TINH HINH KHAI THAC V.A SLT DUNG NGUON L(pfl SITA
d MOT SO \nLNG VTN BIEN P H I A BAC VIET NAM Pham The Thir, Nguyen Thj Thu va Tran Manh Ha I. M O DAU
La mdt viing bien c ^ nhiet ddi, gid miia, nim phia tay bic cira ra vao ciia khdi nude Bien Ddng vdi Vinh Bae Bd, viing ven bien phia bic da va dang la mot ngu tmcng danh bat, khai thac hai san rat quan trpng va ddng gdp san lugng, gia tri kinh tl ldn cho su phat trien chung cua nganh thuy san Viet Nam.
Mdt vai nam gan day, mdt loai hai san vdi trir lugng ldn, mang lai nhieu cdng an viec lam va thu nhap cao khdng chi cho cac cu dan ven bien ma cdn cho luc lugng lao ddng ndng nghiep nhan rdi tir cac yiing khac da va dang dugc chu y. Dd la ngudn lgi Sira biin.
Thuc te viec khai thac va che bien Sira bien da cd tir lau trong nhan dan va cac \Ting ven bien. Tuy nliien, viec khai thac va che bien trong nhieu nam trudc chii yeu phuc vu nhu cau sir dimg nhd le ciia ngudi dan cac dia phuang. Khoang 10 nam trd lai day, khi giao lim kinh te giiia Viet Nam va cac nude trong khu vuc phat trien, ngudn lgi Sira mdi thuc sir mang lai gia tri kinli te va thu nhap cao cho cdng ddng ven bien. Do nhieu li do nen viec khai thac va che bien Siia khdng dugc duy tri deu dan. Nhiing nam 1990, viec che bien va xuat khau sang Nhat Ban va Han Qudc theo quy trinh cua Nhat Ban da mang lai lgi ich cao, nhung viec khai thac che bien phat trien tren vdi quy md nhd le. Khi cac tu thuong Trung Qudc xuat hien vdi nhu cau thu mua loai hai san nay ldn thi viec khai thac va che bien Sira mdi thuc su trd thanh mdt nghe va ngay cang phat trien tir nam 2000. San pham Siia hien nay khdng chi ban cho cac tu thuang Trung Qudc ma cdn dugc xuat khau sang thi trudng cac nude nhu Han Qudc, Nhat Ban, Malaysia...
Viec khai thac don gian vdi vdn dau tu ban dau khdng ldn, che bien khdng khd ma san pham dugc xuat khau vdi ngudn thu cao, nen khai thac va che bien Siia dang dugc phat trien rdng rai va mang lai ngudn thu nhap dang ke cho kinh te dan sinh d cac vimg ven bien. Tuy nhien, de hieu dugc gia tri thuc sir tir ngudn lgi hai san nay va cac van de kinh te - xa hdi khac, de viec khai thac, che bien va sir dung ngudn lgn Sira mdt each bin vung va hieu qua lau dai thi can cd su quan tam thich dang cua cac nha khoa hpc, cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach ciing nhu cac co quan quan li nha nude.
Tir thuc tien tren, trong bai viet nay chiing tdi tdm tat va cung cap mot sd thdng tin tdng quat vl 'Tinh hinh khai thdc vd su dung nguon loi Sira d mot so viing ven bien phia bdc Viet Nam".
II. DOI TLTQfNG VA PHU^ONG PHAP NGHIEN ClTU 2.1. Doi tirgng dieu tra
Bao gdm cac ca nhan, td chiic, ca quan quan ly dang true tiep thuc hien viec khai thac, chi biin Siia ciing nhu tham gia vao viec thu gom, budn ban va xuat khau san pham tir Siia bien.
2.2. Pham vi va thoi gian dieu tra
Cac khu vuc ven biin Dd Son, Cat Hai (Hai Phdng), Hai Hau (Nam Dinh), Quang Xuong (Thanh Hoa)... ngoai ra cdn ket hgp vdi mdt sd chuyen cdng tac thuoc cac de tai khac dl quan sat va phdng van cu dan ven bien tir bae vao nam trong thdi gian tir thang
Pham The Thu*, Nguyen Thi Thu, Tran Manh Ha
3/2006 din thang 8/2007 2.3. Phuong phap nghien cihi
- Dieu tra dinh tinh: Gap gd phdng van true tiep cac ban, nganh, td chiic, co quan quan ly true tiep thuc hien viec khai thac va che bien Siia ciing nhu tham gia vao thu gom, budn ban va xuat khau san pham tir Siia.
- Dieu tra dinh luang: Thdng qua cac phieu dieu tra theo mau cua de tai do ngudi true tiep tham gia khai thac va che bien Sira, thuc hien khao sat thuc dia dieu tra true tilp bang cac phuong phap danh bat khac nhau.
- Thu thdp thong tin tit cdc tdi lieu thic cdp: Internet, sach bao va cac phuong tien truyen thdng...
III. KET QUA NGHIEN CUtJ VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Tinh hinh khai thac va che bien nguon loi Su'a bien
3.1.1. Tinh hinh khai thdcVai nam trd lai day, cii den khoang thang 3 am lich, nhiing ngudi dan ven bien cimg chung mdt niem mong ngdng, mgt khdng khi hd hdi chd dgi va chuan hi cac phuong tien de chd ddn miia Sira ve. Dgc ven bien, cac ngu dan trudc day di khai thac, danh bat cac loai hai san khac nhu Muc, Tdm, Ca, Cua... thi vao miia Siia, hg tam dimg de chuyen sang danh bat Siia. Viec khai thac va che bien Siia thu hiit mdt luc lugng ddng dao lao ddng tir tre em cho tdi ngudi gia, tir ngudi dan sdng ven bien cho tdi mdt sd lao ddng tir nhiing vimg khac ciing tdi de tham gia vao cdng viec khai thac va che bien Siia.
Mdi vimg cd mdt sd co sd thu mua va che bien dugc thanh lap tir cac hd gia dinh cd dieu kien kinh te hay tir cac thuong gia ngudi Trung Qudc sang thanh lap xudng che bien, thue nhan cdng lam viec. Gia dinh nao trong lang ciing ciing cd gang mua cho minh mdt chiec thuyen hoac xudng de di bat Siia, mdi gia dinh cd vai ba ngudi ldn di vdt Siia ngoai bien cdn nhung ngudi khdng di dugc bien ciing cd the tham gia vao cdng viec che bien Siia cho cac xudng san xuat. Do dd, khi vao dp "chin" cua miia Siia thi nha nha deu cd viec, ngudi ngudi deu cd thu nhap, di den noi nao thude cac vimg ven bien, ciing nghe ngudi dan nhac tdi Sura, tham chi trong mdi bira an gia dinh thi Siia ciing trd thanh mdt de tai trung tam, lam cho khdng khi ddn chd miia Siia cang them hao hire.
Dien hinh cho tinh Quang Ninh la dao Cd Td, dugc biet den nhu mdt vimg cd ngudn tai nguyen Sura ldn trong ca nude. Ca huyen Cd Td cd 23 co sd che bien Sira vdi hang tram nhan cdng va lao ddng thdi vu san sang dap iing nhu cau danh bat va che bien.
Hang nam cii vao vu Sira, dao Cd Td trd nen tap nap, nhdn nhip khac thudng. Nhiing chuyen tau chd hang tram dan lao ddng dd ve dii cho thay sire hap dan cua con Siia ldn den miic nao, hau het la ndng dan cac tinh phia Bae nhu: Nam Dinh, Thai Binh, Hai Duong, Bae Ninh.. .tan dung liic ndng nhan kiem them thu nhap cho gia dinh [5].
Nam Dinh la mdt trong nhung noi khai thac, che bien va tieu thu Siia bien ldn: Hien
ngudn thu nhap chinh cua ngudi dan Thinh Long, Hai Hoa, Hai Trieu, deu tir Siia. Cd
tdi 60% ngudi dan bd lam mudi va cac nghe khai thac hai san khac de di bat Siia. Theo
thdng ke cua phdng thuong mai Hai Hau, tinh din diu thang 7, lugng Siia xuat khau da
Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi truong bien. Tap XIV
len den 4000 tan, ngoai cdng ty hai san Nam Dinh cdn cd cac tu nhan true tiep xuat khau sang Tmng Qudc [6]. Nam 2005 trong viing bien Hai Hau cd tdi 700 be di bat Sira, mdi be cd khoang 4 ngudi di, nhu vay da cd 2800 lao ddng da cd cdng an viec lam. Moi be khai thac khoang 3 - 4 chiic tan thu lai tir 12 tdi 13 trieu tham chi la 17 trieu/vu. Tdng tien lai thu nhap tir cac hd khai thac tdi 7,5 ti ddng/vu/viing. Khi miia Sira rd, keo dai tir.
1,5 den 2 thang, Cdng ty che bien thiiy san Nam Dinh thue tdi 300 - 400 nhan cdng chi bien vdi thu nhap trung binh 40.000 d/ngudi/ngay. Nhu vay, tdng tien cdng lao ddng thu dugc trong mdt vu tai viing Hai Hau dat khoang 500 den 600 trieu ddng. Tiln lai tir cac hd mua ban, xuat khau chua tinh dugc. Nhu vay ude tinh cdng ddng dan ven bien huyen Hai Hau cd tdng thu nhap hang chuc ti ddng tir Siia/vu. Day la con sd khdng nhd so vdi ngudn thu nhap cua ba con ngu dan.
O huyen Quang Xuong, tinh Thanh Hoa, khi vao vu Siia tinh rieng xa Quang Dai, ciing cd gan 20 hd kinh doanh, che bien va tren 100 hd gia dinh danh bat tnrc tiep. Hang ngan ngudi dan da cd cdng an viec lam nhd con Sira.
Tren dia ban cac xa Dien Thinh, Dien Kim, Dien Hai thugc huyen Dien Chau, tinh Nghe An, hang ngay cd khoang 400 thuyen vdi khoang 800 lao ddng di khai thac Sua ngoai bien, rieng d Dien Thinh, hang ngay ngoai 200 lao ddng di khai thac Sira tren bien cdn cd tdi gan 300 lao ddng khdng cd kha nang di khai thac tren bien, lam viec tai 3 ca sd che bien Siia trong xa [8].
Dua tren tinh chat sir dung ma ngudi dan quan tam den 3 loai Sira khac nhau. Cac loai Siia an dugc la Siia trang to {Rhopilema hispidum va R. esuculetum. R. hispidum) va Sira dd {R. esuculentum). Cac loai Sira khac cdn lai dugc ggi la Siia ngira, Siia ma, Siia ddc...la nhiing loai Sira khdng cd gia tri kinh te, gay hai cho ngudi di bien. Siia trang to la loai Siia chu yeu, cd sd lugng ldn, la loai Siia dugc khai thac, sir dung va mang lai thu nhap cho ba con ngu dan. Siia dd la loai Siia cd gia tri kinh te cao hon rat nhieu so vdi Siia trang nhung sd lugng it, thudng chi chiem ti le dudi 5% so vdi sd lugng Siia trang. Tuy nhien cd nhiing nam Siia dd nhieu, da mang lai ngudn thu ldn cho ba con ngu dan khai thac Sira. Nam 2000 va 2001 tai cac xa ven bien Hai Hoa, Hai Ly, Hai Trieu, Hai Ddng, Thinh Long... huyen Hai Hau, Nam Dinh da danh bat dugc khoang 1000 tan Siia dd/nam [9].
Nhu vay viec khai thac Siia da trd nen rat quen thude va phd bien tai cac vimg ven bien phia bae Viet Nam va qua tinh hinh khai thac Siia, cho thay mdt sd dac diem sau:
* Viing khai thdc: Viing bien khai thac Sira tap trung chu yeu d cac viing ven bd noi cd dp sau tir 20 m nude trd vao. Khai thac trong vimg bien nay chi can chi phi dau tu it, phii hgp vdi da sd ngu dan cd kha nang dau tu thap ...
* Cdc logi phucmg tien khai thdc: thudng thd so nhu be, mang, thuyen nhd hay sir dimg ngay cac phuong tien khai thac thuy hai san khac nhu ludi, vgt...
* Luc luang tham gia khai thdc: lire lugng chinh tham gia khai thac la cac ngu dan ven bien, chii yeu la nhiing hg dan ngheo, thuyen nhd khdng the di xa vuon khoi. Ngoai ra khi miia Siia rd, nhixng ngu dan cd tau danh ca to ciing tranh thii tham gia khai thac Siia, ca lire lugng lao ddng tir cac viing ndng thdn khac ciing ddn ve cac vimg ven bien de tham gia khai thac va che bien Siia...
Pham The Thu, Nguyen Thi Thu, Tran Manh Ha
* KT thuat khai thdc: ki thuat khai thac cdn thd so, chu ylu dimg ludi gia, ludi vet, vgt..
3.1.2. Tinh hinh chi biin
^ Cac xudng che biin va cac cdng ty che biin thuy hai san tham gia chi biin Siia
nam rai rac dgc theo cac viing ven bien, chu yeu la cac xudng cua tu nhan tu phat, cac thuong gia Tmng Qudc va cac hgp tac xa. Do dd, viec phan vimg va quy hoach phii hgp, can bang cho moi viing ven bien khdng dugc dam bao, niy sinh viec canh tranh thu mua nguyen lieu, nhan lire, ep gia... lam anh hudng din su phat triin bin virng cua nghe.
Cdng nghe che bien Siia tai cac co sd che bien hien nay d Viet Nam cdn thu cdng, lac hau, nhd le, mang tinh tu phat va che bien theo kinh nghiem tmyIn dat true tilp. Da sd cac CO sd che bien chi thuc hien mgt sd khau so che don gian ban dau nhu: phan cit, danh nhdt, nao gai, danh phen va udp mudi rdi ddng thimg xuat khau.
San pham che bien tir Siia tren thi trudng xuat khau ciia Viet Nam dugc chia thanh 3 loai khac nhau vdi gia thanh khac nhau: du Siia, phan chan tren va phan chan dudi.
Chua che bien thanh cac san pham cudi cimg de phuc vu ngudi tieu dimg nen gia tri san pham khdng cao. Ngoai ra, mdt sd cdng ty va co sd san xuat ldn ciing da cd san pham Siia khd ddng tiii phuc vu nhu cau dan sinh trong vimg va ndi dia, nhung dang d miic dp nhd, it.
3.2. San Iirong khai thac va gia tri kinh te
Viec thdng ke san lugng Siia khai thac dugc thuc su van gap nhieu khd khan, do ngudn thdng ke va tinh chat khai thac tu phat don le. Nhung qua san lugng Sira dugc khai thac tai cac vimg ven bien Viet Nam ciing nhu tren toan the gidi, cho thiy ddng gdp mdt phan san lugng tir ngu trudng bien Viet Nam.
3.2.1. The gi&i
Theo thdng ke chua day du thi san lugng khai thac Siia cua the gidi trong cac nam 2001; 2002 va 2003 dugc thi hien trong bang I [10]:
Bang 1 cho thay, san lugng khai thac, sir dung Siia cua the gidi cdn rat thap, chua dat 0,5 % so vdi tdng san lugng khai thac thuy hai san.
Bang 1. Tong san luong khai thac Sua cua the gioi i\i 2001 den 2003
Nam2001 2002 2003
Tong san luring Sua tuoi
(tin) 413793 387509 402361
Tong san lu9ng cac loai thuy hai san chinh
(tin) 92807181 93003701 90219746
Ty If san Iu9ng Sua so voi tong san lugng khai thac thuy
hai san (%) 0,45 0,42 0,45
(ngudn: http://www.fistenet.gov.vn)
Theo thdng ke tir phdng thdng tin, hai quan Tokyo, Nhat Ban (Omori, 2001) thi
san lugng nhap khau Siia tir mgt sd nude Ddng Nam A va Trung Qudc vao Nhat
Ban tir nam 1988 tdi 1999, trong dd cd Viet Nam dugc thi hien nhu trong bang 2
va hinh 1.
Tuyen tap Tai nguyen v^ Moi tru'dng bien. Tap XIV
Bang 2. San luong nhap khau Sura tir mot so niro'c vao thi trirong Nhat Ban (1988 - 1999)
Nam
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Vi^t Nam (tin) 50,1 2
1 0 88,8
40 254,8
25,3 216,5 103,4 99,5 78,2
Trung Quoc
(tin) 2279,1 2650,6 2465,3 2425,3 4805 5215,6 3854,7 3015,6 2675,9 1830,9 1808,4 2168,3
Thai Lan (tin) 966,2 2808,6 3698,4 5437 3621,1
965,4 2860,7
1583,6 3465,7 4232,6 1486,8 4214,2
Malaysia (tin) 2802,8 1985,7 1778 1472,6 1611,5 1667,4 870,6 959,4 818,7 1865,6
732,1 1719,6
Indonesia (tin) 5211,1 3765,7 824,9 768,9 608,8 2256,1 2023,9 1504,5 2156,8 2317,8 2603,3 1094,8
Myanmar '(tin)
196,1 290,8
128,8 • 196,8 797,3 2957,3
1600,2 1812,1 3426,3 1412,2 431,5 364,6
(%) Viet Nam 0,435 0,017 0,011 0 0,77 0,305 2,222 0,284 1,697 0,879 1,389 0,811
Qua hinh 1 va bang 2 cho thay, san lugng Sira nhap khau vao thi tmdng Nhat Ban rat ldn va nude nay cd nhu cau nhap khau Siia tir rat sdm (1988), nhung san lugng Siia nhap khau tir Viet Nam lai rat it so vdi cac nude khac. Mdt sd nude cd viing bien khai thac rit gin vdi Viet Nam nhu Tmng Qudc, Thai Lan va Malaysia cd san lugng nhap khiu vao thi tmcng Nhat lai rat ldn. Dieu nay cd the do: Viet Nam chua chii trgng khai thac ngudn lgi Stia, hay san pham Siia ciia Viet Nam khdng dii chat lugng de xuat sang cac thi tmdng ldn nhu Nhat Ban. Dieu nay ciing diing vdi sd lieu dieu tra thuc te, la cdng nghe chi bien Siia ciia Viet Nam khdng dam bao chat lugng de xuat sang cac nude ldn nhu Nhat Ban, Autralia... mac dii gia ban vao thi tmdng nay cd the cao hon rat nhiiu so vdi xuat sang cac nude nhu Tmng Qudc, Han Qudc...
300
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Nam nh$p khau
ffinh 1. San lugng Sua nhap khau tir Vift Nam vao thj truong Nhat Ban
Pham The ThU, Nguyen Thi Thu, Tran Manh Ha
3.2.2. Viet Nam
Do tinh hinh khai thac va chi bien Siia d Viet Nam cdn mang tinh chit tu phat, nhd le va thu cdng, khdng tap trung nen ngudn lgi Sira tuy ldn nhung hieu qua khai thac, chi biin va sir dung chua cao. Nang luc khai thac va chi biin mdi chi dap ung dugc mdt phin nhd ngudn lgi hai san nay va vi vay viec xuat khiu ciing chi mdi dap iing dugc mdt phin nhd nhu cau cua thi tmdiig. Hon niia viec xuat khiu doi tugng nay trong thdi gian gin day hiu hit theo dudng tieu iigach sang Trung qudc nen rit khd khan cho viec thdng ke. Sd lieu dilu tra vimg san xuat va che bien d mdt sd vimg ven biin trgng dilm miln Bic Viet Nam cho thay:
• Qudng Ninh:
San lugng Siia dugc khai thac va che bien tap tnmg chit ylu tai Cd Td va Tra Cd.
Nam 2006 d huyen dao Cd Td ude dat 480 tin vdi gia tri tren 2,28 ty ddng [8], tai Tra Co cd khoang 100 thuyen tre tham gia khai thac Siia de ban thang sang Trung Qudc.
Trong vu Siia, tir thang 4 den thang 5, mdi thuyen bat dugc khoang 400 din 500 con Sira/ngay, ban dugc khoang 2 trieu ddng. Tai Tra Cd san lugng Siia cao hon cac noi khac va da khai thac dugc khoang 160 van con ban true tiep di Trung quoc thu vl khoang 8 ti ddng nam 2006.
• Hdi Phong:
Cling nhu nhiing vimg ven bien khac, Hai Phdng cd nhieu co sd thu mua che bien Siia dpc khu vuc Dd Son, Cat Hai. Dd la co sd che bien Siia Ngoc Hai, ca sd ehl biin Sua thude Cdng ty trach nhiem hiiu han Phii Quang va nhieu gia dinh tham gia khai thac Siia.
Ngay tuan dau thang 4/2007 co sd che bien Siia Nggc Hai da thu mua dugc 3000 con Siia tir 10 thuyen nan be, Cdng ty Phii Quang da mua va che bien 40.000 con Siia va xuat dugc 1 cdng te no san pham sang Tnmg Qudc. Theo ude tinh nam 2005 cac co sd che bien thude khu vuc Dd Son da thu mua dugc khoang 500 van con Sira pphdng van].
Theo sd lieu xuat khau (bang 3) Siia ciia Cdng ty Kinh doanh dich vu thuy san Hai Phdng, tir nam 1995 tdi 2005 san lugng thu mua va xuat khau ngay cang tang, tur 1500 tan nam 1995 tdi 4600 tan nam 2005 va phu thuoc vao timg vu Sira cua nam.
• Nam Dinh:
.c^ /> / ^^ # ^C^ / / Z' / ^^
Nam
ffinh 2. Tong san luong Sua xuat khau cua cong ty Thuy san Hai Phong
Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi trudng bien. Tap XIV
Thi tran bien Thinh Long la khu vuc diln hinh cho viec khai thac va che bien Sira ciia tinh Nam Dinh. Tai day cd khoang 2000 gia dinh tham gia khai thac Sira. Nam 2000, Cdng ty cd phan che biin hai san Nam Dinh da thu mua dugc 200 tin Siia do (tuong duong khoang 100.000 con). Vu Siia nam 2001 Cdng ty mua dugc tdng san lugng la 1.600 tin Siia tuoi chii ylu la Sira tring (hinh 3).
Bang 3. San luong thu mua xuat khau ciia cong ty kinh doanh djch vu thuy san Hai Phong tir 1995 den 2005
Nam 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Nguon thu san pham Sua (tan) Hai Phong,
Quang Ninh 100 150 400 200 300 400 1700
260 300 600 800
Thai Binh, N a m Dinh
100 200 200 400 500 600 400 500 450 600 1000
Thanh Hoa 500 700 800 600 700 900 800 900 900 1000 1600
Nghe An, H a Tinh
500 550 600 800 700 500 800 540 800 700 800
Quang Binh
200 200 100 200 200 400 100 100
Mien N a m
300 700 400 500 1200 300 500 950 1100 300
T d n g s a n l u g n g -O • • • G i a tri k i n h te
8000
^ 7000 - - | 6000 -
c^ 5000 - 5 4000 - 'S 3000 'S 2000 - P
1000 -
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
7000000000 6000000000 5000000000 Q 4000000000 ^ 3000000000 fi 2000000000 ^ 1000000000 0
N a m
ffinh 3. Tong san luong Sura xuat khau ciia Cty Thjnh Long, Nam Djnh tir 2000 den 2005 Tir san lugng Sura xuat khau ciia Cdng ty cd phin ehl bien hai san Nam Dinh, cho thay, tir nam 2000 tdi 2005 thi san lugng thu mua va xuat khau khdng dn dinh, tang giam tuy thude vao san lugng miia vu ciing nhu nhu cau thi trudng va nang lire chi biin cua cdng ty.
Pham The ThU, Nguyen Thi Thu, Tran Manh Hk
Ngoai ra, theo thong ke ciia Phong thuong mai huyen Hai Hau, tinh Nam Dinh, tinh din diu thang 7 (2001), lugng Sira xiiat khau da len din 4000 tin, ngoai Cdng ty hai san Nam Dinh cdn cd cac cac tu nhan xuat khau true tilp sang Tnmg Qudc [11].
• Thanh Hod:
Vimg biin ven bd huyen Quang Xuong va TTnh Gia, tinh Thanh Hoa la noi tap trung cua bai ca, hai san va Siia dien hinh cho vimg b i i n ven bd Bae Trung bp.
Ngoai tiem nang ve nhan lire khai thac Siia, ngu dan noi day cdn cd truyen thdng che bien Siia phuc vu nhu cau tieu dimg ciia dia phuong tir rat lau. Tir nhiing nam 1990, do nhu cau xuat khau sang thi trudiig Nhat Ban, nhan dugc sir ho trg vl ki thuat che bien va dau ra nen viec che bien Siia da dugc thuc hien tren quy md ldn. Nam 1990 da cd khoang 50 dai ly thu mua va c h i b i i n , hang trieu con Siia vdi khdi lugng hang nhieu tram nghin tan theo quy trinh cua Nhat Ban tai Thanh Hoa. Vdi nhu cau thi trudng Nhat Ban, Stia cd gia ban dat gap 4 lin hien nay.
Miia Siia nam 2005, ngu dan vimg bien Quang Xuong da khai thac dugc 300 din 400 ngan tan Siia tuoi, trong dd xa Quang Dai chiem hon 30% toan huyen vdi gan 20 hg kinh doanh va che bien Sua, tren 100 hd tham gia danh bat true tilp.
Hang ngan ngudi dan dia phuang da cd cdng an viec lam nhd con Siia, vdi thu nhap trung binh 1 trieu ddng/ngudi/thang trd len [7].
Theo thdng ke cua Cdng ty che bien thuy san Hai Phdng cho biet nam 2005 ude tinh ca 3 tinh Thanh Hoa, Nam Dinh va Hai Phdng da xuat khau 20.000 tan Sira, dat khoang hon mdt trieu USD.
2.3. Thuan lgi va kho khan trong khai thac va che bien Sira 2.3.1. Thudn lgi vdy nghia cua nghe khai thdc vd che bien Sim
• Gid tri sic dung:
Da tir lau dan ta da biet danh bat, che bien Siia lam thuc pham nhung nd chi la mdn an khdng phd bien "mdn gdi". Nhung bay gid, thdi van minh am thuc cao, ngudi ta ua thich nhiing mdn an thanh nha nhung lai cd nhieu tac dimg cho siic khoe, thi Sira la mdt mdn an dugc ua chuong va dugc che bien thanh nhieu mdn khac nhau nhu: gdi, ndm, xao, hap ...
de phuc w tai cac nha hang va cac bira an gia dinh vdi nhieu cdng dung: "cd tac dung tdt cho tieu hoa, chdng cao huyet ap va beo phi" [15], "giai nhiet, chiia chdng mat nhiirc dau"
[16], "mat gan, bd than, thu gian tinh thin..." [17], cd tac dung tdt cho nao, bd sung idt cho CO the, mat khac nd cdn la mdt mdn an khoai khau cua nhieu ngudi. Cd le v\ ly do dd hay vi cac gia tri khac nhu cd chira cac chit cd hoat tinh sinh hpc cd y nghia cho y hpc, dugc hgc hay cac chit dinh dudng vi lugng,... hien nay chua dugc nghien cim ya thim dinh, ma cac thuong gia Trung Qudc, Han Qudc da tdi Viet Nam thu mua, che bien, nhap khiu Siia tir Viet Nam, tham chi cdn diu tu vdn cho cac ngu dan mua trang thiet bi dl khai thac Siia, chuyin giao cdng nghe chi biin, bao tieu san pham cho ngudi dan, da ya dang lam cho nghi khai thac va chi biin Sira ngay cang phat trien manh me va rdng khap cac vimg ven biin Viet Nam ndi chung va cac tinh phia Bae ndi rieng.
• Ve mat dia ly vd nguon loi:
Viet Nam la mdt nude cd dilu kien tu nhien thuan lgi dl phat trien nganh khai thac va ehl biin ngudn lgi hai san ndi chung va ngudn lgi Siia ndi rieng, vdi tdng chieu dai
Tuyen tap Tai nguyen v^ M6I trudng bien. Tap XIV
bd bien dai khoang 3260km vdi ngu trudng danh bat rdng ldn.
• Nguon nhdn luc ddi ddo:
Vdi dan sd hon 80 trieu ngudi, hon 80% dan sd lam nghe ndng nghiep, ngudi Viet Nam vdi ban tinh can cii, cham chi va thdng minli la mdt ngudn nhan luc rat tiem nang de phat trien bat ke mdt nghanh nghe nao ke ca nghe khai thac va che bien Sira.
• Von ddu tu it, tgo nhieu cong dn viec ldm vd thu nhap:
Mdi gia dinh chi can dau tu tir 1 den 1,5 trieu ddng la cd the sam dugc mdt be de di vdt Sua, cd the sir dung thuyen nhd thudng di khai thac hai san ven bd vao muc dich khai thac Siia, do dd vao vu Siia mdi gia dinh thudng cd mdt thuyen hoac xudng di vdt Siia, mdi thuyen thudng cd tir 2 den 4 ngudi. Nhiing ngudi khdng di bien thi tham gia cdng viec che bien Sua cho cac co sd che bien vdi miic thu nhap tir 30 den 50.000 ddng/ngay.
Nam 2007, vdi gia cac co sd che bien Sira mua tir cac ngu dan khai thac tir 5 den 10000 dong/diu Siia tring to (50-60000d/diu Siia do) hoac chan Siia gia lOOOd/kg, linh Sira gia 500d/kg thi mdi thuyen mdi ngay di danh bat tmng binh dugc 200-400 dau Siia trang (1,5 tan Siia tuoi), Siia dd khdng dang ke thi thu nhap mdt thuyen/ngay tir 1 den 1,5 trieu ddng va mdt thuyen/vu khoang 30 den 45 trieu ddng. Ddi vdi cac gia dinh cd CO sd che bien va xuat khau thi thu nhap sau mdi vu Siia cdn cao hon rat nhieu, co sd che bien cua gia dinh chi Dang Thi Thien d Dien Thinh, Dien Chau, Nghe An cd tdi 70 lao ddng, mdi ngay che bien dugc 30-40 tan Siia tuoi, cii mdt tan Siia tuoi che bien xong cdn khoang 2,5 ta, xuat ra vdi gia 25000d/kg, neu la chan Sira thi cao hon. Du tinh mdt vu cd the mua dugc 7-8 tram tan Siia tuoi, doanh thu dat 4-5 ty ddng, trir mgi chi phi di thi ciing lai khoang 200 trieu {9}. Gia dinh anh Quang d xa Quang Vinh, Quang Xuong, Thanh Hoa, vao vu Siia rd, co sd che bien cua Anh cd tdi 40 ngudi lam, sau mdt vu che bien va xuat khau Siia (2007) sang Trung Qudc, anh da cd tien de xay mdt ngdi nha khang trang hang tram trieu ddng [dieu tra]. Ciing nhu anh Quang, vimg bien Quang Xuong, Thanh Hoa sau vai nam cd nghe khai thac va che bien Sira, nhiing ngdi nha khang trang, nhung con thuyen, tau cdng suat ldn gan lien vdi nhiing dng chii Thanh, Tuin, Til, Djnh, Quang, Hai, Khanh,... da lam thay ddi cudc sdng ca mot vimg que bien ngheo. Nhiiu gia dinh thu 50-70 trieu ddng, tham chi 100-150 trieu ddng/nam [14].
• Nhu cdu tieu thu Sica trong vd ngodi nude ngdy cdng cao:
Dilu nay dugc the hien thdng qua nhu cau mua, sir dung cac san pham tir Siia d cac nha hang, khach san trong nude ngay cang cao. Cac thuong gia tir cac nude nhu Trung Quoc, Han Qudc ngay cang nhieu, sang tan cac vimg ven bien Viet Nam, thu mua, bao tieu san pham, tham chi cdn dau tu vdn va chuyen giao cdng nghe ehl biin cho cac co sd che bien Sira Viet Nam. Thi trudng tieu thu san pham ciing phat trien ngay cang rdng rai.
3.3.2. Kho khdn trong khai thdc vd che bien nguon lgi Sica
• Yeu to miia vu:
Miia vu ngin, khdng dn dinh ve san lugng va thdi gian xuit hien nen dan den sir bap benh cho cac ngu dan khai thac ciing rihu cac ca sd chi biin. Thdng thudng thi miia Siia bit diu tir thang 3 am lich cho tdi cudi thang 4 hang nam, cudi thang 4 va dau thang 5
Pham The Thu", Nguyen Thi Thu, Tran Manh Ha
miia. Tuy thude vao nhieu ylu td khac nhau ma thdi gian xuit hien, sd lugng, thanh phan va thdi gian ket thuc miia Siia ciing cd the khac nhau d moi nam.
Miia Sira xuat hien cd the deii sdm vao thang 2 am lich va keo dai tdi cudi thang 4 nhung cd nhirng nam Siia xuat hien mudn nhtmg lai hit nhanh. Cd nam Siia ve rit nhiiu nhung cd nam thi rat it. VI nhu tir nam 2000 din 2005 thi Siia vl vimg bien Viet Nam nhieu lam cho ba con ngu dan ven biin cd ngudn thu nhap khdng it qua mdi vu Siia nhung tdi nam 2006 thi Siia lai ve mudn vdi sd lugng it va hit sdm, 2007 Siia lai ve nhieu.
• Cong nghe che bien con don gidn:
Do khai thac va che bien Siia con mang tinh tu phat, nhd le va thd so do dd san lugng khai thac khdng dn dinh, chat lugng ya sd lugng san phim chua dam bao dl xuat sang cac thi trudng ldn ddi hdi san pham chat lugng cao. Chua cd su da dang hoa san pham, san pham chu yeu mdi chi qua so che, udp mudi rdi dem ddng thiing xuat khau nen gia tieu thu san pham cdn thap. Miia Siia chi keo dai khoang hai thang trong mdi nam, san lugng Siia cd the khai thac la rat Idn nen nhu ciu bao quan, luu trii Sira tuoi trong thdi gian dai vdi sd lugng ldn dang la mdt khd khan ldn ciia nganh khai thac va che bien Siia. Khdng cd cdng nghe che biin tdt, dat tieu chuan de ap dung tai cac co sd che bien.
• Vdn de dam bdo ve sinh an todn thuc phdm:
Cdng nghe che bien lac hau nen van de an toan ve sinh thuc phim cdn la mgt khai niem xa vdi, khd thuc hien vdi hau het cac co sd che bien Siia hien nay.
• Thi trudng tieu thu sdn phdm:
Thi trudng tieu thu san pham cdn phu thugc nhieu vao cac thuong gia Tmng Qudc, Han Qudc va mdt sd lai budn trong vimg, do dd gia ca thu mua Siia van cdn bap benh. Chua tim dugc thi trudng dn dinh dau ra ldn cho san pham nhu Nhat Ban, Australia...
• Nhdn luc:
Do miia Siia ngan (2 thang) nen khi vao vu Siia thi nhu cau nhan lire lao ddng tham gia che bien ciing nhu khai thac la rat ldn nhung lire lugng lao dgng lai khdng dugc qua dao tao nen chat lugng va nang suat lao ddng khdng cao, khdng cd tinh cdng nghiep va khd cd kha nang che bien san pham chat lugng cao.
3.4. Mgt so van de dat ra cho khai thac, che bien, sv dung nguon lgi Sira
3.4.1. Dinh hu&ng phdt trien- Dieu tra xac dinh cac vimg phan bd tap trung cac loai Sira kinh te, trii lugng va
nguyen nhan bien dgng miia vu cua Siia d cac khu vuc bien Viet Nam, tao co sd de xay dung vimg nguyen lieu va che bien tap trung, du ldn va dam bao cd the phat trien khai thac che bien d quy md cdng nghiep.
- Nghien cuu, tim hiiu sau hon cac gia tri sir dung cua Siia ve m^t thuc pham, thuang mai, dugc phim... dl cd hudng khai thac va sir dung hgp ly ngudn lgi nay.
- Phat triin hgp tac lien kit diu tu giiia cac bd nganh, hgp tac giira cac nha khoa hpc,
nha san xuit, thuang mai dl xay dung va phat trien nghe khai thac va che bien ngudn
lgi Siia mdt each ben vung va hgp ly.
Tuyen tap Tai nguyen va Moi trudng bien. Tap XIV
4.2. Phdt triin cong nghe chi bien vd thuong mgi
Nha n u a c va cac ban nganh hen quan can cd co che, chinh sach hd trg ve vdn. ky thuat, cdng nghe che bien cho cac ngu dan tham gja khai thac va cac co sd che bien Sira.
Nghien cim cdng nghe khai thac va che bien dat tieu chuan, dam bao ve sinh an toan thuc pham nham nang cao chat lugng san phim, dii tieu chuan xuat khiu va canh tranh tren thi trudng qudc te, khdng cdn phai xuat san pham mdi so che vdi gia thanh thap dan den thiet thdi cho ngu dan.
Da dang hoa san pham nham dap iing nhu ciu thi hieu ciia ngudi tieu dimg ngay cang da dang va phong phii.
'.4.3. Tdng cudng tiep thi sdn phdm vd m& rgng thi trudng
Chii trgng cdng tac tiep thi san pham tir Siia tdi cac ddi tugng khach hang trong va ngoai nuoc thdng qua cac phuong thiic true tiep, dai bao va tmyIn thdng dai chiing.
• Tang cudng tiep thi, tim kiem thi tmdng, tieu thu san pham tdi cac thi tmdng qudc tl chat lugng cao, gia thanh tdt va dn dinh.
III. KET LUAN
1. Khai thac va che bien ngudn lgi Sira d cac tinh ven bien ndi chung va cac tinh ven bien phia bae ndi rieng dang ngay cang phat trien manh me, da va dang mang lai thu nhap va tao nhieu cdng an viec lam cho khdng it cac ngu dan ven bien va cac vimg lan can khac, ddng gdp vao su phat trien kinh te qudc gia va xoa ddi giam ngheo.
2. Nha nude va cac ban nghanh lien quan can cd cac co che, chinh sach hd trg de viec khai thac va che bien ngudn lgi Sira dugc hieu qua, ben vung va phat trien.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Nguyen Chu Hoi, 2005. Mdt sd dinh hudng quy hoach phat trien nudi hau ven bien Viet Nam. Bao cao luu trir tai Vien Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng bien. Hai Phdng.
2. Makoto Omori and Eiji Nakano, 2001. Jellyfish fisheries in Southeast Asia.
Hydrobiologia 451: 19-26pp. Kluwer Academic Publisher.
3. Nguyen Hiru Phung, 1993. Dieu tra ngudn lgi dac san vimg bien ven bd va ven dao tir Mdng Cai den bae deo Hai Van. Bao cao luu trii tai Vien Tai nguyen va Mdi tmdng bien. Hai Phdng.
4. Hsieh Y-HP, Leong F-M, Rudloe J, 2001. Jellyfish as food. Hydrobiologia 451: 11 -17.
5. http://vyww.kinhtenongthon.com.vn/Storv/kinhte-thitruong/kttrongnuoc/
2007/5/3934.html
6. http://vnexpress.netA^ietnam/Kinh-doanh/2001/07/3B9B2C0E/
7. http://www.tienphongonline.com.vn/Tianvon/Index.aspx?ArticleID=l 1120
«S:ChannelID=3
8. http://hoinongdan.org.vn/channel.aspx?Code=NEWS&NewsID= 1172 &c=15 9. http://w\vw.ctu.edu.vn/colleges/aquaculture/aquaFishdata/newsmenuydata^
jellvfish/suadoOl .htm.
10. http://www.Fistenet.gov.vn/SLTK01-03/frame/tienganh/content/Referenceinfo/
TK6.html
Pham The Thif, Nguyen Thi Thu, Tran Manh Ha
11. http://vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Kinh-doanh/2001/07/3R9R2COF/
12. http://www.kinhtenongthon.com.vn/Storv/kinhte-thitmong/kttrongnuoc /2007/5/3934.html
13.http://hoinongdan.org.vn/channel.aspx?Code=NEWS&NewsID=1172&c=15 14.http://www.tienphongonline.com.vn/Tianvon/Index.aspx?ArticleID=11120
&ChanneHD=3
15. http://www.nld.com.vn/tintuc/chinh-tri-xa-hoi/phong-sii/l87152.asp 16. http://www.muivi.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&File=
article«fesid=3163&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0
17. http://www.kinhtenongthon.com.vn/Storv/kinhte-thitmong/kttrongnuoc/2007 /5/3934.html
Summary
SITUATION OF EXPLOITATION AND USING JELLYFISH RESOURCE AT SOME COASTAL AREAS IN THE NORTH OF VIETNAM
Pham The Thu, Nguyen Thi Thu and Tran Manh Ha
The aim of the study is to give an overview about the exploitation and using jellyfish (JF) resources in some coastal areas in the north of Vietnam. Information was obtained based on the interview with a directors of JF processing factories, import and export sea food products companies, fishermen who catches JF direactly and others, the sampling at the sea with fishermen's boat, and the investigations on the fishery statistics through scientific papers, internet etc.. .The main fishing groimds of JF are located along coastal areas with 20 meters of depth. Workforce participates in JF fishing as well as processing in factoris is not only poor families mainly with small boats but also fanners from country sides. The technology using in JF fishing is until urdimentary as hand net, fish net,... JF collected by fishermen is estimated as 800,000 - 200,000 indiv. per season, suggesting that the fishery may have an impact on JF populations in the area. In a JF rich year, the income of fisherman can reach from 3 1 - 7 5 USD day'' or 1,200 to 3,000 USD during the JF season, which could sustain their living for the rest of the year.
However, the JF also put fishermen into a financially unstable condition because they
have to rely on JF occurrence, which shows high inter-annual variation, and market
price set by brokers who purchase their product. Statistics provided by the Sea Product
Processing Company indicates that the export amount of jellyfish tripled from a total of
1,500 tones m 1995 to 4,600 tones in 2005. The JF has resulted that it created
substantial economic benefits to fishermen, the JF processing factories and thus the
local economy, also given a lot of works for labour in coastal areas but JF fishing and
processing is faceing with many difficulties such as invested capital, processing
technology, and marketing products on intemational market,... It is suggested that the
government as well as the ministries should have good poHcies to have jellyfish fishing,
