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Xac djnh gia tpj suf dung phan hdi trong giao due dai hoc 6 Viet Nam
v u H O A N G C U O N G
Tn/dng D^i hpc HSi Phong
Khai ni^ni phan hoi trong giao due dai hpc
Theo Dai tiJ dien tieng Viet [tr. 745], phan hoi la suphdn dnh, sU ddp lai doi vdi mQt sU kien hay mqt thi nghiem, la y kien phdn dnh cua khdch hdng. Ly thuyet dieu Ichien tii dong va dieu Idiien hoc kinh te deu xac dinh phan hoi (feedback) Id lien he ngitac tif "dau ra" cua phan tuf/he thong trd lai "dau vao" cua phan tijf/he thong do.
Trong giao due dai hoc (GDDH), theo nghia hep, phan hoi Id nhiing phdn dnh/ikg ddp cua ngUdi hoc khi timg tdc vdi giang vien, vdi ban hoc trong qud trinh hoc tap; Id hoi ddp cua cd nhdn/don vi/trudng dai hoc tdi cdc chu the quan ly d trong vd ngoai trudng; Id y kien/ddnh gid/phdn bien/yeu cau bang cdc Kinh thUc hoi ddp the hi^n d gid tri vat chat hoac tinh than til ngUdi tieu dung, doi tdc vd cqng dong xd hgi ve sdn pham, dich vu cua trudng.
Theo nghia rong, phdn hoi trong GDDH Id bat ky ket qud ddu ra ndo cua qud trinh gido due vd ddo tao dai hoc duoc si dung nhu mQt yeu to ddu vdo hoac hinh thanh tdc dQng mdi len qud Irinh do.
Phi/(ftig phap xac djnh gia trj s^ dung phan hoi Gia tri suf dung phan hoi trong GDDH khong thuan tuy gia tri kinh te va nen kinh te niTdc ta dang trong qua trinh chuyen doi nen can cac phi/dng phap xac dinh rieng, co the van dung phii help nhCng tn/5ng hdp cu the trong dieu kien, hoan canh Viet Nam.
Phucmg phdp 1: Tinh tong cac gia tri do su" dung phan hoi mang lai va ton that tranh di/dc diia theo muc dich, muc tieu, cam ket, qui dinh da de ra. Chang han, giai quyet yeu cau phiic tra, mot SV tir li/u ban trci thanh len Idp, gia tri sijfdung phan hoi CO the tinh bang tong chi phi cho nam hoc liTu ban ciia SV nay.
Uu diem cua phuang phdp: cho phep tinh nhanh, dinh li/dng de xac dinh, de so sanh khi phan hoi d dang vat chat ho5c cd kinh nghiem thi/c te.
Han che cua phuang phdp: do chinh xac khong cao vi bo qua mOt so gia tri (chkg han cd hpi mat di cua mot nam hoc IIAJ ban cua SV trong vi du tren).
Phuang phdp 2: Xac dinh gian tiep theo gia tri "lao dong"
trong thdi gian thiic hien phan hoi ciia cac ca nhan tham gia.
Thdi gian thi/c hien phan hoi di/dc qui doi thanh thdi gian khong thiic hien phan hoi, Gia tri sii dung phan hoi di/dc tinh theo theo gia tri lao dong trong khoang chenh lech giO'a thdi gian qui doi va thdi gian thi/c te, di/a vao so sanh mu'c chat li/dng (ho|c ket qua) khi thiic hien phan hoi va khi khong thiic hien phan hoi (flln/j I).
T: Tong thdi gian ciia mot qua trinh.
TQ: Thdi gian khong thi/c hien phan hoi (dat raiJc chat lUdng MQ)
TpH: Thdi gian thi/c hien phan hoi (dat miic chat liTOng Mpn) Tq: Thdi gian qui doi ciia Tp^ ve thdi gian khong thifc hien phan hoi,
M p H _ . T^,^ ^ K . T p H
Mo
A ( : So gia thdi gian phan hoi qui doi sang thdi gian khong thiic hien phan hoi (gid),
K: la he so chat li/dng, la ty so giifa miic chat li/dng (hoac ket qua) khi thiic hien phan hoi Mp^ va khong thi/c hien phan hoi MQ.
Mufc chat li/c^ng M
; ,
M„
•*- T o ••
T
Mj.]i
• - T n i - .
T
Thdi gian t
Hinh I. Mo td phUdng phdp qui doi thdi gian si dung phdn hoi
Co the xac dinh K theo kinh nghiem da co, bang phifdng phap chuyen gia hoac danh gia/thong nhat giifa nhiJng ngifdi tham gia thifc hien qua trinh (neu K > 1 thi D, > 0; phan hoi la tich cifc va ngifdc lai K<1 thi phan hoi lii tieu cifc),
TNUONG M ^ S« 33/2008 I 5
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^ A t = Tq-TpH = KTpH-TpH = TpH(K-l) N: So ngUdi tham gia qua trinh trong thdi gian A j
?•{. Gia lao dong cda ngifdi thii i trong so N ngifdi tham gia thiic hien phan hoi trong qua trinh (i nguyen, difdng va co gia tri tif 1 den N).
G: Gia tri suf dung phan hoi, tinh theo cong thu'c:
N
G = At.ZPi = N.P.At
i=l Trong do:
p=2ilPi +
•• + PNN
Tuy theo muc dich, tnfdng hdp cu the chu the danh gia can li/a chon phifdng phap xac dinh gia tri suf dung phan hoi thich hdp hoac ket hdp mot so phi/dng phap vdi nhau.
De xua't va liet luan
De thuan ldi cho xac dinh gia tri siJ dung va quan ly sijf dung phan hoi ciia cac tnfdng dai hoc d nifdc ta hien nay chiing toi de xuat can:
a) Tang ciidng thifc hien cong khai minh bach tai chinh, dan chu hoa quan he d tnfdng dai hoc va giiia tnfdng vdi xa hoi:
cong khai ket qua hoc tap ciia SV, giai dap phan hoi; giai trinh minh bach ket qua siif dung tai trd, dau tif, kinh phi difOc cap de thiic hien nhiem vu; Ty le SV co viec lam diing nganh nghe difdc dao tao sau mot nam tot nghiep...
b) Tang cifdng vai trd "ngifdi tieu diing", "khach hang",
"nha dau tif" doi vdi tnfdng dai hoc tren cd sd chia se chi phi Vi du: tiet hoc 45 phut co thdi gian thifc hien phan hoi (trao ^ao t?o qua phan hoi gia tri vat chat giifa tnfdng dai hpc, sinh doi thao luan) 10 phiit va neu dat mu'c cha't lifdng dUdc danh gia vien va xa hoi (Hinh 2). Dao tao can gan vdi sii'^dung phan hoi:
gap 2 lan so vdi khi "thay doc - tro chep" thi qui d6i thdi gian "thanh^toan", '^vay - tra", "bao^hanh" san pham dao tao theo nay se tifdng difdng tiet hoc keo dai them 10 phut (chifa xet gia cam ket, hdp dong dap u'ng nhu cau dao tao ciia xa hoi. ^ tri lao dong ca biet). Gia tri sii dung phan hoi sex la rat Idn vdi c) Difa sii dung phan hoi la tieu chi kiem dinh chat lifdng tnfdng dai hoc d nifdc ta cd qui mo dao tao pho bien 10.000 SV tnfdng dai hoc: tnfdng cd ddn vi chuyen trach thu nhan va sii va hoc 6 tiet/ngay. dung phan hoi; Ty le gia tri difdc tai trd, ung ho (tnfc tiep hoac Uu diem da phuang phdp: co the tinh nhanh va xet tdi gia qui ^^oi), cac khoan thu trong tong nguon tai chinh ciia tnfdng;,..
tri lao dong ca biet (phat hien, sang kien, phan bien,.,,), danh gia d) Tang cifdng ket hdp quan ly nha nifdc vdi quan ly ciia xa difdc nhifng gia tri v6 hinh (mot ldi giang vien giai dap thay cho hpi (doc lap vdi Bo Giao due va Dao tao) ve chat lifdng dao tao tif md mam tim hieu ciia hang tram SV trong nhieu gid). ciia tnfdng dai hoc (cd thifdng/phat ve thifc hien cam ket trach Han che cua phuang phdp: Miic dp chinh xac ciia phifdng ^hjem; ngifdi hoc/khach hang difdc bao ho/tii bao ve ldi ich phap phu thuoc kinh nghiem, trinh do, quan diem ciia chii the chinh dang theo phap luat). i i danh gia ve gia tri lao dong ca biet va lao dong xa hoi qui
doi, gia tri ca biet (phan hoi xac minh vi pham, sang kien cai tien,,..).
Phuang phdp 3: Xac dinh theo chi phi thu nhan phan hoi (nguyen tac gia phi trong ke toan) va he so gia tri tac dung.
Cong thiic tinh: G = K . C
G: gia tri sii dung phan hoi; C: Chi phi thu nhan phan hoi; K: he so tac dung. Chang han, chi phi 15 trieu dong de thiic hien van dong quyen gdp qui khuyen hoc tii ciiu sinh vien, neu theo kinh nghiem (nam tnfdc) hoac y kien chuyen gia K = 20 thi dii kien nhan difdc ve gia tri sii dung phan hoi dat khoang 300 trieu dong,
Uu diem cua phuang phdp: Cd sd chi phi thu nhan phan hoi la tin cay, de lifdng hda. He so K xet tdi difdc nhifng gia tri vd hinh, cd danh gia khach quan (vi du kinh nghiem tnfdc day), cho phep dU doan, dii bao trUdc ket qua thi/c hien, lap ke hoach phii hdp,
Han che cua phuang phdp: Xac dinh he so' tac dung K kha Hinh 2: Chia se chi phi ddo tqo • gdc nhin til phdn hoi bang phiic tap, ddi hdi sif ddng thuan nhan thu'c va ldi ich ciia cac vat chat cda xd HQI
ben lien quan, (Xem tiep trang 11)
6 I TNUONGM^I 8 5 33/2008
Huy dOng vfi'n
Hoin tra khi di l^m
Cung cSp djch vy gido dvc d^i tigc
?hin hjl b^ng vat cii^t
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N H A TU V A N TRA LOI
MOt SO quy dinli vO^ diOu kien itinii doanh nguyOn iiOu tiiuifc la
doanh phu hpp vdi nganh, nghe mua, ban nguyen lieu thudc la
a) Diem thu mua phai gan bien hi^u ghi ten thuong mai cua thuong nhan kinh doanh nguyen lipu thuoc la;
b) Phai cdng khai tieu chuan phan cap nguyen lipu thuoc la theo quy d|nh hipn hanh tai diem thu mua nguyen lipu thudc la kem theo mail la thudc la nguyen lipu;
c) Phai ed hpp ddng dau tu trdng nguyen lipu thudc la vdi ngudi trdng thudc la phu hpp vdi quy md kinh doanh.
4. Dieu kipn ve bao vp mdi trudng, phdng chdng chay nd
Phai cd day du cac phuong tien, thiet bj phdng chay, chQa chay, bao dam an toan v$ sinh mdi trQdng theo quy d|nh cua phap luat Nha nude.
DN: Xin cho biet ve tham quyen, trinh ti/ va thu tijc cap giay chiing nh$n du dieu ki^n kinh doanh nguyen li^u thuoc la.
Ntia ttiU van: Thdng tQ sd 01/2007/TT-BCT ciia Bd Cdng ThUdng hudng dan thiic hien mdt sd dieu cua ND 119 thi tha'm quyen, trinh tu va thu tuc cap giay chQng nh5n du dieu kien kinh doanh nguyen lipu thuoc la dUdc quy d|nh nhu sau:
1. Sd Cdng nghipp cac tinh, thanh phd tn,/c thudc trung uong la cd quan clip giay chQng nh§n du dieu ki$n kinh doanh nguyen lipu thudc la.
2. Hd sd d l ngh| cap giciy chQng nh$n du dieu ki^n kinh doanh
a) Don de nghj cap giay chQng nh^n du di€u ki|n kinh doanh
nguyen lieu thudc la;
b) Ban sao hpp le giay chQng nhan dang ky kinh doanh;
c) Tai lieu lien quan den tieu chuan va dieu kien kinh doanh quy dmh tai Thdng tu nay, bao gdm:
- Bang ke dien tich, sd dd kho tang, nha xudng, van phdng lam viec va cae khu phu trp khac.
- Bang ke trang thiet b]: he thdng thdng gid, phuong tien, thiet bj phdng chay, chQa chay, am ke, nhiet ke, cae phQOng tipn phdng chdng sau, mdi mpt; eac gia hoac bue, kp dd kipn thudc la.
- Hpp ddng vdi ngudi lao ddng, quan ly dau tu, hd'trp ky thuat va thu mua nguyen lieu,
- Hpp ddng dau tU trdng nguyen lieu thudc la vdi ngudi trdng thudc la,
- Ban sao hpp le giay chQng nhan dam bao an toan phdng chay chQa chay do cd quan cdng an ed tha'm quyen cap.
3, Trinh tu, thu tuo cap giay chQng nhan du dieu kien kinh doanh nguyen lieu thudc la
a) Trong thdi han 15 ngay ke tQ ngay nhan du hd so hop le, Sd Cdng nghiep (nay la Sd Cdng Thuong) xem xet va cap giay chQng nhan du dieu kien kinh doanh nguyen lieu thudc la. Trudng hpp tQ chdi cap phai tra Idi bang van ban va neu rd ly do;
b) Trudng hpp ehUa du hd sp hpp le, trong vdng 7 ngay ke tQ ngay tiep nhan hd sd, Sd Cdng nghiep cd van ban yeu cau bd sung.
4, Giay chQng nhan dupe lam thanh 04 ban: 02 ban luu tai Sd Cdng nghiep (nay la sd Cdng Thuong), 01 ban gQi Bd Cdng Thuong, 01 ban gQi thuong nhan dupc cap giay chQng nhan,
5, Giay chQng nhan cd thdi han 5 nam, Trudc thdi diem, het hieu luc cua giay chQng nhan 30 ngay, thuong nhan phai cd van ban de nghj cap lai giay chQng nhan gQi ve Sd Cdng nghiep de xem xet cap lai,
6, ThUPng nhan se bi thu hdi giay chQng nhan trong trudng hpp vi pham nghiem trpng' cac dieu kien kinh doanh va nhung quy dmh khac tai Thdng tu nay hoac cac quy dmh cua phap luat cd lien quan,
L,S DAO LY (thuc hien)
XAC flINH GIA TRI...
• •
(Tiep theo trang 6)
Nlii/ vay, da den liic xac djnli gia tri Sli dung plian hoi trong GDDH cl ni/dc ta pliai di/dc coi la yeu cau quan trgng, viec lam thirdng xuyen de tao cong cu quan ly chat li/dng dao tao dai hpc, dieu nay md ra 2 van de Idn: (i) Doi mdi t\S duy ve nguon liic phat trien va quan he kinh te cua GDDH trong kinh te thi tnrdng, khong the y lai bao cap ciia Nha ni/dc nhuiig tn/dng dai hpc khong the vi
pham "trach nhiem" da cam ket, hdp dong vdi khach hang va xa hoi; (ii) Quan ly quan he khach hang ( C I ^ - Customer Ralations Management); quan he cong chiing (PR - Public Relations) can la chiic nang quan ly mdi ciia tn/dng dai hoc Viet Nam.
Xac dinh gia tri sii dung phan hoi de Sli dung phan hoi hieu qua hdn la bien phap quan iy mdi gop phan tich ci/c thi/c hien ddi mdi va chu dong hoi nhap quoc te cua GDDH Viet Nam noi chung va moi tn/dng dai hoc noi rieng •
TNUONG M U 5(5 33/2008 I 1 1
