'^ NGON NG& & Ddl SONG SO 4 (210)-2013 NGOAI NGQ VOI BAN NGQ
HIEN TUONG DANH HOA TINH TLf TRONG TIENG VIET VA TIENG ANH
NOMINALIZATIONS OF ADJECTIVE IN VIETNAMESE AND ENGLISH
NGUYEN TH! BICH NGOAN {ThS, Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh) Asbtract
Adjective nominalizations are popular in both Vietnamese and English. The article highlights the dilTerences and similarities of adjective nominalizations in Vietnamese and English, and the nominalizers, and methods of adjective nominalizations in the languages as well. The comparison is intended lo help teachers and students who are leaclung or learning Vietnamese and English have a more tliorough view of the dilTerenl charactenstics of the two language forms as well as differences in cognitive thinking between Vietnamese and English native speakers. This can be applied in the process of learning to speak and to write in order to get more precise and consistent expressions by language learners.
1. Danh hda la mpt hien tirong kha phd bien (Bd dung tuoi nay la mot bd khon ngoan trong cac ngon ngu. Theo 1 ir dien ngdn ngii hpc nhieu kinh nghiem)
img dung va day tieng (tr 146). Danh hoa Id mot Neu thay cym tir: a woman of wisdom and quy Irinh ngir phdp lap danh lir lit nhirng phan experience bing cum tir a wise and experienced khdc nhau cua Uri noi thuong Id dong (if vd tinh woman thi rd rang cum tir sau cd y nghta A\
lit Hien tuong danh hda thudng xay ra d hai binh thudng, khi dpc cum tir tren ngudi dpc co cap dp. dd la cap dp lir va tren tir (cap dp cii cam nght day la mdt phu nir idt. thdng minh va phap). Cdn trong lieng Viel chimg ta cd the hieu ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ y ^ \^ ^^^^ tir duoc danh
^ r ' l , ' r ^ ! i " ' 5 ! ' ! ' ' ^ ! u ' ; ! J l T f ^ hda: wise ^ wisdom; experienced ^ experience thi cym tir a woman of wisdom and experience (ngirai dan bd cua su khon ngoan vo trai nghiem) lai the hien mpt dung y khdng tot, am chi su tinh khon quy quyet ciia nhan vat nii trong truyen.
ddl mdt ddng tir. mpt tinh lir hoac mdt menli d thanh mpt td hpp danh tir bang each kel hpp dpng lir. tinh tir. hoac menh de ay vdi mpt yeu td danh hda nhat dinh. Danh hda trong ngdn ngii thudng cd ba chirc nang chinh'
1) (hire nang the hien v niem (ideational
fuclionsy. Chirc nang nay nham ihl hien chii y ^^ ^'^i-'^^' "^"^ ''^" "^^'"^ ('""-'rpersonal cua iigii'iTi vilt. 'fac gia cd thi them nhilu lliong Junctions): Ddi vdi chirc nang nay khi su dun^
tin hon trong cau, va khi dupe danh hda cau van bien phap danh hda ngudi viet khong muon the se trinh trong hon. nhin manh dupe dyng y cua hien thdi gian, khdng gian, the thirc tung nhir tac gia. Vi du: quan diem ciia minh dac biet la nhiing van de The elderly fenuile was a woman of wisdom mang tinh te nhi hoac bao mat, va cung giucho and experience (Otivo Twist) cau van mang tii^ khach quan hon hoac cung la
S64(210)-2013 NGON NGLf & DOI SONG 17
each ngudi viet muon Ihu hut sy chij y ciia ngudi dpc.
1. Chuc nang ngon bdn (Textual fiintions):
vdi chirc nang nay ngudi viet cd thi lam ndi bat thdng tin mdi theo phuong thirc "de thuylt", De la diem bat diu mdt thdng bao, la thong tin da cd san. Thuyet la phan cdn lai ciia thdng bao, cung cip them thdng tin vao nhimg gi da cd sin va diuylt cliinh la phan chira thdng tin moi, can sy danh gia ciia ngudi dpc. Vi vay vdi cau tnic danh hda ngudi dpc cd the nhan biet dupe thdng tin nao la mdi va cu.
Vidu:
- Viec dau quan cho AC Milan la quyet dinh hodn loan diing dan cua Senderos
- Trung Quoc coi phat trien hoa binh la lua chpn chien lu^c
Ngoai ra viec danh hda cung giiip cho cau van cd sy chat che va mach lac hon, cho phep ngudi viet gdi gpn thong tin trong mpt cym tir dirpc danh hda, dac biet la khi viet tieu de cho cac bai bao, du an, lieu luan...
Nhu da de cap. danh hda irong trong ngdn ngu thudng the hien d ba loai: danh hda dpng tir, danh hda tinli tir va danh hoa menh de. Trong tieng Viet va tieng Anh. tinh tir la tir loai quan trpng chi sau danh tir va ddng tir, vi vay hien tirpng danh hda tinh tir ciing la mpt hien tupng rat hay xay ra trong ca hai ngdn ngU. Trong bai viet nay chiing tdi se ddi chieu so sanh su giong va khac nhau giua danh hda tinh tir trong tieng Viel va tieng Anh:
2. Danh hda tinh tir trong tieng Vi^t va tieng Anh
2. /. Su- khdc nhau giim hien tuong danh hoa tinh tir trong tieng Viet vd tieng Anh
+ Hien tupng danh hda tinh tir trong tieng Viet chii yeu la do sy ket hpp tinh tir vdi cac yeu to danh hda nhu; cai, sy, ve, diem, dieu, tinh va nhimg linh tu da tiet cd the dimg lam tlidi nhu danh tii' khi kit hpp vdi: nhijng, mpi.
Vi du:
- Co em chong toL nghiep cua loi day dang tan ndi long chi vi chiem nguang cdi dep the xac
va tinh than cua anh (Ddi gid hii)
Sy trong rong, sy boi roi va sy ngimg dpng Ian lupt den vol nd. (Canh budm dd tham).
- Ong hdi, ve hoat bat ciing cau hdi het sue kheo leo. (Ngudi dan ba dang yeu )
Vd vSp nhau, tranh nhau ndi den nhung val vd, nhirng may man de cd cupc gSp go nay.
(Thdi xa vang)
Cdn trong tieng Anh chii yeu la do biin ddi hinh thai tinh tir, hoac them cac tiep td -ance, - ness, -tion, -dom, -ce, -ence.- cy. -ty.- th,-ity.- hood... vao tinh tir de phai sinh tir thanh danh lir. Vi du:
Her statement is true.
-^ The truth of her statement It was so silent, it was frightening.
-^ The sUence gave rise (ofear + Ngoai ra trong tieng Anh cdn cd hien tupng bien am sac, khi mpl tinh tir dupe chuyen thanh danh tii thi nguyen am goc ciia tir cung dupe bien ddi. Vi du:
attractive -^ attracdon (su thu hut).
Contagious -^ con(agion (su lay iruyen: anh huong xau)
+ Mdt diem kha khac biet nila la: Ket qua cua hien tupng danh hda tinh tii' trong tieng Anh cd the tao ra danh tir chi ngudi sd nhieu. cdn trong tieng Viet thi thudng khdng cd tmdng hpp nao nhu vay. Trong lieng Anh neu tinh tir dupe danh hda cd y chi ngudi thi danh tir dd cd nghta la danh tir sd nhieu mac dii ve hinh thirc khdng cd diu hieu bieu hien la danli tir sd nhieu, va de chuyen tinli tir sang tir cd chuc nang !a mpl danh tir ihi chiing thudng dupe them mao tir " the"
vao trudc tinh tu. Vi du nhu:
- The poor need help from the government (Nhimg nguoi ngheo cdn .su giiip da cua chinh quyen)
a) The French are considered gourments.
(Nguoi Phdp duoc xem la nhung ngum sanh an)
Qua hai vi du tren chiing la thay hai tinh tir poor va French dupe diing nhu danh tir sd nhieu va lam chii ngu trong cau.
NGON NGi;& DOI SONG S6 4(210)-2013
Neu muon diing hai tinh tir do vdi hr each la danh tir so it, cd nghta la chi mpt ngudi nao dd thi chiing ta can phai them mpt danh tir chin han nhu pereon, man, woman vao sau tinh tii:
The poor woman need help from the government
(Ngin'ri phu nu ngheo kho do cdn .su giiip dd"
cua chinh quyen)
The French man is considered a gourment.
(C di anh ngutri Phdp do Id ngwri sanh an) + Trong lieng Viet khdng the danh hda nhimg tinh lir cue cap, cdn trong tieng Anh thi nlumg tinh tir eye cap cd the danh hda d l tao ra nhimg khai niem Iriiu tuong va chuc nang ciia danh tir nay thudng la danh lir sd it hoac danh tir khdng dem dupe.
The best is ihe enemy of the good (C 'du loan thuong khi hong viec)
If you can not have ihe best make the best of what you hm'e
( Khong CO cd thi lay rau md lam ngon) The worst of the slorm is over ( Th'yi diem du doi nhal cua con bao da qua) Ngoai ra cdn mdt diem khac nhau nira la trong tieng Viet khi danh hoa tinh lir thudng cd su phan biet giira tinh tir don tiet va da tiet. Khi sir dung bien phap danh hda tinh tir, ngudi sir dung thudng nham mot trong hai myc dich: mpt lii nham khang dinh su tdn tai ciia mpt dac trung nao dd a su val. qua trinh ( sy + tinh tir) vi dy:
sy cau ki. su nhal nheo...; Hai la khing dinh, md ta, cu the hda, lam noi bat mpl thuc the dac trung cu the ( cai + tinh tir da tiet) vi du: su chu dao, sygian di.sy. syddi tra... Trong tieng Anh thi lai khdng cd su phan biel nay, ma ngudi ta cd khuynh hirong sir dung danh tir thay cho linh tir nhieu lum trong tieng Viet.
2.2. NhOng diem giong nhau giira hi^n lumig danh hoa tinh tu trong tieng Viet vd tieng Anh
+ Nhu chimg ta biel tlii phan danh hda tinh tir trong tieng Anh ngoai sy bien doi hinh thai cdn cd sy kel hpp mao tir the vdi tinh tir, nhu vay the dirpc xem la mdt yen td danh hda, phuong thuc
nay giong vdi phuong thiifc danh hda trong tien^
Vipt, nhim tao ra mpt td hpp danh tir: yeu to danh hda + U'nh tir.
Vidu:
Trong tieng Vi^:
Khong giang ho, khong bdn ba sao noi du^c nhimg cdu khon nhu cat khon ciia ngirai .sdp tir Iran nhu the. (Nguyen Tuan, Vang bdng mpt thdi)
- Nhung bd cu van vui. van thich noi dua vi bd cu c6 li le rieng, c6 str timg trai rieng.
Trong deng Anh:
Take from the rich and give the poor.
(Ldy cua nguoi gidu dem cho ngiwi ngheo) Take the good with the bad (Toi nhan cdi may Idn cdi khong may)
We have to take the bitter with the sweet oflife.
(Chung ta phai chiu nhimg ndi ddng cay cung vai nhimg su ngpt bui cua cuoc dai)
+ San phim danh hda tinh tir d ca hai ngon ngir deu cd the tao ra nhung danh tir hay nhung khai niem trim hrpng. Nhung tinh tir bieu thi mdt dac trung cang trim tuong, cang khai quat bao nhieu thi cang cd kha nang danh hda bay nhieu.
Vidu:
Trong tieng Viet:
Moi cdi nom na, te nhat cim cuoc song hdng ngcry khong bao gia c6 (he Id mot cdi gi muon thud. (Phan Ngoc, Ban sic Van hda Viel Nam.
83)
Trong tieng Anh'
John is honest/ kind. => John's honesty/kindness (impressed me).
+ Nhiing tinh tir chi nhung dac trung cy the ma con nguoi c6 the tri nhan true tilp bang giac quan thudng klidng dupe danh hda. Chang h ^ trong tieng Viet cd cac tinh tir nhu: nang, nhe.
nhanh cham, beo. gay., khong dupe danh hda.
Tuong tu, trong tieng Anh nhiing tinh tir nhu tall, short, old, fast, low... khdng phai M nhiing tinh tir cd the danh hoa mac dii cung co nhiJng danh tir cd ciing goc voi tinh tir nhu: tallness.
shortness, fastness, lowness.. .bdi vi danh tir va
S64 (210)-2013 NGON NGOTA D d l SONG 19
tinh tir da cd nghta khac nhau ii-ong cau. Ngoai ra nhimg linh tir chi muc dp va su do luong trong tieng Anh cung il khi duoc danh hda, vi khi chuyen ddi tir tinh tir sang danh tir cau hoan loan khdng cdn giong nghta ban dau. Vi dy nhu:
The buiding is high = > the hukling 's height / the height of the buiding
The path is long > the path's length/ Ihe length of Ihe path
The well is deep - ' Ihe well's depth/ the depth of the Mcll
The bed is wide ' -- the bed w idt IT/the width of the bed
The book is thick ^ the book's thickness/
the thickness of the bonk
The plane is lale -• the plane s lateness/ the late ness of the plane
• Cung giong nhu phan danh hda dpng tir. ca hai ngon ngCr deu cd sy chuyen loai ben trong linh tir \'a danh tir. cd nghta la khi danh hda tinh tir khdng can kel hpp vdi bat ki yeu td danh hda nao. 1 rong tieng Viet, khi danh hda tinh tir thi td hpp danh tir thudng giiJ chirc vy cii phap la chu ngii tmng cau.
Vi dy:
- Thanh cong Id dieu ai cimg mong muon - Thuan lai vd kho khan thudng di song hanh Inmg cong viec cua tdi.
Trong tieng Anh thi khdng nhal thiet la phai nhu vay. td hop danh hoa cd the khdng phai la chu ngir trong cau. va chuc nang cii phap trong cau cua nd cfmg dupe tlie hien bang hinh thirc khac. Vi du:
- 'The baby was dressed in red f Dira Ire duoc mac do do)
- He keeps it in the deep of his heart (Anh dy cat giir dieu do trong idn .sau tham Irdi tim minh).
3. Ket luan
Qua phan trinh bay tren. chiing tdi da dua ra dupe nhimg diem giong va khac nliau ciia hien tirpng danh hda tinh lir giOa h^ ngdn ngii Anh - Viet. Cung nhu danh hda dpng tir, danh hda tinh tir tao ra mpt lieu loai td hcrp danh tir moi. tieu loai nay djnh danh cho nhiing loai tliirc the dac
biet, nhiJng thuc the sinli ra do nang lye khai quat hda, trim tupng hda. Ket qua cua hien tutmg danh hda tinh tir ca hai ngon ngii thudng tao ra nhihig khai ni?m trim tupng-vi \ ay nhung linh tir cd nhiing d$c trung cy the ma con ngudi cd the cam nhan tryc tiep bang cac giac quan thi khdng the danh hda. Trong tieng Viel danh hda linh tir chii yeu bang each kel ht^p linh lir do vtVi mdt yeu td danh hda. Trong tieng Anh. danh hda linh tir dupe thuc hi?n thdng qua phirtmg thirc bien td nen mdt tinh tir va mpt danh lir dupe phai sinh tir tinh tir ludn phan biet nhau ve hinh tlu'rc. Viec su dung danh hda tinh tir nham giiip cau van trang trpng hon, va cung cd the tang mat dp thdng tin ma khdng can tang mat dp lir trong cau. Vice so sanh nay nham giiip cho giao vien. sinh vien nhirng ngudi dang day va hpc tieng Viet cGng nhu tieng Anh cd each nhin than dao hon ve su giong va khac nhau giua sy tri nhan cung nliu each thirc su dyng ngdn ngii' ciia ngucri Viet va ngudi ban ngu la lieng Anh, tir dd cd the van dyng vao viec ndi va viet cho chinh xac hem.
trang trpng hon va phii hpp vdi ban sac cua ngudi ban xu su dyng hai ngon ngii tren.
Tai lieu tham khao 1. Nguyen Tai Can (1975). Tir loai danh lir trong tieng Viet hien dai. Nxb Kl IXH. I la Ndi,
2. Dinh Van Due (i 986). Ngtr phdp tieng I 'ici.
r«-/w/, Nxb DH & THCN Ha Ndi.
3. Cao Xuan Hao (1994), Vi ahi niic danh n^ trong tieng Viet. Nhung van de ngu phap tieng Viet hien dai. Nxb KHXH. Ha Ndi.
4. Hd \& (1992), Van de cdu lao lirciia lieng Viet hen dai. Nxb KHXl f. Ha Ndi.
5. John Bowers. (1976). Some adjeclival nominalizations in English, .loumal Article.
6. Besiiio Margaride (1986). The semantic factors in the nominalizulion of adjectives.
{Morphology. Lexicology. Semantics}. Abtract of Joumal Article.
7. Artemis Alexiadou (2000). Functional structure in nominals' nominalizalton and ergalivity. University of Potsdam.
8. John Bowersr (2011). Non-event nominals and argument structure. Joumal Article.
(Ban Bien tSp nhan bai ngay 22-01-2013)
