KHOA HOC
C o n g n g h e Qua trinh xay dung ENC cho eac tuyen sdng nay kha ti mi, tdn nhilu edng si/c, keo dai trong 8 thang, trai qua cac edng doan:- Thiet ke ea sd 6u lieu ENC - Thu thap va sd hda cac tai lieu va ban dd dia hinh ea ban
- Do ve dp sau va cap nhat dja hinh ven bd
- Ra tim ehudng ngai vat
- Bien tap cac thdng sd ludng tau va he thdng bao hieu
- Chuyen ddi he thdng tpa dp - Bien tap eac ddi tupng ENC - Bien dich thanh ENC
- Thir nghiem ddi chieu ngoai hien trudng
- Odng gdi san pham.
Tren ENC, cae ddi tupng dupe bien tap thanh cae mlu tin (Record).
Mdi mau tin bao gdm cac trudng (field) chira 2 loai di/ lieu khdng gian va thude tinh theo quy djnh eiia tieu chuan qude t l S-57. Tieu chuan S-57 bien soan rat nhieu loai ddi tupng ein the hien cho ENC va khdng ngimg cap nhat cai tiln theo su phat trien eiia thuc te khach quan. Cae ddi tupng chinh can phai the hien gdm:
- Dp sau day dja hinh - Dudng dang sau - Dudng bd
- Cae dja vat cd djnh: Gang, cau vupt sdng, bin pha, dudng dien vupt sdng...
- He thdng bao hieu hang hai - He thdng bien tim ludng -Cac viing neo, viing quay trd tau, viing cam dau tau...
Toan bd vj tri eac ddi tupng 6uge quy chieu v l mat chuan tpa dp qude te WGS84 va dp sau dupe quy chieu v l mat chuan sd 0 hai dd ciia khu vuc.
Khi sir dung ENC cho mue dich dan dat tau qua lai tren ludng, nhd su tich hpp vdi may thu GPS, vj tri tau se dupe djnh vi lien tue va ve len nln ENC; ddng thdi, cac thdng tin v l vj tri tau, hudng di va tdc dp tau eung dupe thdng bao, do dd ngudi dilu khien tau se de dang nhan bilt dupe tau dang d dau, dang di dau va tai dd sau bao nhieu.
ENC ed the dupe phdng to, thu nhd de bilt dupe khdng gian chung quanh tau va ngudi dilu khien tau ed the truy cap dupe thude tinh eiia bat ky ddi tupng nao dupe hien thj tren nen ENC.
Neu tren tau ed lap dat he thdng nhan dang tu ddng (AIS Transponder), ngudi dilu khien tau ed the nhin thay hoat ddng eiia eac tau khac xung quanh minh va cd the truy cap dupe nhung thdng tin v l cac tau khac bIng each nhap ehudt vao cae bieu tupng eiia chiing tren nen ENC.
Ngoai ra, cac edng tac khac nhu tac nghiep hai dd, lap cae canh bao nguy hiem, ehpn dudng dang sau chay tau... dIu thuc hien de dang han nhilu so vdi hai dd giay truyin thdng.
Khi sir dung ENC cho mue dich quan ly va theo ddi giao thdng, neu cac tau dupe trang bj AIS Transponder, eac tram AIS receiver tren bd nhd vao he thdng ENC cd the ngoi mdt chd theo ddi bi/e tranh tdng the giao thdng hang hai.
ling dung ENC cho mue dich dan dat tau va quan ly theo ddi giao thdng thuan Ipi nhat la vao ban dem, vi khi dd ENC se phat huy tac dung Idn nhat.
Tdm lai, ENC dem lai hieu qua rat Idn cho nganh Hang hai, gdp phan tich cue cai thien an toan hang hai. Tai khu vuc TP. Ho Chi Minh-Ba Rja Vung Tau, ENC da hd trp dac luc cho Hoa tieu. Gang vu Hang hai va Bao dam an toan hang hai trong viec dan dat tau ra vao ludng an toan, hieu qua. Tai Dong bang sdng Ciru Long, ENC se dupe tich hpp vdi AIS tai cac tram AIS ca sd dat dpe theo cac tuyen ludng chinh de theo ddi giao thdng va quan ly he thdng bao hieu hang hai trong tuang lai, la cdng cu hd trp rat thuan Ipi va hieu qua.
Vdi da tang trudng eua nln kinh t l va nganh Hang hai dat nude, viec san xult nhiing san pham theo tieu chuan qude t l la tat ylu eiia qua trinh hdi nhap kinh te qude te. San xuat ENC theo tieu chuan qude te S-57 khdng ehi giiip cho nhiing nha hang hai, nhi/ng nha quan ly hang hai Viet Nam, ma edn giiip cho tau thuyen nude ngoai de dang hoat ddng trong nhiing viing hang hai Viet Nam mdt each thuan Ipi va an toan.
La mdt qude gia ed tren 3.260km bd bien, ed nhilu hai dao quan trpng, trong tuang lai nlu dupe su quan tam eua lanh dao eac cap nhu hien nay chac ehan ENC se dupe phat then xay dung thanh mdt he thdng day du, dupe cap nhat hang nam nhu mdt bd Atlas hai dd cho toan bd cae vimg bien Viet Nam de eung d p cho ngudi di bienB
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ThS. D 6 T H A N H SEN
Phd TGD Trung tam Dao tao&ngudn nhan luc HH
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ao ngay 01/12/2008, thdng qua cude hpp lan thu 85 (tir 26/11 din 05/12/2008), Uy ban An toan hang hai (MSC) da phe chuan ban de trinh bit bude trang bj hai dd dien tir ddi vdi eac tau treo ed eiia thanh vien ky kit Cdng ude SOLAS ti/nam 2012.
Theo Fairplay, Lien bang Nga da phan ddi rang mdi ehi ed khoang mdt nua viing bien tren the gidi 6agc bao phii bdi hai do dien tu, va do vay viec phe chuan sudung he thdng thdng tin va hien thj hai dd dien tir (ECDIS) thay ban dd giay thdng thudng la qua sdm.
Lien ban Nga eung ehi ra rang can mot khoan ehi phi rat cao cho hai dd dien tir, ude khoang 60.000 USD/tau chay tuyen qude t l , cdng vdi 6.000 USD de cap nhat hang nam.
Tuy nhien, dai dien CP quan Thuy van qude te (IHO) da phan bac lai ring hai dd giay hien eung bj gidi han. Van phdng IHO cho bilt, vao thang 02/2009, khoang 90%
viing bien dupe bao phii ECDIS ed ty le xich nhd. Hai dd ed ty le xich vira va Idn se bao phii 65% va du kiln se tang them 5% trong nam nay. Den 2010, se bao phii dupe 600 cang tieu bleu eiia the gidi, bao gdm ea cac tuyIn dudng ndi nhiing cang nay.
Liberia, Marshall Islands, Nigeria, Pakistan va Cuba img hd lap trudng cua Nga. Tuy nhien, cho dii bj phan bac, Dilu 19, Chuang V eiia Cdng ude SOLAS da dupe thdng qua.
Vdi su phat then eiia khoa hpc ky thuat, viec dan tau ngay cang dupe hd trp bdi cac he thdng trang thiet bj dien tir hang hai hien dai nhu Radar/ARPA, GPS, AIS..., trong dd khdng the khdng ke din ECDIS.
ECDIS da dupe gidi thieu each day khoang 50 nam ciing vdi su ra ddi eiia radar.
Tuy nhien, do edn nhilu han ehi trong ky thuat, chirc nang va khai thac nen thdi gian qua hai dd giay van la edng cu bat bude tudng chimg khdng the thay t h i dupe trong edng tac dan tau. Va phai den khda hpp lan thu 85 (tir 26/11 din 05/12/2008), MSC eiia IMO mdi phe chuan yeu eau bat bude ve trang bj ECDIS cho tau bien ke tir nam 2012.
3 8 - Tapchi HdnghaiVietNam • 7/2009
KHOA HOC Cong nghe |
trang bi bat buoc
Con dimg Si Sen yeu cau bat bugc cua ECDIS
Nam 1995, Oai hdi ddng IMO da thdng qua Nghj quyet A.817(19) v l tieu chuan thue hanh cho hai dd dien tir va sau dd dupe sira ddi bd sung vao nam 1996 bIng Nghj quyet MSC.64(67), quy djnh ap dung thilt bj sao ehep du phdng trong trudng hpp ECDIS bi hdng.
Nam 1998, MSC tilp tue ban hanh Nghj quylt MSC86(70) cho phep khai thac ECDIS d ehi dp RODS (hai dd chup), tuy nhien phai trang bj mdt bd Folio hai do giay dupe cap nhat phii hpp.
Nam 2000, thdng qua khda hpp lln thu 73, MSC da phe chuan sira ddi Chuang V (An toan hang hai) ciia Cdng ude SOLAS va cd hieu luc vao nam 2002. Dilu 19 eiia Chuong nay da chap nhan ECDIS la he thdng thda man yeu clu v l trang bj hai dd di bien. Khda hop lln thir 85 eua MSC da danh dau mdt edt mde quan trpng cho sir menh ciia ECDIS khi he thdng nay da chinh thi/c dupe phe chuan trd thanh he thdng bat bude phai trang bj tren tau biln tir 2012.
Do yeu clu bat bude nay, nhilu qude gia tren t h i gidi da ed nhimg bude thuc thi hoac chuan bj bIng cdng tac ndi luat hda hoac dua ra nhimg hudng dan then khai ap dung cu thi.
De chuan bi cho yeu clu trang bj bat bude vao 2012, cac ehii tau cIn phai nam rd nhung quy djnh v l tieu chuan ddi vdi hai dd dien tir de cd t h i trang bj ECDIS phii hop va diing tieu chuan yeu clu.
Ngoai quy dinh v l thilt bj, cac sy quan hang hai eIn phai dupe dao tao, trang bi cac kiln thi/c va ky nang dam bao khai thac hieu qua va an toan he thdng.
Yeu cau ky thuat
ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems) la mdt he thdng bao gdm ea thilt bj phan cimg va phin mIm, dupe thiet ke cho mue dich hanh hai tren tau phii hpp cac tieu ehuin ky thuat dupe quy dinh. He thdng ECDIS sir dung kem vdi hai dd dien tir ENCs (Electronic Navigational Charts). Day la mdt loai hai dd vetor do Van phdng Thiiy van qude gia (National Hydrographic Office) phat hanh.
Song song vdi ECDIS, con ed mdt he thdng khac la ECS (Electronic Chart System) - He thdng hai dd dien td. Day la thuat ngir ehi cac dang edn lai ciia hai do dien tir khdng dap img tieu chuan ciia ECDIS, ECS khdng dii an toan, khdng dap img dupe yeu cau ve tieu chuan ciia IMO/SOLAS, nen khdng dupe sir dung thay cho hai dd giay thdng thudng. He thdng nay ed t h i sir dung phd bien vdi
H « tfiAng <n^u khiAn t « u
^ non/t /ivt^m
Sa dd tich hop ECDIS vcri cac he thdng thiet bi hang hai tren tau
nhilu loai hai dd dien tir khac nhau. gdm ca hai dd chup (Raster Chart).
Nhu vay, thuat ngu ECDIS va ECS nham chi cac he thdng hai dd dien tir (bao gdm ea phan cimg va phan mem);
edn de ehi cac hai dd dien tir (phIn mIm), ngudi ta cung phan thanh hai loai RNCs va ENCs, Su phan biet gii/a hai loai hai dd nay dua tren each thi/c luu trir di/ lieu, each giao tilp giira hai dd vdi he thdng va kha nang thong tin giii'a he thdng va ngudi sir dijng,
ENCs (Electronic Navigation Charts) - Hai dd hang hai dien tir (veeto): Odi vdi hai dd nay, mdi ddi tupng bao gdm dudng ke, vat the, mau sac, khu vuc va bieu tupng dupe md ta, dinh vi va ma hda dud dang sd. Do vay khi dupe sir dung vdi ECDIS, nd ed the canh bao cho ngudi sir dung trudc hay khi tau di vao mdt khu vuc, gidi han luong, khu vuc dd sau xac djnh hay tilp can mdt vat the tren hai dd, Han the, khi dupe kit ndi vdi GPS, tdc dp kl, la ban eon quay, may do sau ARPA, AIS, ECDIS cd t h i tich hpp vdi nhiing thilt bj nay va thi hien lai hinh anh va cac thdng tin ciia toan he thdng. Chinh vi vay ECDIS khdng ehi la he thdng hien thj (Display system) ma edn la mdt he thdng thdng tin (Information system).
RNCs (Raster Navigation Charts) - Hai dd dien tirehup: Chi la dang sao chup chuyen sang anh sd tir hai dd giay, la su tap hop cac dilm anh (khdng phai veeto) img vdi cac vj tri dia ly tuang img. Khi sir dung vdi ECDIS/ECS, nd ciing cd t h i cung d p nhiing canh bao neu cac thdng tin can thilt dupe nhap vao bang tay. Odi vdi loai hai dd nay, he thdng trae dja cd the khac nhau (khdng phai ludn la WGS84) va do vay tao nen sai sd vj tri giua GPS va hai do. Tuy nhien, sai sd nay ciia RNCs phai dupe hieu chinh phii hpp.
Dieu 19 cua Chuang V, SOLAS chi' chap nhan dua ECDIS vao danh mue trang thilt bj thda man yeu d u ma khdng chip nhan cac he thdng hai dd dien tir ECS, tuy nhien khi ap dijng ECDIS phai trang bi nhimg thiet bi sao chep du phdng. ECDIS cimg dupe phep khai thac d che do RODS (hai dd chup) theo Nghi quyet MSC86(70).
Cac yeu d u v l ky thuat ciia ECDIS phai tuan thii yeu d u v l tieu chuan thuc hanh cho hai dd dien tir ban hanh theo Nghj quylt A,817(19) va dupe sira ddi bd sung bang Nghj quylt MSC.64(67) v l ap dung thiet bj sao chep du phdng phu trp trong trudng hap ECDIS bi hong.
Yeu cau ve chuyen mon
Bd luat STCW 95 va Bo luat Quan ly an toan qude te (ISM Code) yeu eau chii tau hay ngudi khai thac tau phai dam bao cho cac nha hang hai ed du nang luc
Tapchi HdnghdiVietNam • 7/2009 - 3 9
KHOA HOC
C o n g n g h eMan hinh ECDIS cimg eac thdng tin hang hai tich hop (tai UT-STC) chuyen mdn de dam nhan nhiem vu dupe
giao. Doi vdi cac tau dupe trang bj ECDIS, ngudi sir dung phai dupe dao tao de khai thac thieh hop he thdng, sir dung hai dd dien tir va lam quen vdi nhiing thiet bj tren tau trudc khi khai thac thue t l tren bien.
Khda hpc khai thac ECDIS da dupe IMO khuyen eao va dupe chuan hda theo chuang trinh IMO Model Course 1.27.
Ngoai ra, viec huan Iuyen khai thac ECDIS phai dupe cac ehu tau hay ngudi khai thac tau td chi/e tren tinh than eiia ISM Code. Theo mue 6.3 eiia Bd luat, cac cdng ty tau bien phai "thiet lap cac quy trinh de bao dam rang nhi/ng ngudi duac phan edng nhiing edng viec mdi ve an toan va phdng ngi/a d nhiem mdi trudng phai duac lam quen thieh hap vdi cdng viec eiia ho. Phai xac dinh va cung cap nhiing hudng dan thiet yeu cho thuyen vien trudc khi hanh trinh".
Hien nay, tren t h i gidi, hau hit cae trung tam huan Iuyen hang hai dIu tiln hanh dao tao theo chuang trinh IMO Model Course 1.27.
Tai Viet Nam, Quylt djnh 31/2008/QO-BGTVT ngay 26/12/2008 eiia Bd Giao thdng van tai thay t h i Quylt djnh ' 66/2005/QO-BGTVT ngay 30/11/2005 da bd sung khda huan Iuyen ECDIS vao nhdm cac khda huan Iuyen nghiep vu va cho phep cac ca sd dao tao tiln hanh dao tao va d p bang.
Thdi gian qua, chuang trinh dao tao theo IMO Model Course 1.27 eung dupe ap dung va tiln hanh tai Trung tam Oao tao&ngudn nhan luc hang hai (UT-STC), TP. Ho Chi Minh. Nhd ed he thdng md phdng vdi 04 budng lai hien dai do ddi tac Ha Lan STC-Group dau tu, he thdng tich hop giira ECDIS vdi GPS, AIS, Radar/APRA, tdc dp ke, may do sau, la ban eon quay va nhilu thiet bj hang hai khac, da eung cap nhimg bai tap thuc te v l khai thac hai dd, cung d p eac tinh hudng dien ra tren bien.
ECDIS ngay cang chimg minh dupe uu diem vupt trdi eua minh so vdi hai dd giay thdng thudng ve dp chinh xac, cac thdng tin eung d p tich hop va day dii, khai thac tien Ipi vdi nhilu chi/e nang canh bao khac nhau. Do ECDIS se bat bude trang bj tren tau vao 2012, eac chii tau can nhanh chdng chuan bj de cd the trang bj kjp thdi ECDIS cho dpi tau eiia minh va td chirc dao tao cho thuyin vien cd kha nang khai thac va sir dung tdt he thdng.
De nam ehi tiet v l yeu d u ddi vdi ECDIS, ed the tham khao eac tai lieu dudi day:
+ Nghj quylt IMO A.817(19): ^Tieu chuan thuc hanh cho he thdng hien thi hai dd va thdng tin dien tir", da sira ddi bd sung (IMO Resolution A.817(19), as amended, "Performance standards for electronic chart display and information systems")
+ Nghj quylt IMO A.830(17): Bd luat ve bao ddng va ehi bao (IMO Resolution A.830(17) Code on alarms and indicators)
+ Nghj quyet IMO A.694(17): Yeu cau Chung ve trang thiet bj vd tuyen hang hai cho he thdng GMDSS va thiet bi hang hai dien tuf (IMO Resolution A.694(17) General requirements forshipbome radio equipment forming part of the GMDSS and for electronic navigational aids)
+ Tieu chuan lEC 60945: Cac he thdng va thiet bj thdng tin vd tuyen hang hai va dan tau - Nhumg yeu cau chung - Phuang phap kiem tra va kit qua kiem tra theo yeu cau (lEC Standard 60945 Maritime navigation and radio communi- cation equipment and systems - General requirements - Methods of testing and required test results)
+ Tieu chuan lEC 6174: He thdng ECDIS, yeu d u khai thac va thuc hanh, phuang phap kiem tra va kit qua kiem tra theo yeu eau (lEC Standard 61174 Electronic chart display and infonvation system (ECDIS), operational and per- formance requirements, methods of test- ing and required results)
+ Tieu chuan lEC 61162 ve he thdng va yeu d u thdng tin vd tuyen hang hai va dan tau, giao tiep sd hda (lEC Standard 61162 Maritime navigation and radio communication equipment and systems, digital intertace)
+ Yeu d u ky thuat IHO S-52 ve chilC nang va hien thj eiia ECDIS (IHO S-52 Specifications for chart content and dis- play aspects for ECDIS)
+ Tieu chuan IHO S-57 ve chuyen tai du lieu thiiy van dupe sd hda (IHO S-57 Transfer standard for digital hydrograph- ic data)
+ Yeu d u thdng sd san pham IHO S- 61 Cho hai dd RNCs (IHO S-61 Product Specifications for RNCs) m
Cac sy quan quan ly dang thuc tap dieu ddng tau tren he thdng md phong budng Im cd trang bi ECDIS (tai UT-STC)
