Tl/Tl/fiNG CUA V.I.LENIN

• chd ngfm Mdc-Lenin, Hu tu&ng Ho Cfd Minh ₁₃

Tl/Tl/fiNG CUA V.I.LENIN

ve phiTcfng phap giai quyet van de ton giao trong chu nghTa xa W\

ThS. Nguyin Khic DdcC)

T

u tadng cCia V.I.Lenin ve van dd tdn gido, dgc biet Id ve phUdng phdp dng xd vdi tdn gido, dd'n nay van co y nghTa rat Idn ve ly ludn vd thyc tien. Id nhdng ehi ddn bd fch cho viec nghien cdu vd cho cdng tdc tdn gido d nUde ta.

1. Phai biet each da'u tranh vdi nhdng dnh hirdng tieu cifc cda ton giao

Theo V.I.Lenin, mot trong nhOng vd'n de rat quan trpng ddi vdi cdng tdc tdn gido Id phdi biet each dau tranh vdi tdn gido, trdnh ddi ddu, tuyen chien vdi no. NgUdi viet: "Chu nghTa Mac ndi: phai biet cdch dd'u tranh chdng tdn gido. Nhang mudn the thi phai lay quan diim duy vat ma gidi thfeh ngudn gdc tfn ngUdng vd ngudn gdc ton gido ciia quan chiing. Khdng nen chi bo hep cupc dau tranh chdng tdn gido trong mpt cupc tuyen truyen trdu tUdng vd mat tU tudng: khdng nen quy cupc dd'u tranh chdng

'•> Hoc vien Chfnh trj Hanh chfnh qudc gia Ho Chf Minh'

(i)vM2) v.l.Le-nin, Toin tip, t.l7, Nxb Tien bp, M.

1979, tr.514-515 va 511

Khoa hoc chfnh tri - Sd 1/2012

ton gido thanh mdt cupc tuyen truyen nhu the; phai g i n lien cupc ddu tranh dy vdi thyc tien cy t h i eCia phong trdo giai cdp nhim tieu diet ngudn gdc xa hpi ciia tdn gido"'^'.

Trong tdc pham Vi thii do cOa ding cdng nhin doi vdi tdn giio ^dc phdm tieu bidu cua V.I.Lenin ve tdn gido), V.I.Lenin phdn tfch: "Angghen Igi cGng da nhidu Idn len dn cac mUu toan ciia nhOng ke mudn to ra "ta hdn" hoac "each mgng hdn" nhdng ngudi ddn chD - xa hpi, mudn ghi vdo cUdng ffnh eCia dang edng nhan vide edng khai thda nhan chii nghTa vd than theo cai nghTa la tuydn chien vdi tdn giao"*^'. Ph.Angghen cho rang, tuyen chien am T vdi tdn gido Id dgi dot; tuyen chidn nhU thd Id mpt phUdng phdp tdt nhd't Idm kfch dpng them sy quan tdm cDa ngudi ta ddi vdi tdn gido. Ong chi trfch phdi Blang-ki la da khdng hiiu rang:

chi cd cupc ddu tranh giai edp cDa quan chung cdng nhdn, thu hut mpt each todn dien nhdng tang Idp rpng rai nhd't trong giai cd'p vd sdn d l hp tham gia vdo hogt dpng xa hpi, ty gide vd cdch mang, mdi eo t h i that sy gidi phdng qudn chiing bj dp bdc

14

Cfid ngfiia Mdc-Linin, Tu tu&ng Ho Chi Minfi

khdi sy dnh hudng, Id thudc vdo tdn gido, cdn nhu tuydn chid'n vdi tdn gido thi chi la mdt ludn didu v6 chfnh phu chii nghTa.

Quan didm mdc-xft chi ro: "Khdng t h i dd kfch ton gido dddi hinh thdc thu djch cung nhu dUdi hinh thdc khinh bgc, chung cung nhu ridng; nghTa Id, ndi chung khdng dupe dd kfch vao nd"<'>. Thyc td eho thd'y, tuyen chidn vdi tdn gido chi kfch thfeh thdm tinh thdn td vl dgo. Khi ndo, d ddu dung bgo lye ddi vdi tdn gido thi luc dd, d dd'y tdn gido Igi cd xu hudng phdt t h i n .

Theo V.I.Ldnin, trong vide dng xd vdi tdn gido, cdn coi trpng edng tdc tuydn truydn gido dye nhdn ddn, khic phyc ngudn gd'c, cd sd ndy sinh ton giao; phdi g i n cdng tac tdn giao vdi vide phdt t h i n kinh td, cdi tgo hidn thyc, nang cao ddi sdng nhdn ddn vd phdi tuypt ddi trdnh tuyen chidn, dd kfch tdn gido.

Do thd'y dupe tfnh chd't phde tgp vd nhgy edm ciia van dd tdn gido, V.I.Ldnin nhic nhd: "Ddu tranh chdng Igi cdc thdnh kien tdn gido thi phdi eye ky than trpng;

trong cupc ddu tranh ndy, ai lam tdn thUdng dd'n tinh edm tdn giao, ngUdi dd se gdy thiet hgi Idn. Can phdi ddu tranh b i n g tuydn truyen, bing giao dye. Nd'u hdnh ddng thd bgo, chiing ta se Idm eho qudn chung tdc gidn; hdnh dpng nhu vdy se edng thdm chia re trong quan chiing vd vd'n dd tdn gido, md sdc mgnh ciia chiing ta Id d sy dodn kd't.

Ngudn gdc sdu xa nhdt ciia cdc thdnh kidn tdn giao Id cung khd vd ddt ndt; chfnh cdi td dy Id chiing ta cdn phdi ddu tranh"'^). Y kid'n nay cua V.I.Ldnin ddn nay rd't cdn dupe qudn tridt mgnh me trong cdng tdc tdn gido d nadc ta.

'^' C.Mac - Ph.Ang-ghen, Toin tip, t . l , Nxb CTQG, HN. 1995, tr.23

(2' V.I.Ld-nin, Sdd, t.37, tr.221

'3' Xem: Vien Nghidn cijfu T6n gido vd Tfn ngUdng, Lif luin vi tdn giio vi chinh sich tdn giio d Vi$t Nam, Nxb Ton giao, HN. 2007. tr.27-38

w V.l.Le-nin, Sdd, t.44, tr.410

Gido sd VQ Khidu cho r i n g , tdn gido la hidn tupng xa hdi suy thoai rdi Igi hdi sinh, nen dp rdi Igi vung Idn, ddp t i t rdi Igi bung chdy.

Duy tri nd hay ggt bd nd ehi phy thudc hdng vdo sy lya chpn cCia chfnh con ngadi, bdi nd tdn tgi trong tdm linh sdu kfn eua eon ngadi.

d ddy khdng ed sdc mgnh ndo td bdn ngoai cd t h i xdng vdo d l tidu didt nd. Didu nay cdn dUdc luu y trong vide dng xd vdi tdn giao.

2. Tdn trpng ti/ do tin ngi/dng, tdn gido vd ti/ do khdng tfn ngi/dng, tdn giao

Quydn td do tfn ngadng, tdn gido Id doi hdi chfnh ddng ciia eon ngadi. Trong CNXH, vide tdn trpng vd bdo dam quydn ty do tfn ngudng va khdng tfn ngUdng Id mdt nguydn t i c . Quydn dy khdng chi dapc t h i hidn v l m$t phdp ly ma cdn dapc thac hidn trong thyc tien mdt each nhdt qudn, xuyen sudt, Idu ddi ciia ede ddng mdc-xft. Nguyen tac d'y Id cdn cd vdo ngudn gdc, tfnh chdt ciia tdn gido, cdn ed vdo bdn chdt cOa ndn dan ehu XHCN va qui lugt ciia qua trinh chuyen bidn ve mdt ta tadng ciia con ngadi do la mdt sy chuyin bidn ty gide, dan dan, tCr thdp ddn cao'^'.

V.I.Ldnin rdt tdn trpng niem tin tdn giao eua nhdn ddn. Trong cdc tac pham cija minh, V.I.Ldnin ddc bidt chu y den quydn ti/

do tfn ngadng, tdn gido ciia cdng ddn. Theo dd, mpi cdng ddn cd quydn theo hodc khong theo mdt tdn gido ndo, ngadi ed hay khong cd tfn ngudng deu blnh dang trude phap ludt, khdng dupe phdn biet cdng ddn (va nhdn ddn ndi chung) vl ly do tfn ngUdng, ton gido va tranh mpi hinh thdc xiic phgm ddn tdn giao: "theo Hidn phap cOa chiing ta, theo dgo ludt cd ban eOa nadc cpng hda chiing ta, thi quydn ty do tfn ngudng vd tdn giao da dapc tuydt ddi bdo dam cho mpi ngUdi"'^'.

Theo V.I.Lenin, bdt ky ai cung dU^c hodn todn td do theo tdn gido minh thfeh, hodc khdng thda nhdn mot tdn gido nao, nghTa Id dUde lam ngadi vd than... Mpi si/

phdn bidt quyen ldi gida nhOng ngudi co tin Khoa hoc chfnh tri - Sd 1/2012

Cftd ngfOa Mdc-Linin, TutU&ng HS Chi Minh ₁₅

ngadng, tdn gido khde nhau la khong t h i chdp nhdn dupe. "NhOng ngudi dan ehu - xa hpi ddi cho mdi ngudi cd todn quyen ty do theo ton gido minh thfeh... Moi ngudi deu phai dupe hodn toan ty do khdng nhdng mudn theo tdn gido nao thi theo, md cdn phdi co quydn truyen bd bd't ky tdn gido ndo hoac thay ddi ton gido. Khong mpt quan Igi ndo dupe quydn hoi bd't cd ai vd ton gido cCia ngudi ta: dd Id van dd thupc vd tfn ngudng ma khdng ai dupe phep can thidp vdo cd"'^>.

"Chiing ta nhd't djnh phdn ddi bd't cd mpt sy xuc pham nho ndo den nhdng tfn ngUdng ton gido ciia hp'^*.

Hdn nOa, V.I.Lenin cho rang, tdn gido phai dupe tuyen bd la mpt viec tU nhdn.

Nhd nude khdng dapc dfnh den tdn gido, cdc dodn the tdn gido khdng dUdc dfnh den chfnh quyen nhd nUde. Gido hpi hodn todn tdch khoi nha nUde, nhd trUdng hodn todn tdch khoi gido hpi.

C.Mac, Ph.Angghen vd V.I.Lenin deu quan tdm den vide tdn trpng quydn ty do tfn ngUdng vd ca quydn tU do khdng tfn ngUdng (td phUdng dien nhdn thdc vd ca thUc tidn).

Quydn ty do tfn ngUdng, tdn gido can quan nidm nhU quydn ty do lao dpng, ty do than t h i , ty do cU trii, ta do tU tudng... vd nhOng quydn ta do chdn chfnh khde. Ton trpng quyen ty do tfn ngadng vd khdng tfn ngUdng Id nguyen t i c mdc-xft ve tdn gido vd Id tu tudng nhdt qudn, lau ddi eua nhdng ngUdi cpng san, chd khdng phai Id mpt thii dogn chfnh trj cd tfnh nhd't thdi. Trong tien trinh cdch mgng Viet Nam, Nha nUde ta ehUa bao gid ed ehii trUdng tieu diet tdn giao, phu nhgn Thupng de ma ludn tdn trpng quyen

i (') V.l.Le-nin, Sdd, t.7, tr.212 j P'V.I.Ld-nin, Scfd, t.17,tr.520

P) DCSVN, Van ki$n D$i hgi dai biiu toin quic lin thur XI, Nxb CTQG, HN. 2011, tr.81

|i w DCSVN, Van ki$n Hdi nghj lin thCl biy BCH TU J khoi IX, Nxb CTQG, HN. 2003, tr.47

, w V.l.Le-nin, Sdd, t.45, tr.31-32

ty do tfn ngudng, nghidm edm phdn biet ddi xd vl ly do tfn ngUdng, tdn gido. Tgi Dai hpi dgi bidu todn qudc Idn thd XI, Ddng Cpng sdn Vidt Nam khing djnh: "Tdn trpng va bao dam quydn ty do tfn ngudng, tdn gido vd khdng tfn ngadng, tdn gido ciia nhdn ddn theo quy djnh cua phdp ludt. Dd'u tranh vd xii ly nghidm ddi vdi mpi hdnh dpng vi phgm ty do tfn ngadng, tdn gido vd Ipi dyng tfn

ngudng, tdn giao lam tdn hgi ddn Ipi fch cua Td qudc va nhan dan"(3).

Y kidn ciia V.I.Ldnin ve ty do tfn ngudng, tdn gido va ty do khong tfn ngUdng, tdn giao cd y nghTa ly lugn va thyc tien sdu sic, ddc bidt ddi vdi nUdc ta hidn nay. d mdt sd ft dia phudng (dac biet Id d vCing ddn tpc thilu sd, viing sdu, viing xa), nhdng ehi ddn ndy ciia V.I.Ldnin dudng nhU van chUa dUdc quan thdt ddy du, dan den tinh trgng nhdng vd'n de lien quan den tdn gido chUa dupe gidi quye't thau ddo. Nghj quye't Hpi nghj lan thd bay BCH TLf Dang khod IX ve cdng tac tdn giao ndu rd: trong cdng tdc ton gido, "co ndi chD quan, nong vol, gian ddn gidi quyet nhieu van de ed lien quan dd'n tdn gido; co ndi Igi hdu khuynh, thy dpng, buong long quan ly"W.

3. Tang cddng tuyen truyen gido dye, thuye't phyc nhan dan

V.I.Ldnin cho ring, dd khic phyc nhdng anh hudng tieu eye cua ton gido ddi vdi xa hpi, mpt trong nhOng bien phdp cd ban nhd't Id tuyen truyen gido dye, thuye't phue nhdn dan. NgUdi viet: "Dieu cdn thid't Id phdi cung cap cho nhdng qudn chiing dy dii cdc thd tai lieu tuyen truyen vd thdn, gidi thidu eho hp nhdng sy vide Id'y trong mpi mat sinh hogt thyc te, dung mpi cdch d l Idm eho hp ed hdng thii, keo hp ra khoi sy me mudi ton gido, thdc tinh hp td mpi phfa vd bang dii mpi phUdng phap"'^'.

Theo V.I.Ldnin, chiing ta cdn kidn tri thuc hien vide giai phdng quan chiing lao dpng khoi nhdng thien kid'n tdn gido, bang Khoa hoc chfnh tri - Sd 1/2012

16 Cfid nghta Mdc-Linin, Tu tu&ng H6 Chi Minh

each tuydn truydn va ndng cao gide ngd ciia qudn chiing, ddng thdi hd't sdc chii y trdnh xiic phgm dd'n tinh edm cDg cac tfn dd trong qudn chiing vd trdnh lam tang thdm

Idng cudng tfn tdn giao. Trong tuydn truydn, chiing ta cdn blnh tTnh, kidn tri va nhln ngi, khdng khdu len bd't cd y kidn bd't ddng ndo, tdc Id bing vide tuydn truydn tinh thdn dodn kd't vd sdn vd thd gidi quan khoa hpe<".

Vd ndi dung tuydn truydn gido dye, V.I.Ldnin cho bid't: "Giai cdp vd sdn hidn dgi ddng ve phfa CNXH, Id chii nghTa daa khoa hpc vdo cudc ddu tranh chdng cdc ddm mdy mu tdn giao va lam eho cdng nhan khdi tin vao mdt CU0C ddi d thd gidi ben kia, bing cdch dodn kd't hp Igi vl cudc ddu tranh thyc sy nhim gidnh Id'y cudc ddi tdt dgp hdn trdn trdn thd"(2).

Hdn nda, cdng tdc tdn gido khdng t h i chi ddng Igi d tuyen truyen, gido dye, md quan trpng hdn la phdi g i n vdi thyc tien cdch mgng, di tdi xda bo ngudn gdc xa hdi cCia tdn giao: Trong mpt xa hpi dya tren sy dp bdc vd hgn, se that vd ly, neu tUdng rang ngUdi ta ed t h i ddnh tan dapc nhOng thien kien tdn gido ehi bang tuydn truydn khdng thdi. Neu quen ring, dnh hadng cua tdn giao de nang trdn lodi ngUdi ching qua ehi Id sdn pham va la sy phan anh ciia ach dp bdc kinh te trong xa hdi md thdi, nha thd Id cd ddu de thiin cdn ta sdn. Ddi vdi chiing ta, sy thdng nhdt ciia cudc ddu tranh thdt sy each mgng dd cua giai cd'p bj dp bdc d l sdng tgo ndn mdt cdnh eye Igc tren trai ddt, Id quan trpng hdn sy thdng nhd't y kid'n cua nhOfng ngUdi vd sdn vd cdnh eye Igc trdn thidn dudng.

V.I.Ldnin ndu <f kid'n: Sai ldm Idn nhd't vd td hgi nhd't md mdt ngadi mdc-xft ed t h i m i c phai \a tUdng ring, chi b i n g each tryc

(i),(2)v4(3) V.l.Le-nin, Sdd, t.12, tr.174-175, 170 vd 172-173

'*'V.l.Le-nin, Sdd, t.17, tr.518

tid'p giao dye Chii nghTa Mac thudn tuy md ldm cho qudn chiing thodt khdi nhdng tdc ddng tidu eye ciia tdn gido. Ngddi eung eho ring, vide tuydn truydn gido dye, thuydt phyc nhdn ddn khdi nhOng tdc ddng tidu eye ciia tdn gido Id nhidm vy ciia cd hd thdng chfnh trj. "Ddi vdi chiing ta ddu tranh tu tadng khdng phai la mdt vide ta nhan, ma la mdt vide cCia todn ddng, cua toan t h i giai edp vd san"(3>.

4. Co quan diim ifch sii eg thd khi gidi quyiTt vd^n d l ton giao

V.I.Ldnin cho r i n g , ngadi mdc-xft phdi bidt chii y ddn todn bd tinh hinh cy t h i khi gidi quyd't cdc vdn dd lidn quan ddn tdn gido. Ddy Id chi d i n ed y nghTa sdu sle ciia V.I.Ldnin trong cdng tdc tdn giao. NgUdi neu rd: "Ngudi mde-xft phai la ngadi duy vat_

nhung phdi la mpt ngadi duy vdt bidn chdng, nghTa Id ddt vdn de ddu tranh chdng tdn gido khdng phai mdt each trdu tUdng, khdng phdi la can cd vdo mpt cupc tuyen truyen triiu tupng, thudn tuy ly luan, liic nao eung gidng liic nao, ma la phai ddt van de dd mdt each cy t h i , can cd vdo cudc ddu tranh giai cap thyc te dang dien ra vd cd tdc dyng gido dgc qudn chiing nhilu hdn vd cd hidu qud hdn hd't. NgUdi mdc-xft phdi bid't chii y den toan bd tinh hinh cy t h l _ khdng rdi vao "chii nghTa each mgng" trdu tapng, trdn ddu ladi, nhUng ky thdt Id rdng tuyd'ch ciia bpn vd chfnh phii, cung khdng rdi vao chO nghTa Phi-li-xtanh vd chu nghTa cd hdi cda ngadi t i i u ta sdn hay ngadi trf thdc thupc phdi ty do Id nhufng ngadi sd ddu tranh vdi tdn giao"<*'.

6 nhOng thdi kl Ijch sd khde nhau, vai trd, tac ddng ciia tdng tdn giao ddi vdi dcii sdng xa hdi khdng nha nhau. Quan diem, thai dd eua cac giao hdi, giao sT, giao dan vl cac rrnh vdc cCia ddi sdng xa hpi ludn co si;

khde biet. VI vdy, can cd quan diim Ijch sii cy t h i khi xem xet, ddnh gid vd dng xd ddi vdi nhdng vdn de cd lien quan den ton giao.

(xem tiep trang 22) Khoa hpc chfnh trj - Sd 1/2012

•ji

22 Chd nghia Mdc-Linin, Tu tU&ng H6 Chi Minh

cd'p, mpi ngdnh, mpi thdnh phdn kinh td; nd lye ciia td't ed ede doanh nghidp khdng phdn bidt thdnh phdn kinh td, quy md ngdnh nghd kinh doanh, nd'u cd lidn quan ddn ngdnh ndng nghidp, ngadi ndng ddn vd khu vyc ndng thdn thi ddu phdi cd trach nhidm chung tay vdi Nha nUde, chung sdc vdi ngddi ndng dan dd giai quyd't.

Hidn nay, cdn ndng cao vai trd qudn ly ciia Nha nadc trong vide tgo mdi trUdng phdp ly thudn ldi cho vide d l y nhanh CNH, HDH ndng nghidp, ndng thdn. Phdt huy vai trd eOa Mdt trdn Td qud'c, cCia cdc td chdc qudn chiing nha Hdi Ndng ddn, Hdi Nghd nghidp.

D l t h i n khai cdc ehii trUdng, chfnh sach ciia Ddng vd Nhd nade, cdn quan tdm tdi cdc chi bd Ddng d ndng thdn. "Mdi chi bp ciia Dang phai la mdt hgt nhdn lanh dgo qudn chiing d ed sd, dodn kdt ch$t che, lien he mat thid't vdi qudn chiing, phdt huy ddpc trf tup vd lyc lapng vT dgi cua qudn chiing. Mdi cd'p bp ciia Ddng phdi la mdt cd quan lanh dgo vdng ehle d dja phUdng, theo dling dudng Idi, chfnh sdch cua Trung adng"<^>. Theo dieu tra hien nay, vide phdt t h i n ddng d ndng thdn rat khd khan. Nhieu '^'HdChfMinh, Sdd, t.l 1, tr.23

thanh nidn d khu vyc ndng thdn nhdn thufc khdng diing vd ddng cd phd'n ddu vdo Ddng, khdng mudn tham gia vao cae td chdc chfnh trj xd hdi; quan nidm vao Dang phai thyc hidn nghTa vy dang vidn, phai chju sy kiim tra, giam sat, k i i m diim... vl thd ma nggi phdn ddu vao Dang. Vai trd lanh dgo ciia chi bd, tfnh tidn phong gadng m i u eua can bd, dang vidn chda tgo ndn sdc hiit mgnh me ddi vdi qudn chiing, thdi thiic hp quydt tdm phdn ddu vUdn Idn.

Cung cd ndng cao vai trd ciia chi bd sd Id Cd sd d l dadng ldi cOa Ddng gdn ddn hdn, nghj quylt ciia Ddng ddpc t h i n khai di vdo cudc sdng.

Cd t h i ndi, tU tadng Hd Chf Minh v l ndng nghidp, ndng ddn, ndng thdn Id tdng hpp cdc quan d i i m vd phdt t h i n kinh te trong didu kidn mdt nude ndng nghiep Igc hdu.

NhOng tU tUdng dd cd vai trd h i t sdc quan trpng trong vipc gidi quydt cdc van de v l ndng nghiep, ndng ddn, ndng thdn hidn nay.

Nghidn cdu ta tadng Ho Chf Minh ve ndng nghipp, ndng ddn, ndng thdn, cang thdy rd hdn tam vdc cOa mpt nha tu tadng Idn.

Chii tjch Hd Chf Minh da di xa nhung ta tudng NgUdi dd Igi cho chiing ta hdm nay van con nguyen nhdng gid trj mang tdm thdi dgi.Q

Tl/Tl/dNG QUA V.i.LENiN...

(xem ti^p trang 16) Cd nhdng tdn giao khi mdi xud't hidn

nhu mdt phong trdo bdo vd ldi fch eiia ngadi ngheo, ngadi bj dp bdc vd nd Id. NhUng rdi, tdn gido dy Igi bid'n thdnh edng cy ciig giai cap thdng trj bdc Idt. Cd nhdng gido sT sud't ddi hdnh dgo theo xu hadng ddng hdnh vdi dan tpc; nhung cung cd nhdng ngudi da hdp tac vdi cac thd lyc phdn ddng di ngadc Igi ldi fch eOg qudc gia. Cd nhOng vj chdn tu ludn "kfnh ehiia, yeu nadc", thiet tha mud'n sdng "tdt ddi, dpp dgo"; nhdng Igi cd nhOng ngudi san sang hy sinh quyen ldi Td qudc

cho Ipi Ich cua ngogi bang. Didu dd khidn eho nhd nadc XHCN cdn cd thdi dd, each dng xd phii hdp ddi vdi tdng trddng hpp cy thd, nha V.I.Ldnin da nhic nhd.

NhOng ^ kidn tren ddy cho thdy tfnh dling d i n , s l e sdo trong nhdn thdc vd tdn gido va dng xd vdi tdn giao cDa V.I.Ldnin.

Gdn mdt thd k^ da trdi qua, nhang nhOng ta tadng dd van Id nhOng chi ddn rdt bd fch cho chiing ta trong viec hogch djnh dUdng Idi, ehfnh sdch tdn gido vd cdng tdc tdn gido hipn nay.G

Khoa hpc chfnh tri - Sd 1/2012