JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE Social Sci., 2014, Vol. 59, No 10. pp. 22-29 This paper is available online at hltp://stdb.hnue edu-vn
TLT SU HOC HAU KINH DIEN - PHAC THAO N H C N G KHUYNH HUONG
Tran N g p c HieuKhoa Ngit vdn. Tnldng Dgi hgc Su pham Hd Ngi
Tom (at. Trong bai bao nay, chung loi muon phac thao nhdng khuynh hitdng ciia td sd hoc hh\ kinh dien. La budc phat trien mdi cua iil sif hoc sau giai doan kinh dien (giai doan cau true luan), td su hoc hau kinh dien, mac dii vSn con dang d tinh trang chda hoan tat va lis chdi tham vong trd thanh moi li thuyei thdng nhat, da cho thiy nd la mflt linh vUc da nguyen, lien nganh, xuyen phUdng tien Nd van dpng theo hu6ng chii y din nhflng yeu to ngd canh. binh dien lich sil, binh dien dung hoc cimg nhu hdi dng cua ngUdi doc. Vdi nhdng dudng net van dong dang bat dSu dinh hinh nay. giai doan hau kinh dien da chdng Io tu sif hoc thUc ra la mdt linh vUc nhilu tiem nang va dang cd nhiJng bUdc phat trien niing dong, khong cfl ISp vdi nhiing khuynh hildng U ihuylt dildng dai.
Tit khoa: Tu sd hoc, td sd hoc hau kinh dien, li thuylt van hpc, chu nghia ciu true.
1. Mii dau
Td sd hoc (narratology) la mot linh vdc nghien cdu nang ddng [I, 2]. O Viet Nam, da cd nhflng CO gang din nhap va dng dung cac khai niem, cdng cu, luan diem cua radt sd nha td sd hoc tren thi gidi [1-4] vao eac hien Cddng van hoc cu Che. Tuy nhien, hau hit nhdng ngddi gidi thieu va thdc hanh li thuylt Cd sd hoc mdi chi ddng lai d giai doan kmh dien (classical) vdn dddc xem la giai doan raa hnh vdc nay nam Crpn Crong anh hddng cua chu nghia ciu triic chd chda thdc sd quan Cam nam baC nhdng ddng hddng radi ciia td sd hoc d giai doan hau kinh dien-giai doan vddl thoat td tddng ciu true luan.
Trong bai bao nay, chung tdi se trinh bay nhdng vin d l hen quan din thuat ngfl td sd hpc hau kinh dien, chi ra nhflng dac diem phan biet td sd hoc hau kinh dien vdi giai doan kinh dien Crude dd cua nd, cung nhu phac Chao nhflng hddng nghien cdu da dang va sinh ddng ciJa Cd sd hoc d giai doan dddng chdi.
2. Noi dung nghien CU'U
2.1. Tuf sir hoc hau kinh dien - VSn de thuat ngu
Thuat ngd td sd hoc hau kinh dien (post-classical narratology) lin d i u tien dddc gidi thieu trong bai bac "Scripts, Sequences, and Scories. Elemencs of a Poscclassical Narratology" (Kich ban, chudi va cau chuyen: Nhflng thanh td ciia tU sU hoc hau kmh dien) cua David Herman, cdng
Ngay nhan bai 15/5/2014. Ngay nhan dang 20/09/2014.
Lien lac TrSn Ngoc HiSu . e-mail hieutn l979@yahoo com
Tu sU hgc hgu kinh dim -phdc thdo nhflng khuynh hudng
bd tren tap chi PMLA, Vol.112, No,5. thang 11 nam 1997. Ke t d d d , thuaC ngd nay bit dau dddc sd dung rdng rai, Crong dd, Cien Co "hau", vl cd ban, khdng phai la sd phii dinh giai doan kinh dien trudc do - von dddc xem la da dinh hinh Crong truyin thong td duy cua chu nghia ciu true - ma nen dddc hieu nhd la s\i phaC Crien, sd khac phuc nhdng gidi han cua tU sd hgc kinh dien. David Herman trong Idi tda Cuyen Cap Naratologies (Cac td sd hoc) da ndi rd. ". .Td sd hoc da chuyen td giai doan kinh dien, ciu true lulin - ma cd the goi la giai doan Saussure, tddng ddi tach biet vdi nhdng bddc phat trien nang ddng cua li Chuylc ngdn ngd va van chUdng dddng dai. Td sd hpc hau kinh dien (khdng nen ddng nhat vdi cac li thuylt hau cau triic vl cd sd) bao ham ca td sd hpc kinh dien nhd radt trong nhdng "khoanh khac" (raoraenC) cua nd nhdng nd dddc danh diu bdi sd ddi dao ciia nhdng phUdng phap luan mdi va nhdng gia thuylc nghien cdu mdi; kit qua la Ca cd radt loac nhdng quan diem mdi ve cae hinh thdc va chdc nang cua td sd. Hdn nda, d giai doan hau ciu true, nghien cdu td sd khdng chi lara nhiera vu phdi bay nhdng gidi han ma cdn khai thac nhdng kha nang cua nhdng md hinh cu hdn, mang tmh thin cua chii nghia ciu true" [2;2-3].
O thdi diem David Herman chii bien tuyen tap Narratologies, giai doan hau kinh dien eua td sd hoc khdng cd gi gidng nhd mdt sd biJng nd li thuylt va nhat la khdng raang tham vong vddn din radt "chii nghia khdng tudng vl phddng phap luan" nhd d giai doan kmh dien. Nhdng theo quan sat cua Herman, giai doan nay dang chu y d "su suy td khdng ngdng vl pham vi va muc dich cua td sd hoc, mdt y thdc diy du hdn v l nhdng bddc phat trien ciia li thuylt va phe binh xung quanh nd, mdt thai dd I'C mang tham vpng due kit hdn Crong khi lai giau khac vong Cham hiem, mdt tinh dian san sang hdn de Chda nhan, ring khi nghien cdu Cd sd. ngddi ta khd Idng hay nen hi vong moi Chd cd the diing ngay radi Ian cho mai mai" [2;3] Thay vi tao ra mpt Cd sd hoc phd quat, Chdng nhat, tinh da nguyen trd thanh dac trdng cua td sd hpc hau kinh dien va diy la Ii do vi sao David Herman lai dat ten cho cuon sach minh chu bien la Narratologies - td sif hpc d dang sd nhilu.
Khdng phii dinh nhdng chac chan td sd hoc hau kmh dien phai cd nhdng bddc ngoat khac so vdi giai doan kinh dien cila nd Ansgar Nunning da lUdc dd hda nhdng khac biet gida hai giai doan phat tiien nay ciia td sd hoc nhd sau [4;243-244]
IV stf hoc cau true tu^ii (Tu su huc kinh dien) lily van ban lam trung tam (text-centered) td sU (hieu nhu la ngfln ngfl - langue) la ddi tifdng nghien cdu chii ylu
tap trung chii yeu vao nhdng he ihong ddng va nhdng sSn pbJim tinh
d^c diem, dac trUng ciia van ban la ddi tifdng nghien edu chu yeu
phan tich til dddi len
nghieng ve nhdng ddi lap nhi nguyen (quy gian) va cac hinh thdc phan cap
nhan manh den li thuyet, each md ta hinh thdc luSn (formalist), va sU phan loai cac ky thuat iil sd lang tranh nhiing vSn di luan li va qua trinh tao nghia
Cac tir sir hoc mdi (Cac tu sir hoc hau kinh dien)
hudng den ngfl canh (context-oriented) cac tu sU (hieu nhU la ldi ndi -- parole) la doi tifdng nghien cdu chd yeu
tap trung vao nhdng qua Irinh md va dong sU nang dong ciia qua trinh doc (cac chien lifdc dpc, ciic Ida chon dien dich, cac quy iuat thien vi [preference rules] nhu la doi tddng nghien cdu chii yeu
tdng hdp td Iren xuong
thien ve hifdng dien dich van hda tdng the va phifdng phap mieu la dam (thick descriptions) tap trung vao phUdng dien dug dung, loi doc chii de va nhflng danh gia cd lien ddi den y thdc he.
tSp trung vao nhdng van de dao ddc vii nhdng thUdng lifdng doi thoai ve y nghia.
Tran Ngoc Hieu
thiet lap mot ngd phap tU sU va thi phap ciia nghe thuat hif eau
he hinh hinh ihdc luan va mfl ta luSn (deseriptivist) phi lich sd va mang tinh dong dai tap trung vao nhiing dac diem pho quat cua tat ca cae tu sU
mot linh viSc lUdng doi thdng nhil
diing bo cdng cu phan tich vao muc dich dien dich nhu la nhdng muc dich chinh
he hinh dien dich va danh gia mang tinh lich sd va dinh hUdng lich dai tap trung vao hinh thdc cu the va nhdng h^ qua ciia cac tif sd ca nhan.
mot dd an liSn nghnh bao gom nhieu each tiep c5n khong ddng nhat
Tu sd hpc hau kinh dien, nhU thi. phai ddi dien vdi viec khai niem td sd dddc md ra rit rdng, bi ddng hda vdi nhdng y niem ma trddc nay cd the dddc gan nhan nhd la nhdng niem tin, y thdc he, ki dc, lich sd,... Khi ddi tddng nghien cdu ciia mdt Iinh vdc trd nen qua rdng nhd vay, ngddi ta cd quyIn nghi ngd vl tinh chinh danh cua linh vdc i y Hoc gia Mane-Laurie Ryan da dat ra mdt eau hdi rit xac dang: "Chung ta cd nen xay ddng mdt dinh nghia ddng vai trd nhd rapt canh sal ngfl nghia, loai trd tit ca nhdng each sd dung "khdng hdp phap' thuat ngd 'tU sd' nhdng nhd ihl sc nguy hiem din sdc manh li thuyet cua td sd hoc; hay chiing la nen nhddng bd nhflng hinh thdc thdi thUdng. tim ra mdi dinh nghia cd the chap nhiln hll moi each diln giai vl khai niera Id sif, nhdng dong thdi khi dd. ta se lam md di nhflng dac trdng khu bifiC Cd sd vdi nhdng hinh Ihdc hay nhflng san pham khac ciia hoaC ddng tinh thin?" [3;345]. Vdi David Herman, thuaC ngfl "narraCoIogy" (d day xin dddc dich la trin thuat hoc nhim tao ra sd phan biet). trong cuon Narratologies, dddc dng sd dung gin nhd tddng dddng vdi thual ngfl "narrative studies" (nghien cflu Cd sd). vdi y thdc Ihoac ra khdi nhflng gidi han truyen thdng, d giai doan hau kinh dien, td sd hoc co the chip nhan va ap dung vao cac hinh thdc cd sd hieu theo nghia rdng. Nghien cflu Cd sd hpc cd Che hda nhap vdi linh vdc nghien cdu van hda, nghien cdu Can duy sd (new hisCoricism), khdng cd lap minh vdi nhflng moi quan Cam ve ban sac, y thdc he, ba quyen van hda... vdn dang Ird thanh nhdng chu diem quan trong ciia cac Ii thuyet phe phan hien nay. Tham chi, Irong mdt sd pham vi, Cd sd hoc, vdi cac khai niem vdn da dddc thilt lap Cfl giai doan ciu Cruc luan, nay dddc dilu chinh, dddc phdc lap hda hdn nhd diem nhin, ngddi ke chuyen, ldi gian Cilp... cd Che Crd ihanh nhflng cdng cu hieu qua de phan tich cac van ban dUdc hinh thanh trong cac ngd canh cd sd ap daC dac quyIn y Chdc he nhd cac van ban hau Chdc dan. van ban cua cae nhdm thieu so (da mau, phu nfl. dong fi'nh, ngddi khuylt CaC).
Nhdng khai mem cdng cu nay cd Che giup ngddi nghien cdu phdi bay dUdc nhdng cd chl irin ap.
kiera soaC eua y thdc he thdng qua viec djnh hinh sd tri nhan bdc tranh thi gidi qua van ban Id sd hay viec chi phoi sd hinh thanh cam xiic khi ngddi tilp nhan doc. thddng thdc, tddng tac vdi cac van ban td sd.
2.2. Nhirng khuynh hudng nghien cufu cua ttr sU hoc hau kinh dien
Vay td sd hoc hau kinh dien vdi tinh chit da nguyen nhd la dac trdng cua rainh dang cd nhdng hddng di nhd chl nao? Nlu nhin vao cac bai nghien cdu dddc cap hdp Crong cudn Narracologies, cd the diiy cac hpc gia tap crung vao nhflng nhanh sau' i- T i l p tuc dao sau vao nhflng van d l da dUdc khdi len td giai doan kinh dien nhdng gid day dddc tilp can lai vdi kinh nghiem cua giai doan hau kinh dien, irong dd, dac bill quan cam din moi quan he gida nhflng thdng tin, hieu dng ctia van ban Cd sif vdi hoac ddng Cri nhan ciia ngUdi doc, ngddi Ihddng Chdc, 2-Chu y din sd xuil hien ciia nhflng cdng nghe mdi, cu che la cdng nghe raay tinh va nganh Tri Cua nhan cao, din den nhdng chay ddi quan Crong trong y niera vl tu sd, td dd, cin Chile phai cd nhdng phifdng phap nghien cdu mdi: 3- Hddng din Cd sd ngoai van hpc bao gdm cac Cd sd bang ngdn ngd
Tu sit hoc hiiu kinh clien - phdclhiio nhUng khuynh hifdng
Cd nhien (natural language narratives). Cd sd hoc trong sd hoc. td sd hoc trong y hoc, 4- Quan Cam den phddng tien Cd sd, mdi trddng Id sU cdng nhdng logic mdi ciia nd (cd sd hoc irong dien anh, td sd hoc nfl quyen). Ansgar Nunning ti mi hdn cung cap mdt bang chi din vl cac khuynh hudng nghien cflu mdi cdng vdi cac hoc gia dang di diu Crong Cdng hddng nghien cdu Cac khuynh hifdng nay dddc quy thanh 8 nhdm bac gdra [4,249-25!]•
2.2.1. C a c each ti§p can theo boi c a n h (contextualist), h e chii d c (thematic) va y thu"c he: U n g diing tti sti hoc vao nghien ciiu van chufang
- Td sd hoc bdi canh luan (Contextualist Narratology) - Seymour Chalman.
- Td stf hoc va cac he chu d l - lan MacKenzie.
- Td sd hoc so sanh (Susana Onega, Jose Angel Garcia Landa).
- Td sd hpc dng dung (Onega/Landa, Monika Fludernik).
- Tu sU hoc Marxist (Fredric Jameson, John Bender).
- Td sd hpc nfl quyIn (Micke Bai, Alison Booth. Alison Case. Susan Lanser, Kathy Mezei, Robyn Warhol. Gaby Allralh, Andrea Gutenberg. Marion Gyranich)
- Td sd hoc ddng cinh luan (Marilyn Farwell. Judilh Roof, Susan Lanser).
- Td sd hpc dan Cdc hoc (Laura Doyle).
- Td sd hpc than the (Daniel Punday)
- Td sd hoc hau thdc dan (Monika Fludernik, Marion Gyranich. Roy Sommer) - xa hdi hoc tu sd hoc (Mark Currie)
- Td sif hpc Can duy sd (Mark Currie, Nancy AmsCrong. John Bender. Susan Suleiman).
- Td sd hoc lich sd van hda (Ansgai Nunning, Monika Fludernik. Carola Surkamp. Bruno Zerweck).
- Td sd hpc lich dai/ ap dung Cd sd hpc de vilt lai lich sd van hpc (Ansgar Nunning. Monika Fludernik, Christopher Reinfandl, Werner Wolf, Bruno Zerweck).
- Ap dung tu sif hoc vao van hoc hau hien dai (Ursula Heise. Brian McHale, Ansgar Nunning, Wernei Wolf. Bruno Zeiweck).
2.2.2. A p d u n g va phat trien lU sti hoc theo hirdng xuyen the loai va xuyen phUdng tien
- Tu sd hoc va li Chuyli the loai (Seymour Chalman, Monika Fludermk).
- Td sd hpc va/ciia kich (Brian Richardson, Manfred Jahn, Helmut Bonheira) - Td sd hpc va/cLia thd (Peter Huhn, Joig Schonert. Eva MulIer-ZetCelman).
- Td sd hoc va/ciia nghien cdu phim (David Bordwell, Edward Branigan, Seymour Chalman, EckarC VoighCs-Virchow).
- Td sd hoc va/ciia am nhac hda hd ciu (Werner Wolf).
- Til sU hoc va/ciia nghe Chuat Chi giac (Mieke Bai, Franziska MosChaf.Werner Wolf) 2.2.3. Tu" sy" h o c d u n g hpc va cac loai tuf sir hoc tu tif
- Tu sd hoc dung hpc (Mary Louise Pratt, Susan Lanser, Michael Kearns. Roger D.Sell, Sven Scrasen)
- Td sd hoc luan li va tu td (Wayne C Booth, James Phelan. Peter RabinowiCz).
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Tran Ngpc Hieu
2.2.4. Cac loai tu sir hoc/sieu tu' sti hoc (meta-narratology) tri nhan va gan v(f\ \i thuyet liep nhan { reception-theory-oriented)
- Td sd hpc phe binh (critical naraCology) (Ann Fehn, Ingeborg HoesCerey, Mara TaCar).
- Cac Ii thuyet td sd hpc phan tara hoc (Peter Brooks, Ross Chambers, Marianne Hirsch).
- Cac li thuyeC Cd sd gan vdi Ii ChuyeC Chilp nhan (Wolfgang Iser, Werner Wolf).
- Td sif hpc kiln Cao luan (consCructivisC narracology) (Ansgar Nunning, Monika Fludernik, Manfred Jahn).
- Td sd hoc tri nhan (Jonathan Culler, Monika Fludernik, Herbert Grabes, Manfred Jahn, Menakhem Perry, Meir Steinberg, Ralf Schneider, Bruno Zerweck).
- Td sd hoc Cd nhien ('natural' narratology) (Monika Fludernik)
2.2.5. Tti sti hoc hau hien dai va tir sti hoc hau cau triic/giai cau triic
- Td sd hpc hau hien dai (Andrew Gibson, Mark Currie, Patrick O'Neill).
- Td sd hpc hau ciu triic [Marcel Cornis-Pope, Christine Brooke-Rose, J.HilUs Miller, Andrew Gibson, Eyal Amiran)
- Td sd hpc ddng (Dynamic narratology) (Eyal Amiran).
2.2.6. Cac each tiep can ngon ngit hoc/Nhung dong gop cho tir sir hoc
- Ngdn ngfl hpc. phong each hpc va td sd hoc (Richard Aczel, Monika Fludernik, David Herman. Reingard NischUi, Wolfgang MuIIer. Mary Louise Pracc. Michael Toolan).
- Xa hdi hoc ngdn ngfl. phan tich diln ngdn va td sd hoc (William Labov, Joshua Waleczky, Uia QuasChoff, David Herman)
- Li thuylt hanh ddng ldi ndi va td sd hoc (Mary Louise PraCC. Michael Kearns Roger D Sell).
2.2.7. Cac thuyet triet hoc ve tu su"
- Li thuylc vl cac chl gidi kha hdu (Lubomir Dolozel. Thomas Pavel, Gregory Currie, Uri Margolin, RuCh Ronen. Marie-Laure Ryan, Andrea GuCenberg, Carola Surkamp).
- Td sd hoc \k li thuylt vl tinh hd ciu (ficcionality) (DorriC Cohn, Lubomir Dolozel, Gerard GeneCCe, Felix MarCinez-Bonati)
- Li thuylc hien tUdng hoc ve Cd sd (Wolfgang Iser. Paul Ricoeur).
2.2.8. Cac li thuyet lien nganh ve tu sir
- Tri tue nhan Cao va li thuyeC td sd (Mane Laure-Ryan, David Herman, Manfred Jahn).
- Nhan hpc va Ii thuyet td sd (Victor Turner, Clifford Geertz, James Clifford).
- Tam H hpc hri nhan, khoa hoc tri nhan va li thuylt td sd (Jerome Bruner, Peter Dixon/Marisa Bortolussi, David Herman, Manfred Jahn, Jurgen Straub).
- Lich sd truyin mieng va li chuylc lU sd (Mary Chamberiain, Paul Thompson).
- Cac Ii thuylc vl sd hpc va Ii chuyeC tU sd (Arthur DanCo, Lionel Grossman. Dominick LaCapra, Paul Ricoeur, Hayden Whice).
- Li thuylc he thong va li chuylc CU sd (Icama-Even- Zohar, ChrisCopher Reinfandc) Bang phan loai ciia Ansgar Nunning la rapt trdc quan tdt de thay tinh chit bdn be, chda hoan
Tu iU hgc hdu kinh dien -phdi tlu'io nhiing khuynh hudng
Cat cua td sd hoc hSu kinh dien khi nhd tac gia Chda nhan. ten gpi cac khuynh hddng, cac nhanh nhd trong tam khuynh hudng chinh cdn chda dn dinh, khi cd sd chdng cheo gifla cac khuynh hUdng, cac nhanh nghien cdu. Tuy nhien, theo hai hoc gia Jan Alber va Monika Fludernik, md ta cua Nunning da lam ndi bat dddc ba dac trdng cua Cd sU hpc d giai doan hau kinh dien. da bdi (multiplicities), hen nganh (interdisciplinaries), xuyen phUdng Cien (Cransmediality) Nd van dpng theo hddng chu y din nhdng ngd canh Idn, binh dien lich sd, dung hoc cda Id sd cung nhd mdi quan he vdi doc gia. Cac phudng diSn tu Cd hpc Cd sd, dao ddc Cd sd cung dddc quan tam dao sau. Xu hudng van ddng cua Cd sd hoc hau kinh dien, qua nhdng phac Chao cda Nunning, khdng Cach rdi vdi sd phat Cri^'n cua nhdng Ii Ihuylt ndi len id nhdng nam 1970 nhd thuylt hdi dng ciia ngddi doc, nfl quyIn luan, dong Cinh luan, hau Chdc dan luan va khuc ngoac luan li [1,11].
Song ddi vdi hai hoc gia nay, nhflng gi ma Nunning phac ra d tren cho chiy CU sU hoc hau kinh dien da di hlc giai doan Chd nhac cua minh. giai doan raa dddng nhd Cd sd hoc van dpng thay ddi de thich dng vdi nlidng chuyin ddng ciia td duy H thuylc cd ben ngoai. Khi chu bien tuyen Cap Poscclassical NarraCoIogy - Approaches and Analysis (Td sd hoc hau kinh dien ~ Nhdng each tilp can va phan tich) xuit ban nam 2010, Alber va Fludernik cho rang Id sd hoc hau kinh dien da bddc sang giai doan Clid hai. u giai doan nay, hp d l nghi chu y nhilu hdn din nhdng bddc phaC Crien nay sinh td ben trong linh vdc nay hdn la dddc kich ihich td ddng hddng H thuylc ben ngoai Dilu nay cd y nghia nhd mdt phan dng trddc viec ap nhdng md hinh li thuyet rong vao td sd hpc, do dd, nay sinh nhflng dd venh, nhflng sd thilu nhic quan, Cham chi raau Chuan. Dong thai nay dddc Alber va Fludernik goi la "cung cd" (consolidation) Nhdng giai doan Chd hai nay, khdng vi the, lai thu hep Cd sd hoc. dda nd Crd ve rape linh vdc biet lap ma vin liip tuc qua trinh da dang hda (diversification), dam bao tinh chit da bdi cua chuyen nganh. Vay dau la nhdng hddng raa cac nha Cd sd hoc d chang thd hai cua giai doan hau kuih dien quan tara'' Chung Cdi xin Iddc Chual lai nhflng luan diem trong bai gidi thieu Cuyen tap PostcIa.ssical Narratology raa Alber va Fludernik chu bien:
- Tu sU hoc Cri nhan Hddng nghien cdu nay dddc xem la da khac phuc chieu sdc ciia tU sd hpc ciu true luan vdn khdng quan cam nhilu din binh dien quy chieu hay binh dien thi gidi Cruyen ke cua lU sd. Td sd hpc tri nhan xuit phai td nhan dinh nin Cang- khi doc mdC cau chuyen, ddc gia bao gid cdng lien tddng din mdt the gidi hd ciu (chl gidi cruyen ke) tren cd sd tri Chdc vl thi gidi thdc (real-world knowledge) cua hp, do do. nhiera vu cda td sd hpc t n nhan ia md ta nhflng qua trinh tri nhSn lien ddi. Nhdng hpc gia ndi bat cua hddng nghien cdu nay nhd Michael Palraer, Lisa Zunshine lap luan ring each chung ta cd gang de hieu, de tao nghia cho cac tU sd hd cau cung gidng nhd each chung ta cd gang de hieu y nghi cua cae nhan vat, ctia ngUdi ke chuyen, tdc nhflng dpng cd, chii dinh ciia hp. Cac each tiep can tn nhan lai dda iren chuyel kiln Cao (consCructivisC) vl sd doc, theo do, nhdng gi ta dem vao van ban trong khi dpc khdng nhic Chilt la nhdng dd kien cd san ifl trddc Dilu nay gin bd mac Chilt vdi nhflng quan niem phi ban chii luan, da nguyen luan va dung hpc ve td sd, do dd cd mdi lien he chat che vdi nhdng bddc phat trien trong dinh hddng nghien cdu cua ngdn ngfl hoc. Cd binh dien cu phap sang binh dien dung hpc va Cn nhan. Tu sd hoc Cri nhan cd the lam thay ddi each hieu, each van dung cai khai niem ve id sd. cac cdng cu de phan tich cac van ban Cd sd: chay vi hieu cac ChuaC ngd dd nhd nhdng gi tinh tai, co dinh, phd quae, chiing se dddc xem xeC nhd la nhflng khai niem linh ddng, cd dp co gian, dddc xac dinh cheo ngd canh, dddc ciu thanh bdi ngddi tilp nhan.
- Li Ihuyet ve cac che gidi kha hflu (possible-wodds Cheory) Luan diem nen mdng cua h thuylt ve cac the gidi kha hdu la: chuc tai (reality) la mdi vu tru dddc tao ihanh bdi nhieu chanh cd rieng bieC khac nhau. The gidi chdc la Chanh td tiung cara. vay quanh nd la nhilu Che gidi kha
hflu khac nhau nhd nhflng giic md, nhdng huyIn tudng, ao giac va nhdng che gidi cua hd cau van chddng. De mdC thi gidi cd Che trd ihanh kha hdu. nd can phai dddc ndi vdi thanh td trung cam Chdng qua "nhdng moi hen he co Che Cicra can dddc" (inacessible relations). Nhflng hpe gia Cieu bieu cua khuynh hddng nay la Lubomir Dolozel. RuCh Ronen va dac biet la Marie-Laurie Ryan. Ba da cap Crung nghien cdu tu sd hpc Cruyen thdng, Sd phat trien eua cdng nghe may tinh. cua internet va cac hinh Chdc truyen ke mdi sinh Chanh trong radi trddng phddng tien mdi nay la ddi tddng nghien cdu chinh cua ba. Nhflng nghien cflu vl td sd hau hien dai cua Ryan cung dan din nhflng kit luan giau sdc gdi md. Ba cho ring Cd sd hau hien dai cd Che tim thiy d li thuylt ve cac the gidi kha hflu "mpi Ihd dd chdi hdu hieu trong tro chdi lao ra sif pha vd va phan than (self-reflexily).
Thuyci thi gidi kha hflu cda Ryan sU mdc ndi vdi hddng nghien edu td sd hpc In nhan va td sd hoc xuyen phddng tien
- Nghien cdu td sd td binh dien dung hpc (pragmatic), phan tich diln ngdn. Vdi hddng nghien cdu nay, id sd hpc rad rdng sd quan Cam ciia minh sang cac dien ngdn phi hd cau. phan Cich cac hdi thoai ngay trong ddi thddng. nd gan kit vdi nghien cdu ve sd bieu hanh, Crinh dien (performance), kha nang thiu cam (empathy) cua con ngddi trong hoat ddng cd ban nhat cua ddi sdng y thdc: ddi thoai. cfl dd dat ra vin de tam li hoc dien ngdn. Hddng nghien cdu nay ciing chu ddng thilt lap eau ndi vdi nghien cdu td sd hpe tn nhan. Cic hoc gia tieu bieu la David Herman.
Monika Fludernik, Michael Bamberg. Biigitte BooChe...
- Vilt lai thilt kl cua giai doan kinh dien vl td sd hpc. trong dd, chu y din viec kham pha sU liln hda ciia td sd theo Chdi gian. Hddng nghien cdu nay cd hai hinh Chdc khiio cdu qua Crinh Cien hda ciia td su qua cac thi ky va xem xet lai cac khai niera cdng cu, cac phara tru cua td sd hoc nhd lii nhdng phiin dng ddi vdi nhdng binh dien va nhdng dac trdng khac nhau ciia van ban raa ngddi ta tim thiy trong nhflng van ban da cd Crddc dd. MdC cdng Crinh cap the dddc nhic din nhU la minh hoa tieu bieu chd hddng nghien cdu nay la cudn The Emergence of Mind (SUxuaC hien cua y Chdc) do David Herman chu bien, xuit ban nam 2011 Trong cudn sach dd, cac tac gia da nghien cdu sd ihe hien y thdc trong cac td sd cua van chddng Anh td thdi trung cd den hien dai. Cac hpc gia di theo hddng nghien cdu lich dai nay cung xem xet lai. vilc tilp, bd sung, hieu chinh cac phara trij td sd hpc nhd tieu cU, giong, nhan vat, ngUdi ke chuyen, tac gia ham an, truyen ke-diln ngdn ,
- Nghien cflu cac td sd phi Cd nhien (unnatural narratives): khai nicm "phi td nhien" d day muon ndi den cdc Cd sd phan rad phdng (anCi-mimetic), chung thach thflc va vddt qua nhdng each hieu. nhflng quan niem cua the gidi ihdc v l ban sac, thdi gian, khdng gian bang viec trinh bay, the hien nhflng viln canh (scenario) cd the la bat kha trong thi gidi thdc. Hddng nghien cdu nay la sd ket hdp gida td sd hoc hau hien dai va td sd hpc tri nhan, vdi tham vpng xac lap md hinh td sd hpc ap dung vao cac van ban giau tinh the nghiem trong tieu thuyet. video-games, video-art...
[1,11-15]
Nhdng khuynh hddng nghien cdu mdi md ra nay gin liln vdi nhflng nd lUc dinh nghia lai, dieu chinh cac khai niem cdng cu ma cac nha td sd hoc kmh dien da xac lap, van dung de phan tieh cac van ban Cd sd Chung dddc suy Id lai tren nhflng nin Cang Crilt hoc mdi, nhdng nghien cdu mdi ciia khoa hoc Cn nhan, khoa tam Ii hpc, nhflng Chanh tdu mdi cua khoa hoc cdng nghe, Td dd.
nhdng kliai raem cdng cu nay cd che phdi bay nhdng cd chl kiln tao thi gidi truyen ke ndi ngddi doe fren cd sd nhflng gdi dan cua van ban, sU thao tiing cua y thdc he trong viec cd chdc cac chien Iddc td sd. Chang han, vdi cac nha Cd sd hoc nd quyIn luan, ho ludn y thdc rang mdt van ban ludn cd edi ngudn td trong thi gidi vat chat, ndi y niem vl phai cinh ludn chi phdi hinh dung, cam quan ve thi gidi cua ngddi vilt iSn ngddi doc Khai niem "ngddi ke chuyen", theo each tilp can nay. can
Tu sU hoc hgu kinh dien -phdc thdo nhflng khuynh hifdng
dddc nhan thdc trong mdi hen he vdi chinh "Ch5n the dddc phai cinh hda" (gendered body) cua nha van hay dpc gia. Ngdi ke, giong dieu, diem nhin Cran Chuat, cac phUdng chdc Co chdc ldi Crin thuaC, trong trddng hdp nay, dlu cd the dddc hieu nhd nhflng Ida chon Irong chiln Iddc Id sd de the hien mdt chu the dddc ma hda vl phai tinh. Cac ki thuat Id sd nay cung cho phep Ca hinh dung dddc each ma cac van ban Cd sd can dd vao chinh Cn cua phai tinh (politics of gender) Nd gdi ra nhdng de tai ma lau nay chUa dddc chu y nhieu trong nhflng nghien cdu cd sd d Viet Nam nhd sd xuic hien va xu hudng van ddng cua cac Cd sU vdi ngddi ke chuyen la nfl d ngdi thd nhai hay cac td sd ddng tinh d Viet Nam da cd nhflng chiln Iddc tu Cd nhd the nao de Che hien ban sac gidi cua rainh Vdi cac nha Cd sd hoc Cri nhan, ho quan tam din each Co chflc Ihdi gian-khdng gian, nhip dieu CU sU irong moi lien he vdi nhdng cam xuc cd Che kich hoaC dddc ndi ngddi doc khi ho tddng lac vdi van ban td sd: mdt van ban trinh Cham phai dddc cau cruc nhd chl nao de ngddi doc cam Chiy dddc dd cang cua cac dien bien, de cd the di chech khdi nhflng "kich biin" vdn da sin cd Crong dau dc ciia ddc gia. cao ra sd bit ngd. kinh ngac hay truyen ke cho thilu nhi Chi phai cin din nhflng chiln Iddc Cu Id nhd thi nao (tinh chit cua ngddi kc chuyen, Ida chon dil'm nhin. Ida chon cac ciu tnic bieu dat) de cudn hut tre thd vao trong thi gidi td sd?
3. Ket luan
Giai doan hau kinh dien da chdng td td sd hoc khdng he la mot Ilnh vdc b l tac. can kiet nhd dinh kien ciia nhieu ngddi. Trai lai. nd dang la radt linh vUc dang phat trien nang ddng va khdng cd lap vdi nhdng dien bien cua Ii thuylt dddng dai. Khi cang ngay con ngddi cang nhan Chdc rd biin chac Cd sd cua tri Chdc, cua cac kinh nghiem ki flc, cua ban sac. ciia van hda. lich sd . , tU sU hpc cang cho thiy nd cd the dera den nhflng phddng phap. nhflng cdng cu phan tich hieu qua de chung ta hieu hdn vl chinh thi gidi ciing nhd ve ban than rainh - nhdng y niera ma chung ta da xay ddng nhd la nhflng chuyen ke
f*) Nghiin ciiu ndy duOc tin trd bdi Quy phdt triin khoa huc vd cdng nghe Qudc giu (NAFOSTED) trong di tdi md sd VUI 1-2012 02
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[1] Ian Alber & Monika Fludernik, 2010. Pn.<>lclassical Narratology Approaches & Analyses. The Ohio State University Press.
[2] David Herman (ed), \999. Nairatologies New Perspectives un Narrative Aiuilvsis The Ohio State Univcrsdy Press.
[3] David Herman, Manfred Jahn, Mane-Laure Ryan, (ed). 2005. Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory London & New York' Routledge.
[4] Tom Kindt & Hans-Harald Muller, 2003 What is Narratology. Questions and Answers Regarding the Status of a Theory. Beriin & New York Waller de Gruyter.
ABSTRACT
Postclassical Narratology: An Outline of Current Trends
In this paper, we introduce the hisCory and the use of Che Cerm 'postclassical narratology'.
As a developraent after the .structuralisra phase, postclassical narratology has becorae a muludisciplinc, interdisciplinary and Iransmedia field. It eraphasizes Che conCexCual, Che hisCPncal and the pragmatic sides of narrative and the interaction with reader lesponse. Postclassical narratology does not separate itself frora current critical theories.
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