tri gifia Trdi vd Dit" [10, tt.36].
Tde gid cuon sdch trfin eung ghi n h ^ rdng, vai ttd to ldn eua Kitd giao khfing ehi the hifin d quyen lyc cfainfa tri xd hpi eua nd md con ttong nhan thfic lu|n vfi cam thfic Sang the ciia Thifin Chua.
Hai Id, tdm nhin the gidi hifn dai va khoa hpe cdng nghf: tmh nfai nguyfin Theo P. Max Wildiers, bieu trung tri tuf cOa tdm nhin ndy dugc bit diu tfi Copemie vd Galilee. Nhung chinfa Descartes, Newton vd nhftng nhd tu tudng uu tu kfaac mdi la nfaiing ngudi thuc sy pha huy tim nhin vfi thfi gidi cd trung dai vd thay thl vao dd mgt "thfi gidi bi phan cfaia ldm hai: thfi gidi tinfa tfain va thfi gidi vgt chdt". Triet hgc vd than hgc cimg ngu tri thl gidi tinh thdn. Trong khi dd, khoa hpc ty nhien vdi nhftng phuang pfaap pfaan tich mdi me dd ngu ttj thfi gidi vgt chdt vd tao nfin sfic manh khdng Id ca gidi bdi nhung ludt lfi hoan todn cd tinh thyc chung, djnh lugng. N I U cin mgt phep an du vfi vfi tiy ludn nay, tdc gia khdng ngan n g ^ ggi no la
"mgt thfi gidi nhu cd may".
Vai ttd cfia tfin gido ttong thl gidi, hay mfii quan hfi giiia nd vdi tinh hifin dgi cQng dugc tdc gid ghi nhgn: "Tim nhin cua the gioi mdi dugc khdng djnfa du cfaam faon mft chiit sau su bien dfii ve ky thugt do Id phong ttao thfi tyc hda. Sy phdn ly gifta pham vi cua tinh tfin giao va tiifi gidi trdn tyc duge the hifn r6 nhit d cho, tmh tfin gido ttong thl gjdi tyc hda da bi bift lap trong pham vi ed nhan' .
Nhu vgy, vfi co ban tde gia dd eho ta thdy nhiing yeu tinh tu tudng trifit hpc, phuong pfadp lugn, xd hgi hge vd ddc bift mdi quan hf giiia tmh hifin dgi vd tfin gido ttong thdi hifn dai.
Ba Id, vu tru luan hau hifin dgi/fadu cfing nghifp: thuylt toan tiln, khdng cftng nhdc, can du, tinh trach nhifm cua tu duy vd tdm linh, giai bfia mfi eua vdn hda. Day Id tieu dfi cfia thdi hdu hifn dai, ciing dugc tae gia thfia nhdn bdt ddu tfi nfia cufii tfafi ky XX diu thl ky XXI. Trong tifiu dfi ttfin, fing ddc bift nhin manh ba dfing lyc quan ttgng nhit ciia thdi hau - hifn dgi: ldi tiep edn tich hgp eiia thuyfit todn tien; ldi suy nghT cua 26
Bo Quang Hung phuang phap khoa hge khfing eting nfadc,
coi ttgng nfaiing cam tfafic cua tdm linfa, ban sde ca nhdn ciing nhu ttong phuemg difn than hgc; tft bd thuyfit tfaan hgc cd difin tifin tdi mgt nen "thin hgc khdng togi nguyfn".
Vfi he gid tri, P. Max Wildiers da chi ra rdt dfing rdng, d thdi tifin hifn dgi thi Thifin Chua cfia Kitd giao cdn dirng tten cd tdn gido ndi chung, tifip theo mdi la quyen lyc chinh tri ttdn thfi, vd quyfin lyc xa hgi cua ngudi ddn fing tat nfaien la dfing tren ngudi pfau nft. Trong kiii do, d thdi ky faifn dgi thi duy ly va khoa hgc ludn duge dfi eao, ddng thdi Id sy phdn tdch giiia quyfin lyc chinh di xa hfi va quyen lyc tdn giao nfau chung ta da ndi d pfadn tten. Nhung tat cd nfaiing dilu nay lai bj chi phdi boi cai nhin nhi nguyen ludn, dfii chgi gifta vat chat va tinh tfaan, cdi sieu nfaifin va edi phdm tyc...
6. Xa hfi hien dai va hgu hifn dgi Tu nfia cudi thfi ky XX, khi mgt bfi phan ciia lodi ngudi budc vao thdi ky hdu hifn dgi, tfai ciing Id luc dien ra sy khiing hodng cua tinh faifn dai. Trong nfaifiu thfi ky, cling vdi sy khdng djnh vai ttd cua cfafi ngfaia tu ban hifn dgi trong dd ed tae nfaan to Idn etta trifit ly tinh hifn dai, thi cdc ylu td tao nen tinh hien dai ciing bgc Id nhiing bdt cap cfia nd. Dd Id:
Thu nhdt, tinh fagp ly vd duy ly. Qua faai thfi ky cfia tfaoi faifin dgi, tinh hgp ly dd trd thanfa mgt nguyfin tdc tu duy khi nd dua phuang phdp khoa hgc, sy phfi phdn vao mgi ITnh vyc tu tuong triet fapc, ddi sdng xa hgi va sdn xuit. Cfing vdi sy phdt triln eua chu nghia tu bdn, ttong ttilt ly xd hdi vd sdn xudt cfia nln kinh te hang hda da xudt hifin
nhiing phuemg phdp mdi, chdng hgn nhu chfi nghia Taylor va nhiing phuang pfaap qudn ly lao dgng kfadc phd vd tinfa ty cfau cfia cac xi nghifip va budc thg thuyfin phdi tuan theo nhftng quy dinh md gidi chu coi dd Id "khoa fagc, fagp ly"[10, tt.35].
Thic hai, su kfafing faoang cua chu ngfaia ea nfaan. Nfau ehung ta da de cap, viec giai phdng ca nhan, xde lgp vai ttd ciia chu nghia cd nfadn ttong tifin trinh xd hgi vd san xuit, cung nhu ttong vific khdng dinh tu tudng cfia tinh hifin dgi Id mdt phuang difn ttgng yeu khae. Chfi nghia ea nhan trong tien trinfa phat trifin ciia ehu nghia tu ban, dfin diu thl ky XX, dd chuyin tfi giai doan chu nghia cd nhdn phd qudt sang giai doan chu nghia ca nhan cy thl. Giai doan sau xudt hien Ifigic mdi; do la: cdi cd nfadn da trd tfadnh chfi the ham mufin vd chua dyng nhfing sftc manfa phi ea nhan, nd ddi fadi pfaai xac djnfa lgi cfau tfafi ttong nfaiing gia tri pfad quat quan trpng nhu mdi quan faf vdi Tfaugng d l (tdn giao), vdi ljcfa sfi, vdi ly tri... Ly tri ciia con ngudi tfi cfao Id ddng luc cd thfi bien thdnh cdng cy ttong khi licfa sfi van bj ehi phdi bdi edc nha nude...
Thic ba, tt'nh hifn dgi vd thfi tyc hda. Vfi phuang dien xa hdi, tinh hien dai chi co the chifin thing nfiu nd thue diy mfit xd hpi thfi tyc hda thodt ra khdi sy thfing tri ciia tfin gido, ddc bift la eac x§ hgi Au - My. Chu nghia the tyc va cdc mfi hinh ciia nhd nude thfi tyc dd xudt hifn trong cac cufc each mang tu sdn Au - My, tieu bieu la d Phap va Hoa Ky, da cho thdy sy thdng thfi eua xu hudng ndy. Ro rang, sau hon hai thfi ky thanh cfing cfia tinh hifn dgi, xu hudng thfi tyc hda, Gido hfii Kitd gido dd ddnh mat vj tri trung tdm eua nd. Trudc hfit, Giao fadi mat vj tri trung tdm vdn hda, vai ttd ttong
27
thilt chfi xd fadi, lui budc trude mft mfi hinh xd hfi thfi tyc mdi me vdi sy ehl ngy cfia vdn boa thl tyc trfin mpi cdp do. Vdi nhfing nguyfin ly ciia chii nghia thl tyc, con ngudi nhu "thoat ra khdi tdn giao" - nhu mgt bifiu tnmg thdnh cdng nhdt ciia tinh faifn dgi md Gauchet dd nfadn dinfa [6], tfin gido dudng nhu bj diy vdo ddi sfing cd nhdn.
Tfi nhiing Ifigic ndi tren, Chfi ngfaia hau hifn dai da xuat hifn vdi nhiing tae gia tfin ttifii nhu A. Giddens (1990), J.P. Willaime (1998), J.F. Lyotard (1979), B. Sweettnan (2005)... Ngudi ta nhan mgnh sy khde bift cua chfi nghTa hgu hifin dgi la d cho: "Thoi hifn dgi dfi cao sy ddng gdp cfia khoa hge, chinh tri, nghfi thuat cfao su tiln bd cOa eon ngudi. Nhung thdi hdu hifn dgi dugc ddnh diu bdi su tan vd cua ty sy ay. Trong thdi hgu hifn dgi, moi linh vuc cua xd hfi tdch roi nhau vd cd quy tdc rieng cua chiing:
khfing gi bdo dam edi "chdn" (cdi dung) ttong khoa hpe tuomg thieh vdi cdi "dfing din" ttong chinfa tri vd vdi edi "my" trong ngfaf thudt. Con ngudi phdi tim cdch sdng ttong cai xd hdi phan manh dd, vdn cd nhifiu "md" xd hgi vd dgo dfic khfing tuang thich vdi nhau. Tinh tuang dfii ttong cac dien ngfin Id mgt dde trung eua tu duy hdu hien dai" [11, tr.54].
eua chfi ngfaTa tu bdn, md cdn Id mgt bieu trung tri tuf eiia tim nfain thl gidi hifn dai, bit diu tfi Copemie vd GaliMe, kit thiic bdi chinh Descartes, Newton. Chinfa fap Id nhftng nguoi thye su phd hfiy tim nfain vfi tfafi gidi cfi trung dai vd tfaay thfi vao dd mgt
"the gidi bj phan chia ldm hai: till gidi tuih thdn vd thfi gidi vat chat", ttong dd khoa fagc ty nhifin cd vi tri quyfit dinh.
Y nghia quan ttpng hdng dau cfia tinh hifn dgi ttong van dfi con ngudi Id, Idn dau tien ttong lich sfi nhdn logi, vai ttd cda ly tri dugc khdng dinh. Thgm chi, each td chfic xd hgi cung phdi tudn theo ludt pfaap, nfaung kfadi nifm ty do vd fagnh phuc cd nhan ciing ddi hdi su thda man cfia nfaung nfau ciu tinh duy ly vd nd da ttd thdnfa mfit dfng lyc ciia xd hfli hifn dgi.
Max Weber cd sy phat hifin quan ttgng vfi tinh hifn dgi, nhd k l tuc va phat trifin f tudng cua nhiing nfadn vdt nfau Comte, Hegel va cd Marx. Khi thfi gidi hifn dgi chuyen qua giai doan hdu hifin dgi tfi nfia cudi thfi ky XX diu thl ky XXI, tfai yfiu to duy ly dugc bd sung bdng loi tu duy kfafing Cling nfadc (eoi ttgng nhiing cdm thfic cda tdm linh, ban sic ca nfadn md ra cho nhan loai mdt chdng dudng mdi ciia tinh hifn dgi, khde phuc su khung hodng eua tinfa faifn dgi tfi gifia thfi ky XX).
7. K i t luan Chii thicfa
Nhdn thfic vl tmh hifn dgi vd qud trinh eiia tinh hifn dgi la mft ttong nhChig vin dfi trifit hpc xa fagi va con ngudi cd vi tti trung tdm ttong suy ngfal va hdnh dpng cfia nhdn logi nfaifiu thfi ky nay. Tinh hifin dgi khdng ehi la sdn phdm tryc tiep cfia cugc cdch mang khoa hgc ky thu|t ldn thfi nhit vd sy ra ddi
^ Tir nhfhig nim 1920, is Diic, My, Phip trong nhihig ITnh v^rc sin xudt, f tudng to chtic Igi da chilm vj trf trung tam v i da d6 ra phuang phip Taylor. Diy l i truimg hgp tifiu bilu cho nghich 1^
cua tinh hop ly, duy ly, nguyen ly cin bin ciia tinh hi|n dgi, nhimg d i bgc If ngay tinh "bit hgp ly"
gifla logic ciia gidi chil v i thg thuyen.
28
B o Quang Hung
Tai Jif u tfaam khao
[I] Alain Touraine (2003), Phi phdn tinh hiin dpi.
NxbThegii5ri,HiN6i.
[2] Alphonse Dupront (1996), Cdc nhd khai sdng Id gl?, Gallimard, Paris.
[3] Danilo Martuccelli (1999), Xa hgi hpc vi linh hiin dgi, Gallimard, Paris.
[4] E. Durkheim (2012), Cdc qiQi tae cua phuang phdp xd hgi hpc, Nxb Tri thiic. Ha Ngi.
[5] E. Le Roy Ladurie (1999), Nude Phdp budc vdo thi ky XXI, Nxb Khoa hgc x3 hgi. H i Ngi.
[6] Gauchet (1985), Le Desenchantemenl du monde, Ed. Gallimard, Paris.
[7] L6 Nggc Hiing (2015), Lich su vd ly thuyit xd hdi hpc, Nxb Dai hgc Quic gia. H i N6i.
[8] D S Quang Hung, Trin Vilt NghTa (2014), Tinh
hiin dai vd sir ehuyin biin vdn hoa Viit Nam thdi cgn dgi, Nxb Chlnh tri quic gia. Hi Ngi.
[9] Max Weber (1995), Economie ei Societi, tome 2, Ed. Pocket, Paris.
[10] Marc Luyckx (1991), Les Religions Face a la Science et la Techrmlogie, Bnixelles.
[ H ] Nguyen Xuan NghTa (2014), "Tinh hi?n dai, h^u hifn dai v i ton giao", Chd nghia hdu hien dgi vd phong trdo ton gido mai d Viit Nam vd thi gidi, Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia, Tp.
H6 Chi Minh.
[12] Raymon Aron (1967), Les etapes de la pense sociologique, Ed. Gallimard.
[13] Jean-Francois Lyotard (1993), Moralites Postmodernes, ed, Galilee, Paris,
[14] Jean-Francois Lyotard (2007), Hodn cdnh hgu hiin dgi. Nxb Tri thiic, H i N^i.
29
