: VAN DUNG DAY HQC KHAM PHA
TRONG DAY HOC CHlTOlNG SINH SAN (SINH HOC 11)
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1. Dqy hgc khdm pha (DHKP) td mdt trong nhtrng phuong phap dqy hgc (DH) ed hieu qud edn duge phat huy trong nha trudng phd thdng hien nay. Kham pha (KP) td mdt thugt ngu trong DH dung de chi cdch dqt cdu hdi, each Hm kilm kiln thue hoqe thdng Hn, Hm hieu v l cae hien tugng, phat hien ra nhirng dieu dn ddu, bi mat ben trong eae sy vqt, hien tugng.
Ferriere Jerome Brunereho rdng DHKP Id tdi Hip eqn DH md quo dd, hgc sinh (HS) tuong tae vdi mdi trudng cuo hg bdng each khdo sat, su dyng eae ddi tugng, gidi dap nhirng thdc mdc bdng tranh luqn hoy bieu dien thf nghiem. Ddi vdi chudn khoo hgc qude gia MT (NSEA) thi DHKP td td ehue eho HS tham gio vdo ede hogt ddng hgc tqp trong dd dqc biet nhan mqnh hoqt ddng dgt eau hdi, phdn tich du kien vd tu duy phe phan. Alan Cotburn tgi eho rdng DHKP id tqo nen mgt Idp hgc trong dd HS tham gio tfeh eye vdo ede hogt dgng md, Idy HS Idm trung tdm.
Nhu vqy, cd the hieu DHKP Id he thd'ng phuong phap DH phuc hgp md d dd dual vai trd djnh hudng eua ngudi dqy, ngudi hgc chu dgng viee hgc tgp cua bdn thdn de Hm kiem, xay dyng nen nhtrng hieu biet mdi vd tri thirc moi. Nhtrng tri thue ndy giup eho ngudi hgc trd tdi cae cau hdi, Hm ra cae edeh khac nhau de gidi quyet vdn de edn nhqn thue mgt each hieu qud nhdt.
2. Td ehuc cdc hoqt dgng KP. Trong DH, qud trinh KP dugc djnh hudng bdi tri td md, thdc mdc eung nhu hung thu, ham mudn Hm hieu mgt hien tugng, gidi quylt mgt vdn d l cuo con ngudi.
Qua trinh ndy bdt ngudn tu khi ngudi hgc de y tdi nhtrng dieu hap ddn, gay ngge nhien dd'i vol hg hoqe ban than bj kieh thieh t>di eau hdi mdi, van d l mdi mdu thuan vol nhtrng tri thuc vdn cd.
Trong qua trinh td ehue hoqt dgng KP eho HS, tuy vdo trinh do nhgn thue vd ngi dung DH md mue do KP khac nhau, ed the Id KP ggi y hoge khdng ed ggi y. Td chue cho HS suy nghT, thdo lugn d l Hm ro hfen tugng cdn HHI hieu, nghien
Tap chi Giao due so 2 5 0 (ki a - n/aoio)
cuu Hip theo hoge td chue ed lop Idm viee theo nhdm nhd.
De thie't k l mgt hogt dgng KP, GV cdn nghien cuu ndi dung bdi hgc den do sou edn thilt, Hm kilm nhtrng yeu td tgo Hnh hudng - eo.hgi eho hogt dgng KP, Hm tdi, phat hien. Khi dd hinh thanh y tudng thi bdt ddu xae djnh mye Heu ey the cuo hoqt ddng, Hnh d i n eae d i l u kien phuang Hen cdn cd rdi quylt djnh each to chue thye hien hogt ddng, thudng duoc cu t h i hdo bdng cae phieu hgc tgp (PHT).
3. Quy trinh DHKP. Hien nay, DHKP thudng dugc thyc hien theo quy trinh 5E nhu sou: 1) Xdc dinh nhiem vy nhdn fhuc {Engage): HS xae djnh nhiem vy nhqn thue vd lien ket ede kien thire dd hgc ed lien quan d i n ngi dung k i l n thire edn tinh hgi. Hoqt dgng DH dqc trung cuo bude ndy td dqt cdu hdi, phdt hien vdn de, ehung minh eac sy kien khdng nhdt quan,... phan cdng viee trong nhdm; 2) Tim tdi, KP (Explore): HS tryc Hep thorn gio vdo cae Hnh hudng, tri gidc tryc Hep tren dd'i tugng nhgn thuc, quo dd hinh thdnh nen son phdm ban ddu cuo minh - nen tdng v l eai edn nhgn thue. Quo thdo lugn nhdm, HS trao ddi, gdp y, bd sung, sua ddi tdng hgp nhtrng sdn phdm ban ddu thdnh sdn phdm cua tqp the, mong tfnh khach quan; 3) Gidi fhich (Explain): Day td thdi diem ngudi hgc bdt ddu ehuyen hdo k i t qud thu duge mong Hnh truu tugng song hinh thue ed the truyin dqt duge, vd ngdn ngir td each sdp xep cae sy kien logic nhdt. Sdn phdm eua nhdm se duge tgp the top thdo lugn, bd sung, hodn ehinh thdnh kiln thue ehinh xae, khoa hgc; 4) Van dung (Elaborate):
HS dugc md rgng vdn kiln thue dd hgc, k i t ndi cae kiln thue ed lien quan vd van dyng nhirng hieu bie't eua minh vdo nhtrng Hnh hudng quen thugc; 5) Ddnh gid (Evaluate): GV xae djnh nhtrng kie'n thue HS dgt duge quo hoqt ddng KP vd Hen
*Tnrcfng Dai hpc Quy Nhdn
** Tnroing Dai hpc sif pham Ha Npi
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hdnh kiem tro gid trj nhdn thire quo dd giup HS ty ddnh gid qud trinh hgc cua bdn than, ddng thai GV ddnh gid va d i l u chinh hogt dgng dqy cho phu hgp.
4 . V a n d y n g DHKP trong DH chucmg Sinh sdn Sinh hoc 11
Dac diem ndi dung chuong Sinh sdn (Sinh hgcil):
- Cdu true, logic ngi dung: Chuong Sinh sdn nd'i Hep ede chuong trudc hodn ehinh v l dqc diem cua eo the sdng, vdi sinh sdn td ddu hieu thu tu, ddu hieu giup eho cdc todi tqo ra ed the mdi de bdo tdn ndi gidng. Chuong Sinh sdn gdm 7 bdi di theo logic nghien cuu dqc diem sinh sdn d thye vqt (2 bdi) vd dqc diem sinh sdn d dgng vqt (2 bdi). Tren mdi ddi hrgng, ehung to deu xet ed v l hinh thue sinh sdn vd tfnh d hinh thue sinh sdn htru tfnh. Ngdn giira dgc diem sinh sdn cuo thye vqt vd dqc d i l m cuo dgng vqt Id bdi thye hdnh v l nhan gidng vd tinh d thye vqt l^dng gidm, ehilt, ghep. Tilp sou dd, HS duge fim hieu v l eo c h i d i l u hdo sinh son, cdc bien phap d i l u khien sinh sdn d dgng vqt vd sinh de ed ke hoqch o ngudi (2 bdi).
- Thdnh phdn k i l n thue trong chuong Sinh sdn Id k i l n thue dqi cuong, dugc tdng hgp tu eae kien thue chuyen khoo d eae top dual v l dge d i l m sinh sdn cuo eo the sdng. Trong chuong ndy ed cae thdnh phdn kiln thue sou: + K i l n thue khai niem: Cdc khdi niem v l sinh sdn, sinh sdn vd tinh, sinh sdn htru tinh, sinh sdn bdo tu, sinh sdn sinh duong,...; -i- Kiln thue co ehe, qua frinh: Cdc kiln thue ve eo che sinh sdn phan ddi, ndy ehdi, phan mdnh,... Kien thire ve qua trinh thy Hnh kep d thye vqt, thy Hnh o dgng vgt,...; + K i l n thue quy lugt: Sinh sdn theo quy luqt sd tan (ndi v l sd lugng ede the non eua eac todi dgng vgt trong mgt tdn sinh sdn); + K i l n thirc irng dyng: Kien thuc v l eae ung dyng khd nang sinh sdn vd tfnh 6 thye vgt, ddng vqt.
Vdi dqc diem ngi dung eua Sinh son nhu vgy, GV se ed nhilu eo hgi van dyng eac hoqt ddng KP de nang coo chat tugng DH chuong Sinh sdn (Sinh hgc 11) trong DH.
Vi dy khi dqy bdi «Sinh sdn hi/u ffnh dddng vdt", ed the td ehue ede hoqt dgng KP sou:
Hoci dgng 1: Xdc dinh ktidi niem sinh sdn hi/u tinh d ddng vdt. HS da cd kiai thuc eo bdn tu bai
«Sinh sdn vd tfnh dddng vdt" nen GV chi edn td ehuc HS thyc hien cdc eau «tlnh" (tr. 175 SGK) de chgn ro khai niem ehinh xae nhdt ve sinh sdn htiu tinh.
Hogf ddng 2: Tim hieu cdc giai dogn cua qud frinh sinh sdn hi/u ffnh a dgng vgf.
* Hogf dgng cua GV: Veu edu HS nghien eiru tr. 175-176 SGK vd hodn thdnh philu hgc tgp (PHT) v l «Qud frinh sinh sdn hi/u tfnh d ddng vgf.
Odgng vgt qua trinli s/n/i son hOu tinh gom 3 giai dogn:
hinh tlianb giao h}, thu finh va phoi phat trie'n thanh hgp td.
Tren day la sa do ve qua trinh sinh sdn a dgng vgf don flnh vd dgng vgf luong finh.
(1) (2) 1 (I'l
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(3) (4)
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(5)
Nguye w Phdn
(6)
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Cd the mai Dgng vgt dem tfnh
1 nhan hoa
(3) (4)
^ ^ (5)
' Nguyen nhdn Phan hoa
(6)
Cd the moi
Dgng vgf luong tfnh
a. Hay xae dinh cac fhanh phdn cua qua frinh sinh sdn hi/u finh a 2 sado fren.
b. Hay chi ra 3 giai dogn cua qua trinh sinh san hOu tinh a moi sado.
* Hogf ddng cua HS: Nghien cuu SGK vd thdo lugn nhdm de xae djnh eae thdnh phdn cuo qud trinh sinh sdn hiru tinh gdm: (1) Ca t h i dye, (2) Cd the edi, (1') Ca t h i luong tinh, (3) Tinh trung, (4) Trung, (5) Hgp tu, (6) Phdi. Quo dd ehi ro 3 gioi dogn cuo qua trinh sinh sdn htru Hnh d dgng vqt.
Hogt ddng 3. Nghien cuu ve qud frinh thy finh a dgng vgf
' Hogt ddng cua GV: Yeu edu HS nghien cuu tr. 177 SGK de trd ldi cae eau hdi sou: - Thy tinh ngodi vd thy tinh trong gidng vd khae nhau o d i l m ndo?; - Tqi sao ndi thy Hnh trong ed uu the hon thy Hnh ngodi?.
* Hogf dgng cua HS: Nghien cuu SGK, chi ra d i l m gidng nhau gitra thy Hnh ngodi vd thy Hnh trong Td d i u ed sy hgp nhat giira giao tu dye vd giao tu cai. Nhung cd khde nhau td thy Hnh trong d i l n ro trong co quan sinh dye cuo eon eai, thy Hnh ngodi dien ro ben ngodi eo t h i . Tu do, cdc em ed the gidl thieh sd dTthy Hnh trong uu t h i hon thy Hnh ngodi vi xae sua't Hnh trting thy Hnh cho trung coo hon (hieu sudt thy Hnh eoo hon).
Hogf ddng 4: Tim hieu ve hinh fhuc de trung vd de con (xem bdng).
* Hogf ddng cua GV: yeu edu HS nghien cuu t r . l 7 7 SGK vd hodn thdnh PHT v l «De trirng vd de con".
Tap chi Giao due s6 2 5 0 (ki a . n/aoio)
Hay sap xep cac dac diem ve de trdng va de con vao dung vj tri cua no d bang sau. - Gap ci ca, lLf8ng ca. bo sat, chim, diSng vat khong xLTOng song; - Gap 6 thu, 1 so loai ca;
- Phoi phat trien nhd chat dinh du3ng diJ trC trong trifng;
- Phoi phat then nhd chat dinh duong ciia co the me qua nhau thai; - TrC/ng dudc bao ve bang vo cung blng canxi hoac mang nhay bao ngoai; - So lUdng ca the sinh ra it;
- Sd lUdng trCrng sinh ra rat nhilu, nhidu loai de tdi 3000 trirng/ mua sinh san.
De trirng €)e con
tinh hdi. Bdng hogt ddng cuo minh, HS Hm ra k i l n thuc, ty ma hda, cdu true va sdp x l p tgi ehung de dua vdo bg nhd, nhd vqy md do ben kien thire tdng ten. Mgt khde, qua ty lyc hoqt dgng, HS ren luyen dugc phuong phdp ty hgc, thdi quen ty hgc - eo sd de nang eao chdt lugng vd hieu qud DH. •
* Hogt ddng cija HS: nghien cuu SGK vd thdo lugn nhdm d l xde djnh ede dqc diem eua hinh thuc de trung va cdc dqc diem cuo hinh thue de eon vd cho 1 so vi dy md cae em biet ve hoi hinh thue ndy.
O ddy GV ed the dqt cau hdi « V/ sao vdo mdi mua sinh sdn cdc lodi dgng vdt de frung (cd, rua, ran,...) de rdt nhieu frong khi cdc lodi thu dgc biet Id ngudi Igi de rdt it?" d l cac em ed the ty Hm each ti gidi eho quy luqt sinh sdn theo luqt sd Idn.
DHKP dd phat huy tdi da uu the td ehue eho HS thye hien ede hoqt dgng KP d l Hm ra tri thue edn
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Alberta learning. Focus on inquiry. Learning and teaching resources branch, 2004.
2. Alan Colburn. Inquiry primer. Science scope journal, 3/2000.
}i. Peter Westwood. What teachers need to know about teaching method. ACER press (Australian council of educational Research press), 2008.
4. Tran Ba Hoanh. Doi mdi phuong phap day hoc, chuong trinh va SGK. NXB Dgi hgc suphgm, H. 2007.
5. Nguyen Thanh Dat (tong chu bien) - Le Dinh Tuan (chii bien) - NguySn Nhu Khanh. Sinh hoc l l . N X B G / d o J u c , H. 2007.
6. http://www.miami.Org/ph/lpintro5e.html#e4#e4.
Dir theo (lan 2) Thong j f ^ J j k tu ve Q\iy che dao too ttinh
^ • , ^ ^ ^ do Ihpc 5f moi duoc trung cdu
* 4 i L ^ y kien tren mong (ngay 1 0 /
^ ^ 11/2010), p h o n P / i u k v e trinh do ngogi ngii- tuong duong cop do Bl cua Khung chau Au op dung cho CT trinh do thgc si trinh do ngogi ngu cua nguoi hgc dugc ddnh gid quo 4 kT nang:
Trinh dfi noi: - Hoc vien (HV) co the: - Tham gio vdo cdc cugc trao ddi xd giao khong chudn bi truoc ve nhOng chu de quen thugc md bdn thdn quan tdm vd cong viec thuong nhdt mgt cdch khd tu tin; - Cung cdp tuong ddi chi tiet thong tin, y kien, cd the mieu td, bdo cdo vd ke Igi mgt su kien/tinh hudng; - Sir dyng da dgng cdc cdu true don gidn vd mgt sd cdu true phuc tgp nhung ddi khi lucre bd/gidm bdt mgt sd thdnh phdn nhu mgo tir, dgng tu' thi qud khu.
Tuy nhien vdn mflc nhieu ldi phdt dm vd ngO phdp, ddi khi gay cdn trd giao tiep; - Sir dyng top hgp nhiing tu dung hdng ngdy, ngu dogn vd thdnh ngu quen thudc; - Cgt muc luu ludt trong giao tiep thong thudng, nhung vdn cdn nhieu chd ngdp ngung; - Trao ddi qua dien thogi nhOng vdn de quen thugc, nhung cdn gap nhieu khd khan vd lung tung khi khong cd hinh d n h / phuong tien nghe nhin hS trg.
Trinh dfi nghe: - HV cd the: - Nghe Idy y chinh vd xdc dinh dugc cdc fir ngii mdu chdt vd nhOng chi tiet quan trgng trong ngon ngir ndi cd do khd trung binh (cdc dogn hgi thogi true dien, cdc bang hinh bang tieng, ede chuong tnnh phdt thanh) trang cdc tinh hudng giao tiep nghi l§
hoge thong thuong, ve cdc ehu de hdng ngdy lien quan den bdn thdn; - Hieu khd nhieu ttr ngii thong thudng va mgt sd lugng rdt hgn che cdc thdnh ngu; - Hieu cdc dien ngdn trong ngi;cdnh ro rdng, ve cdc kinh nghiem vd kien thuc chung;
- Hieu cdc tdp hgp chi ddn/ hudng ddn ngdn, hieu cdc edu hdi true tiep ve kinh nghiem bdn than hoge ede ehu de quen thugc; - Ooi luc yeu cdu ngudi ndi nhdc Igi; - Nghe hieu, dodn tnroc dugc cdc idi nhdn don gidn tren dien thogi, nhung vdn gap nhieu khd khan.
Trinh dfi doc: - HV cd the: - flgc vd ndm y chinh, hieu cdc tu' chu yeu vd ehi tiet quan trgng trang mgf bdi vfln xudi don gidn (3-5 dogn) hoge bdi dgc khdng theo hinh there van xuoi trang ngi; cdnh su dyng ngon ngu cd yeu cdu khd coo; - Tim hai hoge ba chi tiet ey the trong cdc bdi dge dgng van xudi, bdng, bieu vd lich trinh dung cho myc dich phdn tieh, so sdnh; - Hieu tin nhdn, thu, lich trinh, hdnh trinh duge ddnh mdy hoge viet toy ro rdng; - Ldy thong fin ve cdc ehu diem quen fhude tir cdc
bdi dgc cd bd eye ro rdng, gdn gOi vdi kien thuc nen vd trdi nghiem bdn thdn; - Thudng xuyen dung tu dien don ngi; dgng don gidn, thief ke cho ngudi hgc nhu ngon ngir thu hai hoge ngogi ngO; - Ngdn ngu cuo bdi dgc chu yeu Id ey the vd sdt vdi thyt te, vdi mdf sd myc fu foiu tugng, chuo dung cdc khdi niem chuyen mdn vd cd the ddi hdi ki nflng suy ludn o mut do thdp de hieu (vi dy ngudl hgc cd the dodn mgf vdi fir mdi bdng cdch nhdn ra tien to vd hdu to).
Trinh dfi viet: HV cd khd nang hodn thdnh cdc nhiem vy viet tuong ddi phirc tgp vd ed the: - Truyen dgf cd hieu qud cdc thong fin quen thugc frang mdf bd eye chudn quen thudc;
- Viet cdc birc thu vd bdi viet ddi mgf, hai dogn;
-Cien mdu khoi xin viec vdi cdc nhdn xet ngdn ve kinh nghiem, khd nang, uu diem; - Ldm bdo cdo; - Viet Igi cdc thong tin don gidn, nghe dugc hoge nhin thdy; - Ghi chep khi nghe ede bdi frinh bdy ngdn hoge fir cdc tdi lieu tham khdo; - Ghi chep thong tin fir bdng, bieu dudi dgng mgf dogn van mgch Igc; - Ghi Igi Idi nhdn dien thogi hdng ngdy; - The hien khd nflng kiem sodt viet tdt vdi cdc cdu true don gidn song vdn gap khd khan vdi mgf sd cdu tmc phirc tgp; mdf sd cdu/eym fir vief ra nghe chua fu nhien (ghep fir).
.i .,. ,;, . (Ngudn: moet.gov.vn)
