SO SANH DOI CHIEU HIEN TirQfNG DANH HOA DONG TlT TRONG TIENG VIET VA T I E N G ANH
NGUYEN THI BiCH NGOAN*
TOM TAT
Bdi viet ddi chieu so sdnh nhitng diim gidng vd khdc nhau cua hien tugng danh hda ddng tit trong tieng Viit vd tieng Anh, dong th&i dua ra cdc yiu to ciing nhu phuang phdp danh hoa dong tic a hai ngon ngii: tren. Su so sdnh ndy nhdm giiip nguai hgc tiing Anh hay tiing Viet co khd ndng su dung ngdn ngU tdt han.
Tk khoa: danh hoa d6ng tir, d^ng danh tu, danh t£r phai sinh.
ABTRACT
A contrastive analysis of Verb nominalizations in Vietnamese and English Through this article, we highlight the differences and similarities of Nominalization of Verbs in Vietnamese and English, and list the elements and methods of verb nominalization in both languages. This comparison will help people learning English or Vietnamese use languages better.
Keywords: verb nominalizations, gerund, derived nominal.
1. D | t van de
Danh hoa la mpt hi^n tucmg khach quan trong tiing Vi^t lln tiing Anh, dac bi^t la danh h6a d6ng tu, day la hien tugng ph6 biln nhit trong cac tir loai.
Trong tieng ViSt, hau nhu cac nha ngon ngCr deu nhan thay sir ton tai ciia hien tugng danh hoa, nhung nhin chung quan diem ciia cac nha ngdn ngO chua thong nhat. Ddi Xuan Ninh da dan: cdi dep, cdi hcry, ndi lo, su lanh dgo, minh chting cho phuong phap phai sinh tii vung de bieu thi nhung khai niem triju tugng, bing each kit hgp d^ng tir, tinh tir vdi nhung hinh vi nhanh [2]. Dinh Van Due khing dinh, trong tieng Viet "moi dgng tic, tinh tic CO khd ndng co mot danh tie tuang icng bdng cdch kit hgp v&i yeu to ngit phdp chuyen diing" [2]. Trong tiing Anh, hi^n tugng nky cung da dugc nghien cuu tir
* ThS. 0?i hoc Kinh tk Lu^t TPHCM
nhung nam 60 ciia the ki XX. Lees cho rang day la hien tugng phai sinh cii phap [9], con Chomsky thi lai cho rang day la hien tugng phai sinh tu vung. [5]
Nhin chung hai ngon ngu khac nhau ve loai hinh nen phuong thuc danh hoa dgng tu trong ngon ngu cung khac nhau. Trong bai viet nay, chiing toi se doi chieu - so sanh hien tugng danh hoa dgng tu trong tieng Viet va tieng Anh.
Bai viet khao sat tu lieu chu yeu tir t^c pham Oliver Twist ciia Charles Dickens (ban dich tieng Viet ciia Phan Nggc), tir d6 rut ra nhiing nhan xet va kit lu|n co tinh khai quat.
2. Khai niem danh hoa 2.1, Dinh nghia danh hoa
Danh hoa la qua trinh ngir phap dl biln doi va thanh l^p danh tir hoeic cum tu tir tinh tu hay dgng tir hogc mgt menh de bang each them v&o dgng tir, tinh tir, hay menh dl do mgt ylu to danh hoa nhdt 13
dinh.
Trong titog Anh, danh hoa xay ra it hai cap do:
Danh hda & cdp dp tir. Day la quy trinh ngU phap chuySn doi mpt dpng tCi hay mpt tinh tii thanh mgt danh tvr. Danh hoa dgng tir trong tiSng Anh tao ra hai tiSu loji danh tii - la kSt qua cua hai phirofng thurc danh hoa, do la danh tir hdnh dpng (action nominals), chang han nhu learning trong cau my friend is very quick in learning foreign languages. (Bgn tdi rdt nhgy ben trong viec hpc ngogi ngir), vd danh tir chi nguai hdnh dpng (agentive nouns) ching han nhu: driver, teacher...
Danh hoa a cdp dp tren tir (hay cdn gpi Id danh hda & cdp dp cu phdp): Day la loai danh hoa cho cac d6ng ngii hoac menh dl, kSt qua cua danh hoa o c4p dp nay la cac danh ngit.
Trong tiSng Anh, loai. ngon ngO biln hinh thi y nghia ngii phap ciia tii dugc bi Su thi bjng su biSn doi hinh thai ciia til, viec danh hoa dgng tir, tinh tir hay menh dl ciing dugc thuc hien bSng su biln dSi hinh thai cCia dgng tir hay tinh tir. Con trong tiing Viet, mpt ngon ngii phan tich tinh, danh hoa dupe thuc hien chii ylu bang viec ket hpp ddng tir, tinh tir hay menh de voi cac yeu to danh hoa.
2.2. Phdn logi hien tirgng danh hda Theo li thuyet cita ngii phap tri nh$n, cac nh4 ngon ngii hgc tri nh^n dS phan biet hai loai danh hoa, do la:
Danh hoa hdnh dpng (actipn nominalization): Loai danh hoa nay dupe ap dung trong trucmg hpp danh hoa 6 cap d6 til, cu the la d6ng til. 6 lo?i nay, cac
danh tir phai sinh tir cac danh tir djnh danh cho loai thuc thi djnh danh cho qua trinh hanh dgng.
Vi du: Viec hoc ciia no bdt ddu sa sut.
Danh hda thuc hiru (factive nominalization): Loai danh hoa nay ap dvmg khi nguoi noi mu6n ngSm the hien rang cai hoat dpng, dac tnmg, su ki*n...
dupe thi hito trong t l hgp danh tir qua thuc da xay ra.
Vi du: Cha me anh ta rat hdi long vi viec anh ta ddu dai hoc.
2.3. Quan diim cua mgt so nha ngon nga hpc vi Men lugng danh hoa 2.3.1. Quan diim ciia Vendler vd Abney
Nam 1967, Vendler da dl xuSt kilu phan loai dpng tir bin each (four-way classification of verbs). Theo Vendler, tSt ca cac d§ng tir co thi dupe phan loji nhu bilu thi trgng thdi (stgtes), hogt dpng (activities), hodn thdnh (achievement), hoac thiirc hien (accomplishments).
Nhimg loai nay co thi dupe djnh nghTa va lay vi du nhu sau:
». Hogt dpng: Cac su kien diln ra trong mpt th&i gian, nhung khpng nhat thilt phai chjm dilt tai th6i dilm da cho.
b. Hodn thdnh: Cac su kien tiln den mpt diem culi can thilt mot each logic.
c. Thyc hien: Cac su kien dien ra tai mpt thdi diem don le, do do khong c6 thi tilp diln (vi du nhu thi tiln hanh).
d. Trgng thdi: Tinh trang phi hanh dpng dien ra trong mpt thcii gian nhung khong CO thi tiep dien.
Vendler da phto biet hai loai danh hoa dua theo hai loai danh tir do la danh tir hodn chinh (perfect nominals) vk danh tir khong hodn chinh (imperfect
nominals):
Danh tic hodn chinh di cimg voi cac tir han dinh (determiners), no co the dugc bo nghia boi tinh tir, chir khdng phai trang tir va khong the xu4t hien trong nhilu thi khac nhau. Hon nGa khong thi dung loai danh tir nay 6 d ^ g phu djnh.
Tom lai danh tie hodn chinh la nhirng tir da dugc danh hoa, thuang thi nhung tir nay se mat di d^c tinh dgng tir va no se CO chirc nSng gi6ng nhu mgt danh tir that sir. Day chinh la li do vi sao Vendler dat cho chiing Xh perfect. [10]
Danh tic khdng hodn chinh thi ngugc lai, chiing co the bo nghia bai t r ^ g tir chii khong phai tinh tir, chiing c6 the xuit hien a nhilu thi khdc nhau, va co the dugc dung o d ^ g phii dinh.
Nam 1987, Abney da trinh bay sir danh gia chi tiet ve cii phap ciia dgng danh tir (gerund). Va day la mgt phan cua lop danh tir hoan chinh va khdng hoan chinh. Ong chia dgng danh tir thanh 4 loai:
Acc-ing: John being a spy (viec John sS tra thanh diep vien);
Pro-ing: Singing loudly (viec hat to);
Poss-ing: John's knowing the answer (viec John biet tra lai cau hoi);
It^g-of: Singing of the song (viec hat mgt bai hat). [3]
Theo Vendler, danh tir hodn chinh (perfect nominals) la loai ngii nghia kha ddng nhit, loai nay bao gdm c5u tnic ing- of va loai danh tir phai sinh (derived nominal) chSng h ^ nhu "the destruction of the city " {viec phd huy thdnh phd), con danh tie khong hodn chinh (imperfect nominals) bao gom ca 3 loai con lai (Poss-ing, Pro-ing, Acc-ing).
2.3.2. Quan diem cua Noam Chomsky Theo Chomsky thi hien tugng danh hoa trong tieng Anh co hai loai chinh do la gerundive nominalization (GN) (hien tuang danh hda bdng cdch them -ing vdo sau ddng tic de tgo nen ddng danh tie (gerund)) va derived nominalization (DN) (danh hoa phdi sinh).
Derived nominalization dugc xem la ket qua cua hien tugng phai sinh hinh thai hgc va chinh vi the no tuang phan voi Gerundive nominalization, mgt hinh thuc dugc xem la ket qua ciia qua trinh bien to. Derived nominalizations phan chia nhiSu thugc tinh ciia tir bao gom ca nhimg tir dan hinh vi, loai danh hoa nay mang dac tinh hinh thai hgc, ngii nghia.
Trong khi do, Gerundive nominalization dugc xem nhu la su sap xep theo thii tu cii phap va no co quy tac ro rang. [5]
2.3.3. Quan diem ciia Grimshaw Grimshaw (1990) da dua ra mgt trgng tam moi trong nghien ciiu ve danh tir dugc chuyen hoa. Grimshaw da chi ra rang danh tir phai sinh khong tao thanh mgt lap dong nhat. Tren thuc te, chiing CO the dugc chia thanh ba ldp chinh ma ba ggi !a "danh tir su kien phiic t^p",
"danh tir sir kien dan gian" va "danh tir ket qua". Chi co lop "danh tir sir kien phuc tap" bat buoc phai co ket cau doi lap (AS), trong khi hai lop con lai thieu ket cau doi l$p. Sau day, chiing ta hay xem xet net dgc dao tuong iing a giiia danh tir co kit ciu d6i l|p (AS) vk danh tir tham chieu (R);
Danh tie co ket cdu ddi l$p:
The instructor's (intentional) examination of the student (bai Idem tra (co
chu dinh) danh cho sinh vien cua trp giao).
• The frequent collection of mushroom (by students) (viec thu thap njm thucmg xuyen (boi sinh vien).
The destruction of Rome in a day (su pha huy thanh Rome trong mot ngay).
Danh tit tham chieu:
The instructor's examination/
exam (bai kilm tra ciia trp giao).
• John's collections (bp suu tap cua John).
These frequent destructions (su pha huy thuang xuyen).
3. /)a«A Ado dong tir trong tieng Viet 3.1. Cdch thuc danh hoa
Trong ngon ngii, su chuyin hda lln nhau giiia dpng tii va danh til la su chuyin hoa da dang va rSt phiic tap.
Trong tiing Viet, danh hoa dpng tir dupe thuc hien thflng qua su kit hpp giiia cac ylu t l danh h6a voi dpng tii.
D I danh hoa dgng tii trong tiing Viet, nguoi ta thuong lam nhu sau:
Them cac ySu to danh hoa nhu:
vi4c, su, cudc, cdi, ndi, niem, can, trdn, chuyen vao truoc dpng tir;
Kit hpp voi cac phu til chi lupng:
nhiing, mpi;
- Danh hoa khdng c&i kit hpp voi bat ki yeu td danh hda nao (hay con gpi la su chuyin losi ben trong tir.
3.2. Ngu nghia ciia to hffp danh hoa 3.2.1. Danh hda (?prtg fti* vffi "viec"
T6 hop danh tii: viec + dpng tir, dinh danh cho loai thirc the dinh lo^i qua trinh/ hanh dpng:
Vi du: viec mua, viec bdn...
Khi dung nhiing cau cd td hpp danh
til viec + dpng tii lam chii ngii, nguoi noi cd ham y nhin manh su khSng dinh tinh dung din cua thdng bao bieu hien trong cau. Hhi hit cac trucmg hpp khi to hpp danh tit viec + dpng tir lam chii ngii trong cau c6 vi ngii la cac ddng til gay khiSn, cau se mang ham y vl tinh thirc hilu cua su tinh dupe bilu thi trong cau do. •
Vi du: Viec chai same lien tfic hdng gia ldm cho no met moi
Td hop danh til viec + dpng tir + bo ngir bilu thi y nghia vl mpt su kien cy thi da xay ra rdi.
YIU td danh hda viec chi danh hda cho nhiing tii hanh dpng. Viec khdng danh hda cho cac ddng til ma y nghia cua chiing khdng phai la y nghia hanh ddng va viec khong lam chiic nang danh hda khi dihag trude nhiing ddng til tinh cam, nhan thiic va ciing khdng danh hda cho cac ddng tii bilu thi trang thai v& ch^t hay tinh than.
Ngoai ra, viec ciing danh hda cho cac dpng tir bilu thi hanh ddng khai quat chtmg chung, chang han nhu: sira sang, trao doi...
Vi du: Viec sira sang lai mdi truans: cho cdc em ciing mdt khd nhieu th&i gian.
3.2.2. Danh hda dpng tir vai "su"
Td hpp danh til: sir + dpng tic, dinh danh cho loeii thuc thi vat chit trim tupng, chit lieu tfio nen lojii thvrc thi niy la ket qua viec trim tupng hda, khai qu^
hda dac trung ciia nhiing qua trinh diipc bilu thi d ddng tir gdc. Ching han nhu:
sir chdn ghet, su hdi long...
...Ai CO khd ndng ddnh cho Oliver Twist su sdn sdc vd nudi ndng md nd cdn
den khdng... [5, tr.21, quyin I]
...Vd khdng cd su cd gang cd y thuc ndo cua tinh thdn cd thi goi nd duac. [5, tr.23, quyin II]
...Nd cung ngac nhien ve su tien bd ciia minh. [5, tr.78, quyin II]
Qua cac vi du tren, chiing ta co thi nhan th4y ring tat ca cac ddng tir sau si^
CO chung mgt dac diem la chiing diu la nhung dgng tir da tilt, cac dgng tir nay deu dugc dung nhu nhirng dgng tir ngi ddng, CO nghia la sau chiing dSu khdng CO bd ngG. D I danh hoa cho ddng tir, chiing ta co the diing viec, vay td hgp ^w- + ddng tu cd gi khac so vdi viec + dong tu? Ve cau tao, td hgp ^M- + dgng tie co td chuc chat chg, trat tu giiia cac yeu td la cd djnh. Giiia su va dpng tie khdng thi xen v^o bdt ki ylu td nao khdc.
Su CO thi danh hoa cho tit ca cac dgng tir da tiet bao gdm nhiing dgng tir chi tinh cam nhu: ghet, du yem, giup da... va nhiing dgng tir bieu thi tri giac va hoat d^ng ciia co quan cam giac nhu:
an nan, hdi han, bdn khodn... va nhiing dgng tir bilu thi cam gidc, due vgng nhu:
sa hai, them mudn, lo lang... Td hgp danh tir 5w- + dgng tif djnh danh cho loai thuc thi trim tugng nay dua tren ch4t lieu vat chit triru tugng. Ch§t lieu nay la kit qua ciia sir khai quat hoa nhiing dac tinh ciia nhiing lo£ii trgng thai dugc bieu thi d gdc dgng tir.
Vidu:
Trong khi duac hu&ng su thuang hai: hdn gid v& khdc vd thiit thit. [5, tr.79, quyin I]
...Co thie ba bieu Id su ngac nhien cUa minh. [5, tr.l39, quyen II]
Khac vdi viec, su cd the danh hda cho nhiing ddng tir bieu hien nhung hoat dgng phai thdng qua hanh ddng ndi nang.
Vidu:
- Hdn cie ldm nhimg gi hdn thich bdt chdp su phdn bdc cua moi ngu&i.
Neu anh muon tien hdnh viec do thi phdi cd suddngv cua tdi.
Con ddi vdi nhdm ddng tir chi cac vein ddng cd phuang hudng xac djnh, chiing diu la cac dgng tir cd hudng da tiet, vi vay chiing khdng dugc danh hda vdi sif. Vdi cac ddng tir cd hudng da tiSt nhu ra di, tr& vi, thi su cimg cd thS danh hda chiing. Vi du:
Su ra di cua anh ldm cd ta rdt dau long.
3.2.3. Danh hda dgng tir v&i "cudc"
"Cudc" cd the kit hgp vdi nhiing dgng tir dan tilt chi hanh dgng cu thi nhu: di, chai, dn, udng... va cd the danh hda cho nhiing dgng tir hanh ddng va chi hoat dgng chung chung.
- Sau mgt cudc cai co ngdn khdng day bdn muai ldm phut, bd het sue dn cdn cho phep dng noi. [5, tr.64, quyen I]
...Nay gi& trong cuoc trao ddi no da kheo leo trdnh mat... [5, tr.67, quyen II]
Nhiing vi du tren cho thay td hgp do cudc danh hda cd y nghia la nhiing hoat ddng bilu thi o gdc dgng tir phai thyc hien bdi nhidu ngudi, trong mdt thdi di8m nhat dinh cd the xac dinh dugc.
Nhiing bieu thj bSng to hgp danh tir nay la nhiing thuc the vat chat trim tugng d dang tdn tai thuc te, chiing bieu thi tinh tdn tai phan lap trong chilu thdi gian. Sy tdn t^i ciia nhirng thuc the nay lam phong
17
phii han, da d£ing hon the gidi ciia nhiing thuc the trim tugng, kit qua ciia hien tugng danh hda.
3.2.4. Danh hda ddng tie v&i "cai"
Cdi cd the danh hda cho mdt nhdm ddng tir hanh ddng chi cac hoat ddng cd lien quan den cac bd phan ca the, ching han;
Tieng dgng ciia cdi cu&i cua Sacli vd tieng ndi cua cd Betxi... [5, tr.l83, quyen II]
Cdi cd the danh hda cac ddng tir chi trgng thai tinh cam, cam giac, due vgng ciing nhu cac ddng tir nhan thdc.
Cdi khdng chi danh hda ddng tir chi trang thai tinh cam, tinh thin due vgng ma con cd the danh hda cho nhiing dgng tir nhan thiic, ching han nhu cdi hiiu biet, cdi am tu&ng.
3.2.5. Danh hda f?png'fti-vOT "ndi", "nilm"
Xet cdc vi du sau:
Niem vui cung nhu noi budn ldm ngu&i ta chdy nu&c mdt. [5, tr.94, quyin II].
Bai vi ndi sa hdi cua bd lan den noi bd khdng con hai siic ndo di keu. [5, tr.265, quyen II].
Do Id nhiing ndi sidy vd qud dau d&n khdng sao chiu dung nii [5, tr.58, quyen II].
Trong khi dd Zila to ndi di mai cho tinh cdnh ddng budn cua tdi [Ddi gio hu, tr.25].
Noi, niem thudng dupe diing dl danh hda nhitng ddng tir bieu thi trang thai tinh cam, cam giac hoSc nhiing dgng tit gay tac ddng den tinh cam, cam giac.
Ndi thudng danh hda cho nhirng ddng til chi trang thai tieu cue (budn, lo Idng, dau, sg, giay vd), trong khi niem thuang
danh hda cho nhOng ddng tir bieu thi trang thai tinh cam tich cue (vui hgnh phuc, hi vpng...)
Nhdm dpng til bieu thi due vpng cua con nguoi thudng cd the dupe danh hda bang ca ndi lln niim. Ching hjn, chung ta cd the ndi niem dgm me, niem khao khdt, niem ddm say cung cd th^ ndi noi dam me, not khdt khao, not ddm say.
Khi dupe danh hda bang ndi, cac td hpp danh tir mang ham y vl cudng dp mjnh cua tinh cam, tam trang bieu thi d ddng tir.
3.2.6. Danh hda dpng tir vai "tran, con, chuyen"
Chuyen thudng dupe dung trude cac d0ng til bieu thi su chuyen dich nhu:
di, thdm, cdng tdc...
Trgn thudng dupe kit hpp vdi cdc ddng tit bilu thi hanh ddng do nhilu ngudi ciing thuc hien hoac diin ra vdi cutmg dp manh, vdi tin suit cao hoac kit hpp vdi nhiing ddng tii chi hi|n tupng tu nhien. Chang han: trdn mua, trgn thi ddu, trdn ddnh... Can thudng kit hpp vdi nhirng ddng tir bilu thi cam gi4c, cam xiic, trang thai nhu: ghen, gidn, dau, budn ngu...
Vidu:
Ong mim cuai cd ve tdn thdnh di ldm cho ong vien chirc ciia dia phgn dang phdn np diu hat can ^idn himg himg. [5, tr.53, quyin I]
"... Nhimg trong can hue tire cua mpt dng tu te dia phdn, dng dpi ngugc roi lao ra ngodi cUa hien. [5, tr.66, quyin I]
Can cung cd thi kit hprp vdi cdc dpng til chi hien tupng thien nhien nhu:
mua, bdo, dpng ddt... nhung so vdi trgn thi can thudng bilu thi nhirng hi?n tupng 18
thien nhien £d cudng do yeu hon va mang ham y hien tugng dd xay ra bit chgt.
3.2.7. Danh hda dgng tic v&i "nhiing, mgi" (Danh hda nha vdo ngu cdnh)
Cd mdt sd dgng tir hanh ddng vira cd thS danh hda bang each ket hgp mdt sd ylu td danh hda, vira cd thi chuyen thanh danh tir ma khdng can them bat ki yeu td danh hda nao. Day la trudng hgp chuyen loai ben trong tir. Vi du:
Nd cd nhieu viec phdi quan tdm khien no quen moi lo lang ve bdn thdn minh. [5, tr.64, quyen II]
Cuoc dai a dia phgn day nhimg lo lang, phien phuc, vdt vd. [5, tr,192, quyen II]
...Nhimg thay ddi nhu vgy cd ve Id phili. [5,tr.l89, quylnll]
Cac vi du tren cho thay nhthig ddng tir bieu thj trang thai tinh cam, cam giac, due vgng dugc diing nhu danh tir ma khdng can ket hgp yeu td danh hda. Cach danh hda tr6n cd the ndi la each danh hda lam thdi dua vdo ngii canh. Ve mat y nghia tir vyng, nhiing td hgp danh tir tren khdng ddi nhung cd su thay ddi ve mat nghia ngii phap do chiic vu cii phap cOa cac td hgp tren dd dugc thay ddi.
4. Danh hoa d$ng tii- trong tieng Anh 4.1. Cdch thitc danh hoa
Cd nhilu quan dilm khac nhau vl danh hda, nhung nhin chung dl danh hda ddng tir trong tieng Anh thi cd nhiing phuang thirc sau:
Them -ing vdo sau ddng tic;
Phdi sinh danh tie;
- Danh hoa khdng cdn them bdt ki tiep to ndo hogc chi cdn thay ddi ddu nhdn trgng dm;
Danh hoa bang cdch thay ddi dm tiet cuoi ciia dpng tie.
4.2. Ngir nghTa cua to h^p danh hoa Danh hda dgng tir trong tieng Anh tgo ra hai tieu loai danh tir, la ket qua cua hai phuong thiic danh hda, dd la danh tic hdnh ddng (action nominals), va danh tie chi ngu&i hdnh ddng (agentive nouns).
4.2.1. Danh hda bdng cdch them -ing vdo dpng tie
Vidu:
We studied the textbook carefully.
(Chiing tdi hgc sdch gido khoa rdt cdn than)
-^ Our studying of the textbook was carefully.
Ket qua cua viec danh hda bang each them -ing vao dgng tir hoac do phdi sinh dgng tir nham tao ra nhiing danh tir bieu thi mgt qua trinh hanh ddng vd qua trinh nay dugc xem la mdt thuc the cd the do ludng dugc.
Vidu:
These visistors stopped a long time.
Spirits were produced, in consequence of one of the young ladies complaining of a coldness in her side. [5, tr.57]
(Hai CO khdch ndy & chai hdi lau.
Ngu&i ta dua ruau ra, mdt cd than phien ve chd thdy lanh & rupt).
1 should at once find it in the fact of their quitting the pursuit. [5, tr.73].
(Tdi thdy nd ngay trong cdu chuyen chung da rai bo viec dudi bdt).
4.2.2. Phai sinh danh tir tir ddng tir bdng each them tiep td nhu: -er, -tion, -ment, - ity, -ant, -ent, -isis... vao ddng tir
Them tilp td -er vao dgng tir dl tao ra tilu loai danh tir dd la danh tir chi
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ngudi hanh ddng hay ngudi thuc hien hanh ddng, vi du nhu: work -> worker, teach -> teacher, employ -> employer, contain -> container.
Til nhiing vi du tren chiing ta thay trong cac trucmg hpp thi hau td -er nham de chi ngudi hoac mdt v$t nao dd thue hien hanh vi qua ddng tir gdc.
Ngoai ra cdn mpt sd ddng tir dupe danh hda de tao ra tieu loai danh tir chi ngudi hiinh ddng tren bang each them -ar hoac -or vdo dpng til, chdng han: conduct -> conductor, beg -^ beggar...
Danh hda bang each them cdc tiSp td -(a/i) tion, theo tu iieu khao sdt chiing tdi n h ^ thdy trong tiing Anh, cac ddng til danh hda bang each thSm tion Id chigm ti ie cao nhat so vdi cdc tiep td khdc. Vi du: collect -^ collection; dissect ->
dissection; inject -^ injection; react -^
reaction... Kit qua ciia vi$c danh hda ndy tao ra nhiing danh tir hdnh ddng, hay nhiing danh tir chi hoat dpng cd nghia xuat phdt til ddng til gdc.
Danh hda bang each thSm tilp td - ment de tao ra danh tir chi hanh vi kit qua cua ddng ttr tuong iing, ching hjn nhu: move -> movement; develop -^
development; punish -> pumishment...
Ngodi ra cung cd thi danh hda bdng cdc tiSp td khdc nhu: -ance,-ant, -al, -age, -ence, -action, -ion, -sion, -tion, -ure, -cy, -ure,,-y. Vi du: perform -> performance;
assist -^ assistant; discover -> discovery;
fail -> failure; break -> breakage;
bankcrupt •> bankcruptcy...
4.2.3. Danh hda khong cdn them bdt ki tiep to ndo hodc chi cdn thay ddi ddu nhdn trpng dm
Cung gidng nhu tieng Viet, trong tiing Anh, mpt sd ddng tir dupe diing nhu danh ttr md khdng cdn them bat ki tilp td nao hay cdn gpi la su chuyin loji ben trong tii. Ching h^n nhu: hope, charge, result, answer... Vd mpt so ddng til khi thay ddi trpng am se trd thanh danh tii, nhu:
re'cord (v) -> 'record (n) de'crease (v) -> 'decrease (n) Trong tiing Anh nhilu ddng tu co thi phai sinh thdnh hai hoac ba danh tir bing cdch them vao dpng tti ly cdc tilp td khac nhau, vd cdc danh til nay cd nghia khdc nhau. Vi du nhu ddng ttr employ cd the cd phdi sinh thdnh nhiing danh til co nghia khac nhau nhu: employer, employee, employment.
Ddi vdi mdt sd dgng til khdng the phdi sinh thi chiing dupe danh hda bang cdch them -ing, hoJc chiing ta tim mpt danh tir khac dl thay thi, ching hjn: look after -> caretaker, study -> leamer/
apprentice.
4.2.4. Danh hda bdng cdch thay ddi dm tiet cudi cua dpng tU
Mdt sd ddng til trong tiing Anh cd thi dupe chuyin hda sang danh til bing cdch thay ddi am cudi. Tuy nhidn, nhiing dpng til cd thi danh hda theo kilu nay thi khdng nhilu va khdng phd biln lim. Vi du: study -> student. V l mdt ngil nghia thi dpng tti gdc vd danh tti dd dupe danh hda cd mdi liSn quan ndi han vl mat nghia. Khi ndi din student thi ngudi ta sS nghi dSn ddng tti cd liSn quan la study.
5. So sanh hifn tirgng danh hoa d^ng tir trong tieng Viet \i tieng Anh S.l. SjT khic nhau giira ki^n tugng
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danh hda dgng tir trong tieng Vi^t vd tiing Anh
Diem khdc nhau dau tien ciing chinh la ddc diem lam nen sir khdc biet ve loai hinh giira hai ngdn ngir, do Id phuang thiic danh hda. Trong tiing Viet, danh hda ddng tir chii yeu bang su kit hgp dgng tir vdi cdc ylu td danh hda, nhu: siiC, viec, cdi, cudc, ndi, niem. Hoac cung cd thi kit hgp vdi cdc phu tir chi lugng nhu: nhimg, mgi...
Cdn viec danh hda dgng tir trong tigng Anh dugc thuc hien bang viec biln ddi hinh thai dgng tir, cd the them hau td -ing vao dgng tir, hoac phdi sinh thanh danh tir bdng each thSm tilp td -er, -ion, ment, -ant, -y, ity...
- Diem khdc nhau thic hai la trong tieng Anh sdn phdm danh hda cd the tgo ra hai tieu logi danh tie, do Id danh tir hanh ddng (action nominal^, cdu triic danh tic ndy thucmg Id V-ing.
Va danh tic chi ngu&i hdnh dgng (agentive nouns), day la kSt qua ciia viec kit hgp dgng tir vdi tilp td -er chang han nhu.' reader, writer, teacher... cdn trong tiing Viet thi cdc td hgp: ngu&i dpc, ngu&i viit, ngu&i nghe... lai khdng phai la t6 hgp danh hda.
NhOng yeu td danh hda trong tieng Vi$t cd sac thdi y nghTa tinh te vd phirc tgp han trong cdch sic dung so v&i tieng Anh, ddi khi tiiy tru&ng hop, tiiy phong cdch viet ciia tdc gid md cd the cd cdch ditng khdc nhau, chang hgn nhu cd the noi: hi vgng/ niem hi vgng, ham mudn/
su ham mudn/ ndi ham mudn... con trong tieng Anh phdi hodn todn chinh xdc, cdch phdi sinh tic dd cd nhOng quy tac rd rdng,
khdng the uyen chuyen thay ddi cdch ditng nhu trong tieng Viet.
5.2. Sir gidng nhau giita hifn tug'ng danh hoa dgng ttr trong tieng Viet vd tieng Anh
Ngoai nhiing diem khac nhau thi hien tugng danh hda ddng tir trong tieng Viet va tieng Anh cung cd nhiing diem tuong ddng nhu sau:
Danh hda dgng tir trong tieng Viet va tieng Anh deu cd the tao ra nhiing danh tir hay nhiing khai nrem trim tugng.
Trong tiing Viet, td hgp danh tir su + ddng tie dinh danh cho loai thuc the vat chat trim tugng, chat lieu tao nen loai thirc the nay la ket qua viec triru tugng hda, khdi quat hda dac trung ciia nhiing qua trinh dugc bieu hien d ddng tir gdc.
Hien tugng danh hda trong cd hai ngdn ngfl" deu cd the tao ra mdt td hgp danh tir cd y nghia djnh danh cho loai thuc the .dinh loai qua trinh/hoat ddng chung chung.
Trong tieng Viet, khi dung nhiing cau cd td hgp danh tir viec + dgng tie lam chii ngii, ngudi ta thudng cd ham y nhan manh sir khang djnh tinh diing dan cua thdng bdo bieu hien cau, nhiing cau ndy thudng the hien nhiing ket luan dugc diic ket, dugc nit ra tir thuc te. Tuong tu, trong tieng Anh, khi td hgp danh tir da dugc danh hda dirng d vi tri chii ngu trong cau cung bieu thi tinh diing dan cua sir viec.
— Mgt ^iem gidng ..nhau kha quan trpng la ca hai ngdn ngii deu cd su chuyen loai tir ben trong tir, nhilu tir vira la ddng tir vira la danh tir, vi vay khi danh hda khdng can phai ket hgp vdi bit ki
ySu td danh hda ndo.
6. Kit lu$n
NhiJng vin dl dupe trinh bay tren cho thiy su gidng vd khac nhau cua hien
tupng danh hda ddng tti trong tiing Viet va tiing Anh. Dudi day la bdng ddi chilu cae yeu td danh hda trong tieng Viet va tieng Anh:
Cdc yiu to danh hda ddng tir trong tieng Viit
Sir, viec, ndi, niem, cdi, con, tran, chuyen, nhiing, mdi, mgi...
Cdc yiu td danh hoa ddng tir 'I - trong tieng Anh
-ing, -er, -ar, -or, -(a/i)tion, -ment, -ant, -ent, -y, -al, -ure, -isis, -ence/ance, -lock, -age...
Bang ddi chieu trSn the hien danh sdch cdc yeu td danh hda cGng lihu su khdc nhau trong phuang thiic danh hda ddng til giiia tieng Viet va tieng Anh.
Ngodi su khdc nhau dd, hien tupng danh hda dOng til d hai ngdn ngii nay van cd net tuong ddng, dd chinh la d mdt sd trudng hpp cd hai ngdn ngit deu cd the tao ra nhOng danh tir hay nhiing khai niem trim tupng tii d$ng tii, va Men
tupng danh hda ddng tii nham nhan manh, bidu thi su chinh xdc ciia thdng tin trong cau. Ngodi ra, ca hai deu cd sir chuyen hda ben trong tti. Hien tupng danh hda cd thi lam don gian hda sir phtic tap ve mat cii phap ma khdng can tang mat dp tti trong cau, dieu dd cdn t?o ra mdt ddng chdy lien tuc giiia cdc thdng tin trong cdu ciing nhu trong bai viet.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Dinh van Dire (1986), Ngir phdp tiing Vift, tir logi, Nxb Dai hgc va Trung hpc chuyen nghi$p. Ha Ndi. '•
Dai Xudn Ninh (1978), Hogt dpng cda tir tiing Viet, Nxb Khoa hpc xd hpi. Ha Npi.
Abney, S.P. (1987), The English Noun Phrase in its Sentential Aspect, Ph.D.
dissertation.
Banks, D. (2003), "The evolution grammartical Metephor in scientific Writmg", In:
Vanden-bergen, A.M.S and RavelU, L, eds, Grammartical Metaphor, View from Systemic Functional Lin^ustics, Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 125-147.
Chomsky, Noam (1970), Remarks on Nominalization, In Jacobs, R.A/ Rosebaum, P.S (Eds) Readings in English Transformational Grammar, Waltham, Mass: Ginn and Co.
Grimshwas, J. (1990), Argument structure. Linguistic Inquiry Monograph, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Halliday, M.A.K (1985), An introduction to functional grammar, London: Arnold.
John S. Bower (2011), "Non-event nominals and argument stmcture", Jourtud article.
Lees, R.B (1960), The grammar of English Nominalizations, The Hague: Mouton.
Vendler, Z. (1967), Linguistic in philosophy, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
(Ngiy Ida so?n nh$n duac bir 25-02-2013: ngiy phin bi$n dinh gii: 14-5-2013:
ngiy chip nh$n ding: 24-5-2013)
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