Nghien cCru chudi cung Cfng thjt Ion tren dja ban tinh Thai Nguyen'
P H A N T H I VAN GIANG P H A M BAO D L T O N G
| i / a vao phan tich thong tin thd cap va sO cip tai tinh Thai Nguyen, ket qua cho thiy, 00 3 din 5 tie nban, hoat dgng trong 4 ii:enh tieu thu ign thit tdichau chan nudi din tay ngddi tieu dUng. Cbi phi cua cac nhdm tac nhan trong chuoi cdn cao, tuy nhien, cd thd cat giim tbong qua boat dgng lien liSi, md rdng quy md chan nudi. Hoat dgng lien icet gida cac tac nban trong chudi tSn tai icha on dinh, nhdng cdn iong leo va chda mang iai hidu qua ticb ctic cho hoat dgng cua chuoi. Bai vie't cUng dda ra cac thao luan ve bddng phat trien cac Jcenh tieu thu ldn thit va ggi y chinh saeb ve pbat trien ben vdng chudi cung dng ldn thit d tinb Thai Nguyen cung nhd cac tinh miSn ntii phia bac VietNam.
TQ khoa: chuoi, chan nudi, ldn thit, lidn ke't, Thai Nguyen 1. D a t v a n d^
P h a t tridn san xua't ndng nghidp theo chudi san pham dQdc ky vong la hoat ddng cd't ldi nham tai cd c§iu nganh nong nghiep. 0 My cd 70% thit ldn dQdc san xua't theo hdp d6ng lien ke't chan nudi (Jefrey J.Reimer, 2005). Trong cac nghien cQu ve nganh thit bd ciia Anh chi ra, lien ke't san xua't theo chid'u doc la hinh thQc td chQc san xua't cd ban trong cdng nghiep san xua't thit cua Anh (Fearne, 2003 va Homibrook va Feame, 2005).
Tuy nhien, Birgit Schulze va cdng sQ (2006) lai cd nhQng kd't luan ve hoat dong lien ket trong san xu&'t chan nudi ldn 6 DQc ton tai cac each td chQc chudi cung Qng thit khae nhau, ngQdi ndng dan chu ye'u thieh cac md'i quan he dn dinh, khong bi rang buoc va cd xu hUdng tU do trong hoat ddng chan nudi san xuS^t thit ldn.
Viet Nam la qud'c gia cd dan heo ldn dCtog thQ 3 trdn the gidi sau Trung Quoc, My (theo thd'ng ke cua Pig Intemational thang 7 2015). San lUdng ldn thit n a m 2018 cua Viet Nam la 3,816 trieu tah (Nien giam thong ke Viet Nam nam 2018). Chan nudi ldn thit la nganh truyen thdhg dUdc phat t r i l n b h£u het cac dia phQdng tren ca nUdc va la nganh cd vai trd quan trong trong phat t r i l n kinh te. Tai hoi nghi vd giai phap phat trien thi trQdng xua't kh^u cho thit ldn V i | t Nam thang 10
nam 2017, Gabor fluit (2017) da de xu^t giai phap "chia nhd de dat chuan" hudng tdi xay dUng cac chudi cung Qng ldn thit trong pham vi ban kinh nho theo tQng dia phUdng, nham td chQc cac did'u kien chan nudi dap Qng cac dieu kien cd t h i xuat k h a u thit ldn chinh ngach. Tuy vay, cho de'n nay, chUa cd nghiSn cQu nao phan tich sau v l cS'u true, hoat ddng cua chudi cung Qng ldn thit trong pham vi dia phUdng tinh hoac vung, nham lam sang to ca ve ly luan va thQc tien phat trien chuoi cung iing ldn thit.
Thai Nguygn la tinh nam trong khu vUc trung du va midn nui phia Bac, cd didu kidn da't dai, khi haku t h u a n ldi, lUc lUdng lao dong cdn ddi du, san lUdng ldn thit cua tinh Thai Nguygn binh quan khoang 80.000 ta'n, khong nhQng dap Qng nhu cau tieu dung trong linh (chiem 60%) ma edn cung Qng sang cac dia phQdng lan can nhQ Ha Ndi va xua't kh^u theo dudng tieu ngach sang thi trudng Trung Qud'c binh quan khoang 20.000 ta'n/nam. Tuy nhien, cung gid'ng nhU cac dia phUdng k h a c
Phan Thi Van Giang, TTiS., Tru&ng dai hoc C6ng nghe thfing lin vk tmy^n thdng, Dai hpc TTiii Nguygn, Pham Bao Dirang, PGS.TS., Hpc vien N6ng nghifep Viftt Nam. '
* B^ viS^t Ik san ph&n ciia dg tSi nghiSn ciiu khoa h™- ma s6 DH2017-TN01-02 do Dai hoc Tliai Neuvftn .v . kinh phi. • • *= ' " ^^ ^
72 Nghiin cOu Kinh tffsiS 12(499} - T h i ^ T ^ ^
Nghien cuu chudi cung ung ,
trong ca nudc, thi trUdng d^u r a cua ldn thit b Thai Nguyen v i n chUa dn dinh, vi§c tieu t h u ldn thit v i n phu thudc vao thUcfng lai va thi trUctng xu^t k h a u tieu ngach sang Trung Quoc. Cau hoi dat ra la phai van hanh, quan ly chudi cung Qng ldn thit b dia phQdng hien nay nhQ thd nao, tim r a nhiing h a n che' va khd khan de tQ dd phat trien cac chudi san pham ldn thit ben vQng mang lai ldi ich kinh te, xa hoi cho ngudi chan nudi va ca ngudi tieu dung.
2. Cd sd ly lu§in v a phvfcftig p h a p n g h i e n ctfu
2.1. Ca sd ly luan
Da cd nhieu nghien cQu ve chuoi cung iing ndng san hien nay tren cd sb ly thuydt chung vd chudi cung Qng. Chudi cung Qng theo Chopra and Meindl (2001), bao gdm ta't ca cac ddn vi kinh doanh t h a m gia mot each tnic tiep, hoac gian tiep trong vide dap Qng n h u cau cua khach hang. Theo Porter (1985), nhQng chQc nang trong chudi cung Qng gdm:
phat trien san pham mdi, marketing, san xua't, phan phdi, tai chinh va dich vu khach hang. Nghidn cQu cua Lambert va EUram (1998) cho rang, chudi cung Qng la sQ lign ke't giQa cac doanh nghiep nham dua san ph^m hay dich vu ra thi trQdng. Giang (2015) nghien cQu vd chudi cung Qng chd b tinh Thai
HINH 1: C a u t r u e c h u o i c u n g
Nguyen dUa trgn quan nidm cua Beamon (1998), ehudi cung Qng la qua trinh lien kdt giQa cac t h a n h vign kinh doanh khac nhau (nhQ n h a cung cap, n h a san xua't, n h a phan phdi va ban le) lam viec vdi n h a u nham muc dich cd dUde nguygn lieu, chd bien nguyen lieu t h a n h san pham cud'i ciing va phSn phd'i san pham cud'i cung de'n ngUdi ban le.
Tren cd sd nghien cQu ve dac diem chu yd'u cua san ph^m ldn thit la hang hda dQde tieu thu tUdi sd'ng la chu yg'u, lai la thUc ph^m truydn thd'ng dUdc tieu dung phd bien nha't b Viet Nam, nghien cQu r u t ra kg't luan: Chuoi cung Qng ldn thit la tap hdp cac nhdm tac nhan lien ke't vdi n h a u trong qua trinh chan nudi - thu gom - gidt md - che' bidn - phan phd'i san ph^m ldn thit nham thda man td'i Qu nhu cdu khach hang.
De thuc hidn phan tich danh gia hoat ddng cua chudi cung Qng, nhdm nghien cQu thQc hien md ta c^u true chudi cung Qng. Theo Giang, (2015) ca'u true chuoi cung Qng phan anh cac t h a n h vien t h a m gia vao chuoi, chieu dai, chieu rong cua chudi va md'i lien ke't giQa cac t h a n h vien. Dtia vao md hinh chudi cung Qng ndng san, nghien cUu nay xay dQng ca'u true chudi eung Qng ldn thit bao gdm cd nhQng tac n h a n va md'i lidn kg't giQa cac tac n h a n dQdc md ta theo sd do tai lunh 1.
ijfng la'n t h i t t h e o c h i e u d o c
> ""z^f^ a..:::::^
Thu gomHoat
Tfic nhfln
• ThiJcan
• Thu6c, dich vu thti y
• Lao d6nfi n^hfeo
• Chan nudi, cham s6c
• XuSt chudng
Ndng dan, T 6 hop tac, hc^ tiic xa
:
PJgir&i thu gom
Chi'nh quygn dia phuong, ng^n h ^ g , cdc sd/nganh lien quan, Ghi chu: cac khSu trong chu6i chan nu6i — tiSu thu:
NguM tiftu dung cu6i cung: O ; Nha hd tro chu6i: 1ZZ3
NguSn: T6ng hop c i a t^c gia.
C&.C tSc nhan chfnh thuc hifn c^c khflu trong chuOi: I
ViSc d a n h gia hiSu q u a h o a t dong cua chuoi dQdc thQc hien qua vigc xac d i n h chi phi va gia t r i gia t a n g cua h o a t dgng mdi tac nhSn t h a m gia chuoi cung Qng. Nghien
cQu lien ke't giQa cac tac n h a n trong chudi n h a m t h a o l u a n cac giai p h a t edt giam chi phi p h a t t r i e n b e n vQng chudi cung Qng ldn t h i t t r o n g vung. K h u n g p h a n tich
Nghiin aiu Kinh l4s612(499) - Thing 12/2019 73
Nghien ciiu chudi cung irng ,
chudi cung Qng ldn t h i t dQdc md t a theo h i n h 2:
HINH 2: K h u n g p h a n t i c h c h u d i c u n g ttng Itfn t h i t
Cau tnJc chuoi cung iing ldn thjt
Ket qua hoat dong ciia cac tac nhan chuSi
cung ii^g ldn thit
Lien ket giOa cac tac nhan trong chuoi cung
iJihg
Ngudn: Ket qua nghiSn ciJu cua tac gia.
2.2. Phddng phap nghiin edu Trgn cd sd cac tai lieu thQ ca'p t h u thap dQdc thdng qua cac nghidn cQu, bao cao, nign giam thdng ke lign quan, de thtic hidn nghien cQu hoat ddng cua ta't ca cac nhdm tac n h a n trong chudi cung Qng ldn thit, nhdm tac gia thQc hidn nghien cQu khao sat tren 432 ho chan nudi ldn thit, 25 thUdng lai, 25 cd sd/ho giet md, 25 cd sd/hd che bie'n, 25 cd sdAig ban budn, 25 cd sd/ho b a n le, 90 hd tieu dung tren dia b a n 3 huydn cua tinh B A N G 1: Mo t a m S u
Thai Nguygn bao gdm huygn Dinh Hda (dai didn cho k h u viJc v u n g cao mien nui) huyen Ddng Hy dai diSn vung giQa t r u n g du, va huyen Phd Yen la h u y e n trong didm chan nudi ldn thit cua Tinh Thai Nguygn, dai dien vung tha!^p ddng bang. Nghien eQu sQ dung phUdng p h a p chon m l u n g l u nhign ke't hdp vdi chon m l u phi n g l u nhien, dUa tren cac tai lieu thQ ca'p vd chan nuoi ldn thit b tinh Thai Nguyen; m a u k h a o sat dUdc md t a trong b a n g 1.
t h i i c h i e n k h a o s a t
Dai difin vilng
Vung cao - liuyfin Dinh Hoa VGng giiia trung du - iiuyfin D6ng
Hy Vting tliffp - iiuyfin Phd Yfin
Tdng cflng
SSn luong ion thit nSm 2018 (tfii)
5.280 (14%) 8.083 (21,5%)
24.216 (64.5%) 37.579
Hfl chan nufli T&ig
sfl 63 93 276 432
Oiia theo quy mfl din Nh6
36 56 167 259
Vila 19 28 82 129
Trang trai
6 10 28 44
TTiuong Mi
5 8 12 25
C^osfr gift m6
11 8 6 25
Co sa chfi bifih 7 9 9 25
CO sb b b i
l i 8 8 9 25
HO tifiu dilng
30
30
30 90 NguSn: Tdng hop kfit qua nghifin cihi cilia tac gia.
Ngoai ra, d^ tim hieu ve lien kS't giiia doanli nghiep tieu t h u va trang trai chan nuoi, nghien cflu tiS'n h a n h phong v & bSng
p M u khao sat dSi v6i dai di§n lanh dao 3 doanh nghi$p cung flng thflc an chan nu6i vao bao tieu san ph^m co hoat d6ng lig^ ket
74 NghiSn cihi Khh tgsd 12(493) - Th^n^i^J^
Nghien ciiru chuoi cung irng ,
ddi vdi cac trang trai chan nudi gia cdng ldn thit va 4 cQa hang, sieu thi cung ca'p san phdm thit ldn trdn dia ban tinh Thai Nguydn.
PhUdng phap thu thap thong tin dQdc sQ dting ca phQdng phap dieu t r a trUc tiep va gian tiep. Cac thong tin thu thap dUdc dUde tdng hdp va xh ly b i n g phan mem Exell, STATA.
3. Ke't q u a n g h i e n cufu v a t h a o l u a n 3.1. Hoqt dpng cua cdc tdc nhdn trong chuoi cung dng ldn thit
3.1.1. Hoat dgng cua hd chan nudi ldn thit Thai Nguyen la mot t i n h mien n u i vdi cac dieu kien tU nhien tUdng dd'i t h u a n ldi cho chan nudi ldn, nha't la chan nudi theo hinh thQc tap trung. Quy md dan ldn cua tinh lien tuc tang trong cac n a m tQ 2014 de'n nam
2018 vdi tdc dd binh quan la 11,49%. San iQdng va quy md dan ldn eua Thai Nguyen dUdc the hien cu the b bang 2. Vdi quy md dan ldn nam 2018 la 702,55 nghin con, Thai Nguyen la tinh dQng thQ 3 trong khu vUc mien nui phia Bdc ve quy md chan nudi ldn thit. Trong ddt khung hoang cung ldn thit VUdt qua cdu vQa qua (giai doan 2016 2017), mac du Thai Nguyen cung la tinh chiu tac dong a n h hQcing nang ne, mot sd' hd chan nudi theo quy md 16n, cac trang trai b i t budc phai t h u hep tdng dan, tuy nhien sang dau nam 2019, gia thit ldn tang manh, ho chan nudi b Thai Nguygn da tai dan trd lai, nen xu hudng tang ve san lUdng ldn thit la cd ban thdi gian tdi.
BANG 2: So liftfng Itfn v a s a n liiging t h i t h d i g i a i d o a n 2014 - 2018 Chi tiau ^ - ^ ^ ^ Nam
So lucmg Ion (nghin con) San luong Ion thit (t£fn)
2014 566.18 77.887
2015 597,99 85.026
2016 745,23 94.961
2017 680,99 97.881
2018 702,55 102,615 NguSn. Nien giam thd'ng k6 tinh Thai Nguygn nam 2018.
Chan nudi ldn b T h a i N g u y e n dUdc p h a t trien d ca 9 huydn, thi, t u y nhign, cd sQ phan bd' khdng ddng deu giQa cae dia phQdng trong t m h . Huydn P h u Binh, t h i xa Phd Ygn, huygn Dai TQ la 3 dia phQdng cd tdng d a n ldn dQng ddu t r o n g t i n h , chie'm 57,69% tdng d a n ldn b t i n h T h a i Nguyen. Cac huydn m i e n n u i cd didu kien kinh tg' kho k h a n , dign tieh da't p h u c vu chan nudi cung nhQ n g u d n lao ddng ddi dao van chQa p h a t huy h e t t h d m a n h t r o n g BANG 3: Quy m o c u n g ijfng s a n p h a m c u a c a c
chan nudi ldn t h i t cua tinh.
Theo Sd Ndng nghiep t i n h Thai Nguyen, de'n n a m 2020, Thai Nguygn vdn tdn tai 2 hinh thQc chan nudi la nudi truyen thd'ng va chan nudi gia trai, trong do ehan nudi gia t r a i chiem tdi 80%. San iQdng thit ldn hdi xua't chudng theo h i n h thQc t r a n g t r a i gdp 20% tdng san lUdng.
Ke't qua khao sat t r e n 432 ddn vi chan nudi ldn thit cl t i n h Thai Nguyen dUdc chi tid't tai bang 3.
d d n vi c h a n n u o i lofn t h i t t h u d c m a u k h a o sat Loai hinh don ^d chsn nufli Ion thit
Ho chan nuoi quy mfl nho (< 50 con/liia) Ho chan nufli quy mfl vira (50 - 100 con/Ilia) Trang trai (100 con/Ilia)
Tdng cflng
SS luong (hfl) 259 129 44 432
S^ luong (tdn) 3.596 4244 2.009 9.850
Ty le % trfin tdng s ^ luong 36,5 43,1 20,4 100 NguSn: K^t qua khao sSt cua tac gia, thang 3 - 2019.
Sd lieu mau khao s a t cho tha'y san lUdng dUde cung Qng hbi eac gia trai cd quy md vQa
va nhd (dan nudi dudi 100 eon/dan) ehie'm 79,6%, san lUdng dUdc cung ca'p bdi cac trang
Nghien aiu Kmh t^s612(499) - Thing 12/2019 7 5
Nghien cuu chudi cung ung ,
trai la 20,4%. 6 Thai Nguyen hien nay cd 3 doanh nghidp thUc hidn lien ket vdi cac trang trai dd la Tap doan C P . (Charoen Pokphand), chi nhanh tap doan C P . (Charoen Pokphand) va Cdng ty RTD thUc hien lien kd't cung ca'p con gidng, thQc an, thud'c t h u y, ky t h u a t vdi 23 trang trai quy md dan tQ 500 con den 2.500 con/lQa. ThQc te hidn nay, cac t r a n g trai ddu tQ quy md ldn dang cd xu hQdng ngay cang md rong quy md, nhUng hd quy md vQa va nhd vkn chie'm ty trong san iQdng ldn gan 80% cho tha'y, nhQng khd k h a n trong vide giam sat ehudi cung Qng ldn thit ed ngudn gd'c tQ cac ho chan nudi cd quy mo vQa va nhd hidn nay.
3.1.2. Hoat ddng cua cac hd thu gom, ban budn ldn thit
Hoat dong cua ho la t h u gom ldn sau do ban lai cho cac tinh, t h a n h khac hoae budn chuyg'n xua't qua cQa k h ^ u theo dUdng tidu ngach qua cQa khdu Cao Bang, Lang Sdn, ban cho cac Id md b H a Ndi hoac ban cho Id gidt md nhd 6 t h a n h phd Thai Nguydn, t h a n h phd Sdng Cdng va thi xa Phd Yen... Hien nay, b Thai Nguygn e6 khoang 35 ho lam nghd t h u gom va b a n ldn cho cac tinh, t h a n h khac. Nhdm hd nay binh quan mdi thang, mdi hd cung Qng eho thi trUdng 400 ta'n ldn thit. Ngudn hang chu yeu la tQ hdn 85% cac ho chan nudi cdn 15% tQ cac ho ehan nudi quy md trang trai. NhU vay nhQng ngUdi thu gom da tidu t h u lUdng ldn trong tinh tudng ddi ldn. Day la dd'i tUdng can cd hinh thQc quan ly phu hdp, ddng thdi tad ra khung phap ly dam bao sQ hdn kdt chat che hdn giQa ngUdi chan nudi va ngUdi thu gom.
3.1.3. Hoat ddng cua cac hd giit mi ldn thit
Hoat ddng cua cac ho giet md ldn la di mua ldn hdi vd dd thit rdi b a n budn thit mdc h a m eho ngUdi ban le, hoac t n i c tiep ban le thit. Day la tae n h a n het sQe quan trong trong ehudi cung Qng ldn thit. Hien tai tren dia ban tinh Thai Nguydn chi cd 4 Id gidt mo tap trung cd cdng sua't t r e n 100 con/ngay, Ddi vdi mdt tinh dan so tren 1.300 nghin ngUdi
dan, mdi ngay tieu t h u binh quan 130 taji thit ldn hdi, tUdng Qng phai thUc hien giet md tren 1.300 eon ldn, cd the tha'y hoat ddng gie't md hien nay chu yeu v i n didn ra trong hd gia dinh va r a t thu cdng.
3.1.4. Hoat ddng cua hd ban le thit ldn Tdng so' chd ldn nhd trdn dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen la 87 chd. Binh quan 1 chd t r u n g tam CO 10,5 sap, ngoai r a cdn cdn cd 4 sieu thi va 2 cQa h a n g b a n thit ldn cung vdi cac mat hang ndng san an toan khac cung nhidu cac quay t h i t tai cac chd nhd trong cae thon xdm va tai cac quan nhd.
Theo kd't qua didu t r a thi ho b a n le ban binh quan 99 kg t h i t mdc h a m / n g a y va ra't hiem k h i n g h i b a n . So lUdng b a n hang tha'p nha't dd'i vdi mdi sap h a n g la 110 kg ldn hdi, nhidu nha't la 300kg ldn hdi/ngay.
Dd'i vdi dip Id tdt t h i lUdng tieu t h u ldn gap 2-3 l a n ngay t h u d n g .
3.1.5. Hoat ddngcija bd cbibiin thit ldn San pham t h i t ldn che bien cua tinh Thai Nguyen gdm cd gid, cha, rud'c, lap xUdng, nem va mot sd' san phdm thQc an chin. Tinh de'n nam 2018, ngoai 65 cd sd che bie'n thu cdng va ban t h u cdng ra, tinh Thai Nguydn chUa cd nha may che bien san p h a m tQ thit ldn. Trong bd'i canh thi trUdng cung thit ldn dang ldn hdn ra't nhieu so vdi cdu vd thit ldn tUdi, viec phat trien k h a u chg' bie'n tap trung vao cac mat h a n g cd gia tri gia tang cao nhU thit ldn mudi, xuc xich, cae dac san dja phUdng san cd nhU lap xUdng, nem bui... thQc sQ la cdn thie't. Qua ke't qua dieu tra cho thay, eac ho che bien trdn dia b a n tinh Thai Nguyen chu ye'u lam t h u cdng, san phdm cua ho thudng chi tieu t h u trong tinh. Trong sd cae hd che bidn thi loai h i n h chd bie'n lap xudng cd khd'i lUdng tieu t h u thit ldn la ldn nha't, binh quan 32kg/ngay/ho. Chd bien gid cha va rud'e cung chi tieu t h u tQ 10 de'n 20kg thit ldn cac loai/ngay/hd. S a n pham eua eac ho che big'n chQa tao t h a n h mot hg thd'ng kenh p h a n phdi td't, san p h a m khdng cd tem nhan, khdng d a n g ky va cdng bd' cac chi tieu cha't iQdng, s a n p h a m cung khong
76 Nghiin aiu Kmh tgs612(499) - ^ / i ^ T ^ ^ ^
Nghien ciifu chuoi cung lifng
ghi ngay san xua't, h ^ n sh dung, l a m ngQdi tieu dung ra't d l m u a phai h a n g cha't lUdng kem, cac cd q u a n q u a n ly n h a nUdc cung khdng quan ly he't dUdc h o a t ddng cua ho.
Day la mot trong nhQng diem yg'u cua ngUdi che big'n t h i t t r e n dia b a n t i n h .
3.1.6. Hoatddngcua cacbd tidu dUng Didu tra 90 hp, hd cd quy mo nho va vQa chie'm 35% (< 3 ngQdi) la 31 hd; quy md trung binh (trong khoang 3-5 ngQdi) la 42 ho, cdn lai so' ho cd quy md ldn (>5 ngUdi) chig'm ty le 18% tUdng Qng 17 hd. Qua t i n h toan dua t r e n mQc dd thQdng xuygn m u a cac loai thit cua hp va khd'i lUdng t h i t ldn tigu dung t r u n g binh theo t h a n g , mQc tigu dung thit ldn b i n h q u a n cua mdi ngQdi theo thang la 2,09kg/ngQdi/thang, vdi n h d m co quy md ho nho la 2,71kg/ngUdi/thang, b
nhdm hd cd quy md ldn, mQc tidu dung binh quan chi cd 1,89 kg/ngQcJi/thang. Dieu nay cho tha'y, k h i quy mo ho t a n g len t h i tidu d u n g t h i t ldn cua ho t a n g ldn, nhQng mQc tieu d u n g cho t h i t ldn cua tQng ca n h a n trong ho giam di.
3.2. Chi phi vd gid tri gia tdng cua cdc tdc nhdn trong chuoi
Qua ket qua dieu t r a , t i n h toan va phan tich tai b a n g 4, t i n h cho 100 kg ldn hdi, hd chd bie'n la ho cd chi phi bd ra 16n nha't va t h u ve gia tri gia t a n g cao nha't trong chudi cung Qng, dat 2.224,2 nghin ddng. Ho gig't md la ho cd gia tri gia t a n g it nha't chi 103,9 nghin ddng/lOOkg ldn hdi. Ho chan nuoi tuy cd chi phi bd r a la tha'p nha't nhUng lai cd thdi gian san xua't dai va chiu su rui ro 16n.
BANG 4: T o n g h d p c h i p h i v a g i a t r i t a n g c u a c a c t a c n h a n (Nghin dong; tfnh binh quan/hp)
Chi dfiu 1 Hfl chSn nufli | Hfl thu gom | Hflgifitmd | HObSnlS | Hfl chfi bifc Ttnh theo 100 kg Ion hoi
GO Chi phf Gid tri gia tang
4.735,0 3.856,5 878,5
4.971,3 4.818,3 153,0
4.758,3 4.654,4 103,9
5.353,6 4.906,8 446,8
10.446,6 8.222,4 2.224,2 Tiilh theo ngiy
Thu nhflp/ngay Thu nhap/ngiy/nguOi
89,92 74,0
1.970,0 414,7
911,1 240,4
497,1 497,1
1J0I.2 230,8 i^i/d>J.'Tdng hap til kg't qua di^u tra nam 2019.
Nguyen n h a n chdnh Idnh ldn nay la do thdi gian lam lOOkg ldn hdi la k h a c n h a u . Ho chan nuoi dd nuoi 100kg ldn hdi binh quan ma't hdn 4,77 ngay, vdi t r a n g t r ^ i lidn ket chi ma't cd 0,33 ngay. Hd chg' bien ma't gan 2 ngay mdi che' big'n h e t 100kg ldn hdi.
Hg ban le tinh binh q u a n 1 ng^y b a n dQdc 99kg ldn hdi. Ho giet md kh6i lUdng 1 ngay tieu thu ldn 1.395,61kg. Ho t h u gom la ho tigu thu lUdng ldn thit nhidu nha't binh q u a n mdi ngay tigu t h u dQdc 1.355,2kg. Vi vay khi tinh theo ngay thi t h u n h a p lai cd sQ dao ngUdc so vdi tinh cho 100kg ldn hdi. Thu
n h a p binh quan 1 ngay hp chan nudi la 74 nghin ddng/ngay/ngUdi. Didu nay cho th^y sQ ba't hdp ly trong p h a n phdi gia tri gia tang giQa cac tac n h a n . Khi tinh theo ddn vi san phdm thi ngQdi chan nuoi la ngQdi dat gia tri gia t a n g cao, nhQng khi tinh thQc td cho tQng ngay cong thi ho chan nudi la ho thidt thdi nha't, t r o n g khi ma^t nhidu thdi gian n h a t va chiu rui ro ldn nha^t cho vi^c tao ndn san pham.
3.3. Cau true chudi cung dng lan thit tren dia bdn tinh Thdi Nguyen
Nghiin aiu Kinh t^s612(499) - Thing 12/2019 77
Nghien ciiu chufii cung ung .
KS't qua khao sat cho thay, san pham Ion chuong nuM dfo ban an cua ngUOi tiSu dilng thit 3 Thai Nguyen difdc luan chuyen til thong qua 4 kenh tieu t h u (hinh 3).
HINH 3: Stf d o c a c k e n h t i e u t h u Itfn t h i t oi t i n h T h a i N g u y e n Kenh phan phoi 1: chie'm 18,7 '^n san luans Ion thit xuat chuong
'Vr
Doanh
nghiep l i ^ '• Lo gie'l m6, ban budn i' I
EKm vi ban HO tieu
diing Kenh phdn phoi 2: chiim 46,66% sdn luang lan thit xuat chuong
H6 gi^t m o , bdn Hd chan nudi Ion
thit
Kenh phdn phdi 3: chiem 12,4 % sdn luang tieu thu H6 chan nu6i
lan thit
H a giet m 6 , \_^
ban buOn j - " .
\{
ch^bi^n ^Kenh phdn phoi 4: chiem 22,24 % sdn luang lan thit xuat chuong
V
H6 chan nuai
t=^ Hd tiSu dung ngo&i tmh, xufCt khitu ti^u ngach sang thi tnr&ng Trung QuCic
NguSn: T^ng hop tii k^ qua khao sSt, 2019.
Cac tac nhan chinh t h a m gia trong kgnh tigu t h u ldn thit trgn dia b a n tinh Thai Nguygn gdm cd: hp chan nudi, doanh nghiep hen kg't ehan nudi va bao tieu san pham, hd t h u gom, hd giet md, hd b a n le, hd ehd' bie'n va ngUdi tieu dung. 7 nhdm tac nhan phd'i hdp boat ddng trdn 4 kenh phan phd'i. Cac kdnh phan phdl ddu co tQ 3 den 5 tae nhan tham gia chudi eung Qng, san pham de'n tay ngUdi tieu dung qua nhieu k h a u trtmg gian.
ThtJc te trong ddt giam gia thit ldn hdi vQa qua, trong khi gia ban r a tQ ho chan nudi la 17.000 - 25.000d/lkg thit ldn hdi, nhUng ddn tay ngUdi tidu dung thi gia 1kg thit ldn hdi da tang them 150%.
Phan ldn san phdm ldn thit b Thai Nguyen dQdc cung ca'p qua kenh phan phra 2 vdi tac nhan d i n dat chudi la Hd b a n le kiem giet mo, ehie'm 46,66% san lUdng ldn thit. Hd ban le triic tig'p mua ldn hdi tQ cac hd chan nudi, thQc hidn giet md thu cdng va ban thit ldn tUdi sd'ng cho ngUdi tieu dung. Cung vdi kenh tidu thil 4 (tac nh^n d i n dat la thUdng lai t h u gom), day la 2 kenh cd dp'dai theo chuoi la ngdn nha't, co the tid't kidm chi phi, tuy nhidn
do nhdm tae n h a n thQc hien la cac hd chan nudi nhd le, giet md tQ do, thu gom tQ phat phu thupc hoan toan vao doi tac t h u gom tieu ngach phia Trung Quoc, ndn va'n dd quan ly giam sat quy trinh chan nudi eung nhQ va'n de vd sinh mdi trUdng, dam bao an toan ve sinh thuc pham la khdng the kiem soat. Kenh phan phd'i 4 vdi tac n h a n d i n d a t chinh cua kenh la dpi ngu thUdng iai, hoat ddng cung Qng chQa nhieu b a t on, do san iQdng ehu yd'u cua kenh p h a n phd'i nay dUdc thQdng lai thu gom dd xua't theo dUdng tieu ngach sang Trung Qud'c qua cQa khdu tinh Cao Bang.
NhQng thang d l u n a m 2017, san pham ldn thit eua tinh Thai Nguyen Q dpng, khdng tigu thu dUdc mac du ngUdi dan chap nhan gia ban tha'p bang 40% chi phi. Nguygn nhan chinh la do kdnh phan pho'i ldn thit ra ngoai tinh khdng hoat ddng, vi phia thudng lai Trung Qud'e ngUng nh^p h a n g qua dudng tieu ngach.
Do dd, vdi san lUdng ldn thit xua't chudng n a m 2016 cua tinh Thai Nguydn la 94.961 tan khi kgnh phan phdi nay ngUng hoat ddng, cd ddn g i n 21.119, 3 ta'n ldn hdi bi Q dong g^y ^^^
tha't nang ne cho ngUdi chan nudi d Thai
78 Nghiin aiu Kinh tSs612(499hThSi^^2i^
Nghian ciifu chuoi cung ung ,
Nguygn noi ehimg va tac ddng epng hudng ldn cac dia phUdng lan can.
Hai kenh phan phdi cdn lai vdi tac n h a n d i n dat chudi lan lUdt la Doanh nghigp, Hd che bieh cd kha nang dUa san pham ldn thit ra thi trUdng ngoai tinh va xua't k h a u r a thi trUdng qudc te. San lUdng hien nay cua kenh phan phoi nay cdn h a n chd, mdi chi chie'm HINH 4: Cau t r u e c h u o i c u n g
30% san lUdng san xua't. Trong thdi gian tdi, 2 kenh phan phdi tieu t h u nay c l n dUdc khuyen khich phat trien dg md rdng quy md hoat ddng.
DUa tren sd' lieu tren cac bao eao thQ cd'p, va sd' lieu phan tieh cua m l u khao sat, nghien eQu dQa r a cau true theo chieu doc va ehidu ngang cua chuoi cung Qng ldn thit b tinh (hinh 4),
iing Itfn thit d t i n h Thai N g u y e n
59.1%
HO chan nufliIon
thjt
H6 gift m6, bSn bu6n
18.7 %
Doanh nghifip Lidn k€t bao tieu san
H6 Ihu gom
HO bSnle
i
H6 che' bi^n
46,66%
12,44 % Nga6i tifiu dilng trong tinh, tieu dilng ngoai tinh, xua't kh^u ti^u ngach sang Tmng Qu6c
NguSn • Ket qua nghifin ciJu cilia tac gia.
3.4. Lien kei giUta cde tdc nhdn trong chuoi cung dng ldn thit tren dia bdn tinh Thdi Nguyen
Trong chudi cung Qng ldn t h i t tren dia b a n tinh Thai Nguydn, cac tac n h a n cung da cd sti chia se thdng tin san xuSi thi trudng vdi cac mQc dp khae nhau, tQng bQdc tao cho minh nhQng ban hang tin cay bang sU tin nhiem cua minh. Tuy nhien nhQng moi quan he nay chUa the hien ro r a n g sU lien kd't chat che giQa cac tac nhan. Su g^n kd't giQa cac tae nhan vdi cdn ra't ye'u, thong tin thi trUdng mpt chieu, manh mun, mSi lien kdt con long leo. Cac ngudn thdng tin den vdi tac n h a n deu khong chfnh thd'ng. Thd hidn hoat ddng chan nudi ldn thit cdn chUa g i n ket chat che vdi thi trudng.
Ket qua khao s a t cho thay, lign ke^t ngang hien nay b Thai Nguyen da h i n h thanh dUdc 27 hdp tac xa, td hdp tac hoat ddng chu ydu b viec trao ddi, chia se k i n h nghigm chan nudi, t h o n g tin t h i trUdng...
Vide trao ddi thdng tin giQa cac chu t h e
trong cung mdt nhdm tac n h a n vdi n h a u k h a h a n che. Chi 63% cac hd chan nudi cd sU trao doi thdng tin vdi n h a u chu yd'u ve gia ca, cae thdng tin ve cac loai d l u vao va each thQc chan nuoi de hpc hdi kinh nghidm cua n h a u , 39% sd' hd t h u gom thudng xuydn trao ddi vdi n h a u n h a m tim kie'm ngudn cung va gia ca t h u gom, 57% so hp gidt md cd trao ddi thdng tin de thd'ng nha't gia ca. Cac tac n h d n edn lai khdng cd sQ trao ddi thdng tin trong nhdm vdi nhau.
Dd'i vdi lien ket dpc, chi cd 37 so" ddn vi chan nudi cd hdp ddng lien ket bao tidu san pham vdi cac doanh nghidp chiem 18,2% san lUdng tieu t h u cua tinh. ChUa cd hdp ddng nao giQa hp chan nudi va hp che bie'n. Viec trao ddi thdng tin giQa cac tac nhan cung ra't h a n che 82% s o h d chan nudi khdng cd thdng tin chinh thQc vd thi trUdng tidu t h u san pham, 72,3% sd ngUdi tieu dung dUdc hoi mong mud'n cd dUdc thdng tin tQ ngUdi chan nudi nhUng khdng tim dUdc, 61,52% sd hd giet md dUdc khao sat khdng cd sQ lien kdt chat che vdi hp chan nuoi, Chi co khoang
Nghiin cAi Kmh t&s612(499) - Thing 12/2019 79
Nghien ciru chudi cung ung ..,
40% so' hd giet md va hd b a n le dUdc hoi cd sU lien kdt chat che vdi n h a u .
4. Giai pha.p p h a t t r i e n c h u d i c u n g Qng Itfn t h i t b e n vufng of T i n h T h a i N g u y e n
4.1. Ndng cap cdc kenh tieu thu lan thit
Ket qua khao sat cho thay, tren dia ban dia phUdng cd 4 k d n h tieu thu ehinh, mdi kenh deu cd nhQng Uu didm v a ^ a n che'nha't dinh. De chuoi cung Qng IdnAthit hoat ddng bdn vQng, c l n cd nhQng chinh sach n h i m ke't cau, nang cap lai cac kenh tidu thu ldn thit theo hudng n a n g eao eha't lUdng san pham, cat giam ehi phi, dam bac sU giam sat, quan ly cua N h a nUdc ve ve sinh an toan thuc phdm va va'n de d n h i l m mdi trUdng. Cac kdnh tigu t h u phu hdp c l n dQdc khuyg'n khich md rdng va phat trien, dQde xac dinh vdi vai trd d i n dat chudi la doanh nghiep lien ket (kenh so' 1) va cd sd chd bidn (kenh sd' 3), dong thdi quan ly sat sao dd'i vdi hoat ddng cua cac tac n h a n thudc kdnh 2 (hd chan nudi - hd gie't md kiem b a n le - ngudi tidu dung) va kenh 4 (hp chan nudi - ho t h u gom - hd tidu dung ngoai tinh va xua't khdu). Cac giai phap gdm:
- Nang cao nang lUc san xua't cac nhdm tac nhan trang trai chan nudi, doanh nghiep lign kg't, cd sd gie't md, ed sd che bie^n. Nha nUdc c l n d l u t u cd sd ha t i n g , quy hoaeh vung chan nudi, hd trd ve vd'n, dao tao trinh dp chuyen mdn... tao didu kien cho cac trang trai ehan nudi cd quy md vQa va ldn hien nay dap Qng du cac didu kidn thQc hien lign kdt v6i doanh nghigp tieu thu.
- Hd trd ve vd'n, cdng nghe, dac biet la hoat ddng xay dQng thUdng hieu, xuc tidn thQdng mai k h a i thac t h i trQdng trong nUdc, tig'p can thi trQdng qudc td dd'i vdi 2 tac n h d n la doanh nghiep tidu t h u va cd sd che big'n.
- Ddi vdi hp chan nuoi nhd, le nen tang cUdng quan ly giam sat hoat ddng ehan nuoi theo quy trinh chuan VIETGAP, tao dieu kien de ho tiep can dUdc vdi doanh nghiep
tieu thu hoac Co sd gig't md kigm chQc nang ddn vi t h u gom ban budn.
- Cd chinh sach cu the h a n che'hoat ddng eua tac nhSn hd gig't md tQ do, ho t h u gom thUdng iai. Hoat ddng q u a n ly ndn dinh hQdng nhdm tac n h a n nay phai phat trien nang ca'p t h a n h cd sd gie't mo, hoac doanh nghigp tieu t h u dap Qng ygu c l u kidm soat, quan ly ciia Nha nudc.
4.2. Md rong quy mo sdn Iddng theo hddng edt giam chi phi
P h a n tieh chi phi trong toan ehudi chan nudi va tidu t h u ldn thit tinh Thai Nguygn cho tha'y, mud'n giam chi phi ma v i n dam bao cha't lUdng chi co t h e md rdng quy mo trong mdi khau. Van ^i t a n g san iQdng nganh chan nudi ldn thit can dQdc khuyen khich khi dam bao thi trudng d l u r a on dinh, va^n &t quy hoach vung cung vdi giai p h a p xii ly 6 nhidm mdi trUdng ddng bp. Thuc hien lien kg't eac hp chan nudi nho le, eac t r a n g t r a i quy md nho va vQa dg cung thUc hien cac hdp ddng cung Qng dau vao, hdp ddng cung Qng d l u ra. Chi phi chan nudi cd t h e dUdc cat giam thdng qua vide ho chan nudi hdp tac va hdp ddng vdi cac nha cung Qng d l u vao dd mua vdi san iQdng ldn va cha't iQdng cao co ehig't kha'u tren doanh sd mua (it nha't la 5%) cung nhU giam dupc chi phi iQu thdng, ngoai r a edn hQ^ng dQdc nhQng Qu dai cua n h a cung ca'p d l u vao. Ky ke't hdp ddng b a n san pham d l u ra nham giara chi phi iQu thong va chi phi giao dich, tang gia ban. Tang cQdng va p h a t t r i l n lien ket doe giQa cac tac nhan, n h a m n i t n g i n kenh thi trUdng chudi, giam tac nhSn trung gian va chi phi t r u n g gian. Lien ket ngang giQa nhQng hp chan nudi quy md nhd vdi n h a u san xua't t a p t r u n g quy md ldn gia t h a n h canh t r a n h .
4.3. Tang cddng lien kei trong chdn nuoi vd tiSu thu ldn thit
Lien kd't trong chan nudi va tigu thu ldn thit the hien mo'i lidn kg't ngang va doc tron?
toan bd chudi cung Qng ldn thit. Bdn canh lipn ke^t tang quy md, tiem iQc chan nudi tren cd ci tap hdp thanh cac hdp tac xa, td hdp tac ch ~
80 Nghi&i aiu Kinh t^sS 12(499} • Th^
^2/2019
Nghien ciiru chuil cung iirng ...
nudi cd sQ giam sat chat che vd quy t r i n h chan nudi, ky hdp ddng cung Qng thQc a n d l u , hdp ddng tieu thu... Ket noi vk p h a t trien lien ket doc, dac bidt la giQa cac doanh nghigp che bie'n, cdng ty xu^Lt k h i u vdi td, nhdm ngQdi chan nudi, de dam bao d l u r a dn dinh va tao vung chan nudi ldn dam bao chat iQdng a n toan thQc pham. Kd't qua p h a n tich lien k e t chudi cung v(r^ ldn thit b tinh Thai Nguygn cho thay, viec tieu t h u qua cac hdp dong cua hdp tac xa la cd hi§u qua c l n dQdc n h a n rdng.
NhQng san p h i m tieu t h u v i n chi cung ca'p cho thi trQdng trong tinh. Trong thdi gian tdi, chinh quydn tinh c l n quan t a m dg'n cac cd sd doanh nghidp tigu t h u nay, thQc hien xiic tie'n thUdng mai dd c6 thd md rdng thi trUdng xu^t k h i u chinh ng^ch r a thi trUcing qud'c te.
Chinh vi§c khuyg'n khich cac doanh nghiep tidu thu chinh thong n^y la hign p h a p tich cQc han chd hoat ddng nhdm thQdng lai t h u gom, tidm I n nhieu ba't on trong thi trQdng chSn nudi ldn thit, ben canh dd, Nha nQde c l n quan tam khuydn khich de phat trien nhQng hd thQdng lai nay trd t h a n h n h d n td' di d l u , md rdng thi trUdng qud'c tg' (budn b a n ti6u ngach sang thi trUcfng Trung Qu6c), ddng thdi nha'n manh vai trd cua Nha nUdc trong v l h dd quan ly thong tin thi trQcfng tranh r u i ro xay ra cho ngUdi chan nudi.
5 . K ^ t l u S i i
Nghien cQu chuSi cung xtng ldn thit n h i m phan tich, danh gia mdt each tong the ca chieu dpc va chidu ngang tQ khSu chan nudi den khi san p h i m ddn tay ngUcfi tiSu dung.
Ket qua nghign cQu chudi cung Qng ldn thit trgn dia ban d n h Thai Nguygn cho tha'y, cd tQ 3 ddn 5 tac n h a n t h a m gia v^o chudi, c6 4 kgnh tieu thu san p h i m chSn nudi ldn thit chu ydu. Chi phi cua moi nhom tac n h a n trong toan chuoi v i n con cao, chQa dem lai higu qua kinh t d dang kd, trong d6 c l n iQu tam nhdm tac nhSn hp chan nudi c6 chi phi khdng tha^p hdn cac tac n h a n khac xong lai c6 gia tri gia tang la th^p nha't tinh theo ngay lao dpng ddng thdi cung la tac n h a n chiu nhieu rui ro nha^t do gia ca ba'p b^nh. Hoat
ddng lien ke't giQa cac tac n h a n trong chudi edn long leo, chUa chat che, thong tin thi trQdng chQa ro rang, chat iQdng san p h i m cdn la va'n dd c l n phai quan tam. Cac giai phap nang ca'p eac kenh tieu t h u ldn thit, khuyen khich tang cUdng lien ket ngang va dpc trong mdi nhdm tac n h a n ciing nhU cac tac n h a n trong chudi c l n dUdc thUc hien, n h i m xay dQng thQdng hieu cho san p h a m ldn thit cua vQng, cat giam chi phi, md rdng thi trQcing tieu thu, dam bao a n toan ve sinh thUc pham cung n h u binh dn gia thi trUdng ldn thit hidn nay la can thig't./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. GabOT fluit (2017), Bdo cdo tai Diln d^n xiic ti^i xu&
nhap khiu thit lan Vifit Nam 2017 (Viet Nam poik Export promotion foiiim 2017), Ha Noi, 20-10-2017.
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3. Fliam Thi TSn (2015), NghiSn ciiu chuSi gi^ In thit lan trSn dja ban linh Ngh& An, Luan dn tig'n sy Hoc Vi&i N6ng nghifip Vifit Nam.
4. T6ng cue Thd'ng kfi (2018), Ni6n gi^ thing kS Viit Nam nSm 2018, Nxb Th^ng ke.
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6. Hau L. Lee & C. Billington (1995). The Eevaludon Of Siifp/y - Chain - Management Models and Pracdce at /fcwMPaikard.
7. Micheal Hugos ( 2003), Essential of Soffdy Chain 8. Tlie Institute for Supply Managerment (2000), Glossaiy of Key Purchasing and Supply, Temis, Coitesy of the Coundl of Logistics Manangement
9. Jeffrey "J. Reimer, Vertical IntegnUiai in the podc Mdustry, Food system Reseaich Group. Univasity of
Winconsin - Madison Suiting My 200^. Oregon slate University
10. Katchova & Miranda, 2004, TvmStep EconrnneOic Estimation of Fann Cham;teristics Affecting Maik^mg Cbntract Decisions, American Joumal of Agricultural Economics86(l):88-102.Februaiy2004 wlft74Reads
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"Agribusiness, Food, Health, and Nutrition", lAMA Conference, June 10 - 13,2006 in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Ngdy nhan bai: 13-10-2019 Ngay nhan ban siia: 2-11-2019 Ngdy duyfit dang: 15-11-2019
NghiSn aiu Kinh tis612(499) - Thing 12/2019 81
