106 N G O N N G t r & B 6 I S 6 N G S& 10 (240)-2015
KHAO SAT VE HIEN TlTonVG PHO TlT TU SlfC CHO DANH Ttr TRONG TIENG HAN HIEN DAI
A SURVEY ON THE USE OF ADVERB AS MODIFIER OF NOUN IN MODERN CHINESE
TRAN THJ PHU"OfNG T H U (ThS; B^i hpc Ngo^i ngO-, B H Q G H ^ N$i)
Abstract: As defined, an adverb modifies a verb or an adjective; however, in reality, it is commonly used to modify a noun. We will analyze this special use based on the meaning of the noun to find out the most fi:equently-used adverbs as modifiers of nouns. The nouns to be researched include nouns of time and space, classification nouns, quantity nouns or nouns whose grammatical fimctions have been changed under certain circumstances.
Key words: adverb; adverb modifies a noun.
1. Dat van de
/ . / . Tmdc dfiy, cac sfich ngQ phfip thircmg khdng d^ c|p den h i ^ tin^ng ph6 ti> co the tu sue cho danh tur. Hon nOa, mpt so con cho rfing, chuc nfing tu sQc ph6 tu dupc diing de phfin bi$t giiia th^ tu va vj tu. Nhung trSn tiivrc te, trong qufi trinh v$n dyng ngon ngQ, dfic b i ^ la trong khau ngQ thi hi^n tuong pho tQ tu sQc cho danh tQ khfi pho bien.
Thyc te cho thay, hi^n tugng pho tQ tu sQc cho danh tu ton t^i khaeh quan trong tieng Hfin h i ^ dai. Vai hi$n tugmg nay, neu ta chi dung hinh tiiuc tinh luqfc ho$c hinh thuc luge bo de gifii thich thi F5 rang Ifi khdng day du.
1.2. Ph6 tij Ifi m^t h i ^ tugng tQ lo^i khfi d§c bi^t trong tieng Hfin hi$n d^i. Bin ph6 tir c6 luc dugc cot nhu mgt thyc tu, vi mpt bO ph^n pho tQ c6 the don dgc trfi ldi cau hoi ho$c dfim nh§n vai tr6 lam thfinh phan cau, nhung c6 luc 1^ dugc coi nhu mgt hu tii, vi co chuc nfing tu sue cho nhiJug dgng tQ vfi tinh tit khac.
Ve (rfian lo^i ph6 tir, cuon "300 cau hdi ve ngQ irfifip tieng Han" dfi chia ph6 tQ ra Ifim ba lo^ 16n, d6 la: 1/ NhQng pho tu thu6ng g$p nhat tiiong tieng Han, g6m co cfic loai nh6 sau: Pho til chi muc dg, pho tu chi thdi gjan, ph6 tut chi phii djnh, pho tu dii ph^an vi, ph6 tQ chi tin suit; 2/
NhQng ph6 tii ngQ khi, bi^u tfii y nghia nhu phan dofin, xfic djnh, ngugc l^i ho§c nghi van; 3/
NhQng ph6 tu bi^u thi quan h?, thuong sQ dyng de chi cfic quan h$ giQa cfic tijr trong cau ho$c c ^ phfin cau trong cau pAiiic. Trong ba lo^ nfiy, theo
thong ke cQa chung toi, chi c6 ph6 tQ chi tiifri gian, p h ^ vi vfi muc dg m6i tu sQc dugc cho danhtQ.
2. Nhihig danh tir chju sy tu sih; cua ph6 tilr TQ bhih di$n ngtt n^Ta cQa danh til, c6 Ih^
thay, nhQng dfufih tijr mang nghTa tuin ty, nghia phfin lo^i, nghia do ludng Ifi c6 thS n h ^ dugc s\r tu sQc cua cfic nhdm phd ti!r, nhQng ph6 tii thudng dugc dung Ifi nhiJng phd tijr chi tiidi gian, chi ph^m vi vfi chi mQc d^.
Th^ nhit, cdc phd tu tu site cho danh tu mang nghia tuin pte
Danh tix trong bfin than ngQ nghTa dfi mang nghTa tuan ty l^i dugc chia lfim hai lo^: danh ti^
thdi gian vfi danh tQ chi ngudi. Danh tQ thdi gian l^i cd the chia lam hai lo^i Ifi danh tQ chi th^
gian tuan hofin va danh tQ chl thdi gian kto dfii.
Vidy:
- Cfic danh tQ chi thdi gjan tuan hofin : i : ^
m.m-. mm-. a ^ z , Kmm...
- Cfic danh tQ chi tiidi gian k6o dfii: — ^ ,
Cfic danh tQ tuan ty chi ngudi cDng c6 hai lo^, mgt I09I chi chQc nghidp vj trf vfi mgt lo?) chi tuoi tac. Cfic dartii tQ chi chuc nghi?p vj tri
nhu: ^ ± . «ili±, ff±,'>^±,«J*i.K*4,
MlO_P40)-201S N G 6 N NGtr & Bfn S 6 N G 107
*h-fe,B-fe,^-fe,SSHfc,3K-fe,»-R,S-K,g-K:....
Cic danh til chl tu6i tic nhu: 8SJL,«r*JL,?UL,
»JL,«iJL,'>|IS;L,'>'f*^,li?5K,«*JL, tt»,:3>Jg,jaA,«**,...
M$t so danh tCr chi dja dilm cung mang nghia tuan tvi nlu chung cung nSm tren mgt tryc tuyin tinh nio do theo -y nguoi noi, vi dy: -hSS,^^, Se,®*l,«Jr,»m... ; Jb!S,«S,ll*tl,
Cic danh ttt c6 mang nghia tuan ty ci3 thl tiyc tilp lim vi ngtt, vi nh§n du(;fc sy tu sue ctta cic ph6 ttt chi th6i gian. Theo 1i^ ty tuyin tinh cua th6i gian thi c6 3 thdi dilm li qui khtt, hi?n tai vi tucmg lai.
X6t vl trinh ty cua cic ph6 ttt tu sue cho cic danh ttt c6 nghia tuan ty vl thdi gian theo tiyc tuyin tinh, c6 thl thiy: THM qui khtt li cic ph6 ttt nhu: :^,H!l,Hmi,l?,^H,l«,.?«t,:f f5!l,H,H
^,... ;Thai hi§n tai li cic ph6 ttt nhu: X,iE,iE Jf ,S,t&Jf, t&15 V.V.; ThM tuong lai li cic pho ttt nhu: ^,1*,^1*,^Jtt,8«,49S,H, J:,1*g ,v.v.
C6 luc cic ph6 ttt c6 the cung xuat hi?n bilu thj kit hpp nhieu ^ nghTa thdii gian, vl dy:
(1) m^mtmi, ^-hiSST , a ? (2) BWB#?E2J , !»-tfi^Affid>.
(3) - > ^ s s a « . WM'h'j^sdSfls
MOt djc dilm cin chii y li, khi stt dyng cic ph6 ttt chl thdri gian niy, i nghTa chii quan cua ngudi n6i the hi?n r& lO nft. VI dy, khi cung n6i ve mOt hgc sinh da Iln ph6 thong tnmg hpc, vAi hai y chd quan khic nhau, c6 thl dimg nhOng ph6 ttt khic nhau. Vidy:
S i : : t B * i , 8 i a i i a J E g 3 l E 7 . Hai cau tren diu n6i den m$t hgc sinh di Iln pho thdng tnmg hgc, nhung vdi hai y khic nhau:
Mgt li, m6i Iln phi thfing tnmg hgc chua ngn vgi n6i chuygn ylu duong (tiic li c6n nh6 tu6i);
Hai li, da li hgc sinh ph6 thSng tnmg hgc rii tW khong nSn luM nhic nOa (vi di li mgt ngudi I6n rii).
Ngoii cic ph6 ttt chi thiri gian trfn, ci5 luc danh tir mang nghTa tuin ty kit hgp dugc vdi cic ph6 ttt pham vi nhu : S , ^ , ± S S , A * , ^ j*^:
(4) Stt-fc-bffi^>ilia«6*H»¥«W , ?B 6 * l ? W f f 7 .
(5) fifllB.Sf'BtMWSSffiSnjL, tll<^
tfe**»H£, i t * ; M 7 .
ThU hat, cdc phd lit tu sue cho danh lu mang nghta phdn logi
Cic phd ttt khi tu sttc cho danh ttt mang nghTa phin loai thudng li cic ph6 ttt chi phgm vi, dl han chl va khii quit doi vdi cic danh ttt, thl hi?n trong hai tnidng hgp li diln dgt tinli duy nhit vi dien d^t tinh ting quit.
a. Cic phd ttt pham vi diln d^t tinh duy nliit gim cd: ^,<R.^,^i,^^,%,%%,m,'mk, n, 3434, Ot ( t t ) 34,«l,;^,H,v.v. Vi dy:
(6) mnn^. m^Mis.<s, HSSSKKW
(7) SJftStt^ , S:*;JB, #fflrrt, « a m) )
Cic phd ttt ph?m vi tren da hjn chl vl si lugng ngudi, sy vjt, hi?n tugng mi danh ttt de c4p tdi. Cinctt vio si ngtt nghia mi danh ttt bao him, cd the c6 rat nhieu cich kit hgp, chSng h?n:
s,: ^tm (ia-'hfflH.) , a s n + f t
108 N G 6 N N G C & Bdi S6NG s i 10 (240)-2015
&:*s*a(s-«ff«) ,nn7»n.
HTEO
S3: «SJH ( a - w + L * ! ) , Wi^Jtkn.
+*,
S4: MUm ( S-SISp°q ) , s t a 7 = : H
+m.
S5: « s « i (a-ffWj*=) , n«t9ii-
85: *sja (fi-gssiiR) , ^mmji.
E T C .
Ttt vl dy trSn ta thiy, phd ttt Jt inh hudng tryc tilp din cic doin ngtt si lugng ding sau danh ttt # r a , cdn danh ttt Sffi d diy bin chit chi li m$t chu ngii' hlnh thttc.
b. Cic phd ttt ph^m vi dien dat y nghTa ting quit thudng li: / l , J l f t , ; ^ / L , # / l „ f l / L , « / l ,v.v. VI dy:
(8) fljiKaWA , ^m—t-^^&fl'A 65. ( C?t<t5Kigi^»> )
Cio phd ttt phjm vi trln khii quit ve si lugng; doin ngtt phd danh niy thuimg lim chu ngtt, phia sau thudng cd th€m cic phd ttt nhu U,^,Ml dl hd ttng.
Thdr ba, ale phd tiir lu site cho danh lir mang nghia lu0ig hda
Cic phd ttt mftc dg nhu a,f8,Sl,S,H;i3 c6 thl tu sttc cho nhttng danh ttt mi bin thin ho$c trong m$t vin cinh nio dd cd nghTa mttc dO, hofc bj lugng hda, hojc vdi cic danh ttt di bivjttthda.
a. Cdc danh lit mang nglua luQnghda 1/ MOt so danh ttt mang nghTa lugng hda cd the nh§n dugc phd ttt mftc dO tu sftc, vi dy:
(9) mxW7-^9L^mt^m^ik , ««f
(10) fliiJifi!«4SfiSfft-tt#f«Sii«»
Cic danh ttt khic tfauOc thl lo^ niy cd thl chju sytu sttc ciia phd ttt cdn c 6 ^ n . SI'S,
%*, tt», ajs., «», « a . mill,...
2/NhOng danh ttt cd kit ciu ngit ti dau tien li cic tft phuong vi nhu W!,B,.t,TJil,'P,M,&
cung deu nhan d u ^ sy tu sttc ctta cic phd ttt mftc dO. VI dy:
(ii)«W!a«i6('Sfiara4«,
Ngoii ra cdn cd thl kl din mgt si vl dy nhu:
Trong mOt si vin cinh thl mOt si danh ttt vdi ngtt nghta lim thdi cttng cd thl mang dirge phd ttt miic do tu sftc, vl dy: ft^A, ftS;S,MZ3R
,»!l!^,«l«!|9iJi,...
Cd thl nh§n thiy, doin ngtt phd danh d trln cd tinh chit cua thl ttt, thudng li lim djnh ngii trong ciu, mOt si cd thl lim tin ngtt.
b. Cdc danh tit At^c v/tithda
MOt so danh ttt trong vSn cinh di V) tft hda vi lugng hda vl ^ n^ila, nln ciing nh^ dugc sy tu sftc cua phd ttt, A diy cd Ihl li phd tft mftc dO ho$c phd tir bilu thj y nghTa ngtt khl, ta x& ba vi dy dudi diy:
S,:fiI*B«Hftai'i>BJU S3:HB>,-K:;*:«ir3;A.
Trong ba vl dy tren cic danh tft di vj ttt hda mang mOt tinh chit i ^ d i ^ nio dd, cd cich sDr dyng giing nhu tinh lir. Nlu luge bd thinh phin l^d ttt Irong dd thl khdng inh hudng g) dbi ^ nghTa cfta ciu. Phd ttt dugc dttng d diy dl nhfa manh thim vl ngtt n ^ a .
Cic danh ttt chi nhttng ting Idp khic nhau trong xi hOi ho$c chl cic vai trd, t^h chit khic nhau cua con nguiri trong xi hOi, vl dy: "^fit, Jt H, ilTtt, 2t(S, ^ * , * l l , f t K , ^ S B , R a , »
±,fflffl;,*s,'>riTS,iAs,w<nA,Rffi»
M j O (240)-2015 N G 6 N N G f & sin S 6 N G 109 a i , a i S a ? , J i B ^ / > i ; hay mOt si danh tft
bilu thj gidi tinh nhu: l ? t t , A t t , X t t , S 1 4 , 5 A , A A v.v. Vidy:
(12)@©S$±ifej§A*.
(13) SBftjesesft-iiSiiiaiSs, mtn
(14)S=S¥®*:1±, e s , S i l . Cd khi dd li sy khii quit cic d$c tnmg cua cic vung miln nhu lim mOt tinh chit, d$c dilm nii b$t (vi dy: t B , 0 * , S:&, B;S,
±38,db»:,li|3K,ff^) hojc mOt si danh ttt chi thdi gian nhu (3ft,5llft,S<t,fl5£,*3R) cflng bj vi ttt hda nhd cic phd ttt. VI dy:
( I 5 ) e - S ; # ® a , <Hj|i:A-fe»S*B.
(16) nmxmmn. miija?, mf-±m mm-n-m. saj357
(i7)«ci*maiisj7««*'t>, « » j i
(19) iiDS@aAfi-^«», stft*m^
7,
MOt si danh ttt mang him nghTa trim tugng ciing nh§n dugc sy tu site ctta cic phd ttt mftc do, nhu: ®»J, ?;*, ffiSE, S # , * ¥ , S«l, Xft, SSH, e a , If Hf, •»!«, US, fett, ffl
»,i**....Vidy:
(20) /jN^BIft-'hfafiiKMAA.
(21) i'p^RSiWiftitSHWftiatt
(22) s « t ^ f f i » t # i J i ^ * , # a * . (23) WlS'WSStttSZ*.
(24)4f*-«-tSSJ«d>*ilR*.
(25) ^mn^'SSk-m i&M-^
^^.
(26) m^»Bmm, »HS)Bsifej6a js, asaw7.
Trong trudng hgp cic danh tft di vj ttt hda thl cym phd danh mang tinh cliit giing nhu mOt tinh tft, cd thl lim dugc thinh phin vj ngtt, trjng ngtt, bi ngtt, djnh ngtt vin vin.
3. Kitlu^n
HiOn tugng phd tft tu sue cho danh tft cttng vdi thdi gian, cing ngiy cing dugc sft dyng nhiiu hon, phong phu hon, linh hoat hon.
Thyc tl da chftng minh ring, hi§n tugng phd tft tu sftc cho danh tft li hiOn tugng tilng Hin dang phit triln theo ddng chiy xa hOi, phyc vy kjp thdi hon cho nhu ciu giao luu ngdn ngtt cua thiri d^i.
T A I LEpU TIIAM K H A O
1. » « (2004), m<-e;iiigmm$F^. B 2. •Anif'. mam (2001) ,^Mm^3i isms, ssa-ai^ttUiKtt, db».
3.3Kist (2001), mnnsamwge, 4. &m& (2002), mfimmAsm, B 5. * s (2001), m^p-xmisw^M, iS
6. 5P2T(2007) , BJi3»«f=Sffil§l!«#
S , Vol 20, No 2 (2007)42.
7. s e s (2003) , BI^»W«i^l^& ,
