The economic impact of the development of tourism has been considered from a wide variety of different perspectives, and largely as a recipe for developing regions or countries. The first seven contributions determine the economic impact of tourism on destinations: these include the redistributive effects of tourism (Chapter 1, by Polo & Valle), the role of SMEs (Chapter 2, by Costa, Costa, Breda), the contribution of tourism to the local economy (Chapter 3, by Karuaihe, Tsoanamatsie, Mashile, Molokomme, & Nmemachena), the economic and political utility of national parks (Chapter 4, by Rettie), the impact of tourism income inequality (Chapter 5, by Assadzadeh & Yalghouzaghaj), the correlation between tourism development and professional mobility (Chapter 6, by Despotaki, Tsartas, Stavnoudis, & Doumi), and the role of Chinese outbound demand (Chapter 7, by Rodrigues & Breda).
C HAPTER O NE
T HE B ALEARIC I SLANDS : E CONOMY AND R EDISTRIBUTION
E FFECTS OF T OURISM
C LEMENTE P OLO AND E LISABETH V ALLE
Abstract
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Methodology
- The algebra of SAM models
- Redistribution effects in SAM models
- Numerical specification
- Results
- A tourism-oriented sectoral classification and links In the case where only production activities are endogenous, SAM-IOM,
- The weight of tourism and the impact of tourism growth We have already shown the sectoral and aggregate production shares
- Redistribution effects of tourism
- Conclusion
In the SAM-IOM scenario, service sectors such as 'Accommodation' and 'Travel Services', aimed at meeting the demand of non-residents, achieve increases of more than 10%. In the case of highly touristic sectors, the greatest effects occur when the injection goes to 'Accommodation services' and 'Restaurant services'.
Tourism has played and continues to play a key role in the Balearic economy, and regional authorities should pay more attention to collecting more accurate, disaggregated data on both international and domestic non-resident consumers. Moreover, it would be very useful for researchers to have a complete set of regional accounts and periodic input-output tables.
Notes
C HAPTER T WO
I NVESTMENT P ROFILE OF T OURISM
E NTERPRISES IN P ORTUGAL
R UI C OSTA , C ARLOS C OSTA AND Z ÉLIA B REDA
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- The role of private sector in the tourism industry The private sector plays a central role in tourism, by providing the
- Specificities of small and micro-sized enterprises The tourism private sector in Portugal is constituted mainly by SMEs
- Methodology
- Results
- Number of enterprises
- Total investments
- Incentives obtained
- Job creation
- Conclusion
It is also noticeable that the number of approved projects at the SME level is not reflected in the total investment. Considering the number of companies, small and micro companies received the most incentives.
C HAPTER T HREE
I NDUSTRY TO THE L OCAL E CONOMY
S ELMA K ARUAIHE ,
N THABISENG T SOANAMATSIE ,
L EBOGANG M ASHILE , M ARIA M OLOKOMME AND C HARLES N HEMACHENA
- Introduction
- Tourism in South Africa and Limpopo Province
- Literature Review
- The role of tourism in economic development Regional tourism represents a sub-category of international tourism and
- Methodology
- Results
- Analysis of secondary data
- Analysis of empirical results
- Conclusion
The present study contributes to the tourism literature in general and highlights the role of the tourism industry in the economies of South Africa and the Limpopo provinces. The government should maximize the potential of the tourism industry's contribution to the national and provincial economy by raising awareness of possible policies and incentives to benefit stakeholders.
Acknowledgement
C HAPTER F OUR
T HE E CONOMIC AND P OLITICAL U TILITY OF N ATIONAL P ARKS
K ATHY R ETTIE
- Introduction
- Background
- Economic and Political Utility
- Social Relevance and Connection
- Is it all About the Money?
- Conclusion
Successful business entities in national parks see environmental issues as obstacles that must be turned into opportunities. This effectively transferred responsibility for the care and protection of national parks to Canadians. Parks Canada's focus on the importance of national parks to a personal sense of connection for all Canadians dominates new and aggressive marketing campaigns.
For the first time, the agency is hiring staff dedicated to marketing national parks as a "product." Canada's national parks have had a unique class of economic and political influence since their creation. This is certainly true of Canada's national parks, which contribute more than CDN$2.4 billion to federal GDP.
C HAPTER F IVE
I NEQUALITY
A HMAD A SSADZADEH
AND A KBAR G HASEMI Y ALGHOUZAGHAJ
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Methodology
- Results
- Conclusion
The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines inequality as "the difference in distribution or opportunity." Most measures of inequality are constructed using mathematical formulations. The simplest measure of income inequality is the range, i.e. the difference between the highest and lowest income values for a population sample. Results from the regression analysis show that the tourism industry has reduced gross income inequality in the sample countries used in the study.
We use panel data regressions with 21 MENA countries to measure the impact of tourism on income inequality. The results show that tourism GDP has a negative and significant impact on income inequality in MENA countries. The purpose of this chapter was to examine the impact of tourism on income inequality in MENA countries from 2000 to 2010 using unbalanced panel data.
C HAPTER S IX
M ULTI -P ROFESSIONALISM AND P ROFESSIONAL M OBILITY
G EORGIA D ESPOTAKI , P ARIS T SARTAS , T HEODOROS S TAVRINOUDIS
AND M ARIA D OUMI
- Introduction
- Literature Review 1. Mobility
- Professional mobility
- Tourism employment
- Multi-professionalism and professional mobility in Greece Several researchers have dealt with the study of professional mobility and
- Methodology
- Results
- Factors influencing the structure of hospitality industry The hospitality industry, which has developed within the framework of the
- Multi-professionalism and additional income Multi-professionalism and supplementary profession consist two of the
- Multi-professionalism and professional mobility As mentioned in the literature review, the mobility in tourism industry is a
- Conclusion
According to research findings, tourism constitutes the main occupation of the vast majority of the indigenous population of the region. It is significant and surprising that none of the research participants were graduates of the Academy of Tourism. Mobility was observed in 16.7% of persons engaged in hospitality industry businesses and 33.3% of independent professionals with fewer than three employees.
This section presents the main conclusions drawn from the literature and mainly the empirical investigation of multi-professionalism and professional mobility in the hospitality industry of the island of Chios. However, in the case of Chios' professional mobility, a lack of intensity was recorded, mainly explained by the level and type of tourism development of the specific destination. Salary equality between men and women in the domain of tourism empirical investigation of the current situation and the notification of perspectives.
C HAPTER S EVEN
V ITOR R ODRIGUES AND Z ÉLIA B REDA
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Methodology
- Results
- Conclusion
In the early 1990s, the Chinese outbound market accounted for only 3.5% of the region's total departures. Despite the late development of China's outbound tourism (COT), it has become one of the most important tourist destinations in Asia and the world. As a result of these changes, many events occurred in the 1990s and 2000s that led to the positive and successful development of the Chinese outbound market (Figure 7.1).
Due to this performance, the Chinese outbound market contributed 9% of the international tourism market (COTRI, 2014). This study aims to understand the Chinese outbound market and the chapter is the result of extensive research into the socio-demographic and travel profiles of the Chinese outbound tourism market. The size and constant transformation of the Chinese outbound market seems unlimited, and this expands the range of possibilities and dreams of the new benefits of.
C HAPTER E IGHT
T ROUBLING W ATERS OF O THERNESS : I MPLICATIONS FOR M USIC , C ULTURE
AND T OURISM
M TAFITI I MARA AND R ANJEETA B ASU
Introduction
According to the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO, 2013), international tourism has grown steadily from 25 million arrivals in 1950 to over 1 billion in 2012. Tourism has grown faster in emerging economies over the past few decades, taking their market share from 30% in 1980 to 47% in 2012. India has registered over 15% growth in its tourism industry over the last five years.
While inbound tourism grew significantly during this time, outbound tourism growth outpaced it, making India a net sending country (Gopalan, 2013). In this chapter, we argue that these global changes have implications for the field of tourism research. This research is based on our definition of interdisciplinarity as combining the assumptions, theories and methodologies of otherwise different disciplines: in this case, economics (trade and labor) and music/cultural theory (Basu & Imara, 2014).
Conceptual Framework
- Tourist and host country
- Migrants and host country
- Ethnographer and ethnographic subject
The current shift in global economic power has changed this landscape and possibly the perspective and intent of the tourist. We are in the early stages of this process which may well be the end of the aforementioned post-industrial period as defined by Massey and the beginning of a new period. There has also been an increase in diaspora workers from the BRICS countries returning home to take advantage of the economic boom in their home countries.
It is a phase often characterized by the naming privilege and the other's aforementioned "fetish problem" (Pietz, 1985, p.17). Using this model as a framework for reflection, we argue that performing identity and awareness of shared identities between researcher and subject is a derivative of. Much has been said (Muhs, Niemann, González, & Harris, 2013; Ntarangwi, 2010) about the 'multi-vocality' of research subjects, but this research also reveals the importance of 'multi-vocality' of the researchers.
Conclusion
While we understand the pitfalls of suggesting that researchers' positionality is relevant, our reflexivity goes beyond essentialist notions. All the above characteristics played a role in generating/denying access to research subjects in Goa representing a mix of different religions and ethnicities. According to Kempadoo (2013), the emergence of the BRICS on the global economic scene, together with the emergence of concepts of de-Westernization and decolonization in academic literature, led to the recognition that “the majority of the world's population no longer has a claim to recognition through or include in.
The reversal of the roles that groups of people play within the context of tourism, migration and ethnographic research opens the door to the possibility of erasing otherness. It is true that at this early stage, the challenge of cultural space and resistance to abdication of power may be inevitable. But with conscious self-reflection and a reframing of the narrative about the purpose of tourism, migration and ethnographic research, we can reach a point where these activities can be approached as life-affirming learning experiences.
C HAPTER N INE
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Methodology
- Results
- Conclusion
The final sample for the qualitative part of the study consisted of 17 accommodation establishments (chain and independent hotels, hostels and others) in the metropolitan area of Lodz. The qualitative part of the study was used to determine and verify the importance of location-based determinants of accommodation prices. However, overestimated values (shown as black triangles in Figure 9.3) were identified in the southern part of the city center.
The managers of accommodation companies outside the center of Lodz clearly saw the advantages of this location. In the metropolitan area of Lodz, a location in the center of the city is a crucial determinant of accommodation prices. Those managers of establishments operating in the Lodz metropolitan area determined the nature of the competition in the accommodation business.
Acknowledgements
However, in the case of accommodation prices in the metropolitan area of Lodz, location in the city center is statistically much less important than proximity to direct competitors or transport hubs. The investigated spatial fluctuations in accommodation prices confirm a split within the central district of Lodz and a distortion of prices within its southern area. It shows large-scale revitalized post-industrial complexes in the northern part of the central district of Lodz and confirmed the spatial disintegration and deformation of the investigated area.
Spatial variability of accommodation prices clearly corresponds to those zones identified by Marcinczak (2012): the core of the functional urban region; the suburban zone; and the suburban zone. Thus, a significant proportion of the luxury and mid-range hotels benefited from their central location in the core of the metropolitan area. However, the current rapid growth of the public transport system and the rail and road network in the metropolitan area of Lodz can lead to significant changes in accommodation prices.
C HAPTER T EN
A US T OURISM D EMAND F ORECASTING
S TUDY BASED ON THE P ERFORMANCE OF THE S TOCK M ARKETS
- Introduction
- Literature Review
- Tourism demand forecasting
- Methodology
- Results
- Experiment I
- Experiment II
- Experiment III
- Experiment IV
- Conclusion
In this chapter, the multi-period strategy used is the ordinary least-squares fit of the IVS in the United States, based on multi-period stock market performance. Linear regression with a multi-period strategy based on the NASDAQ Composite is also a good model for predicting IVS in the United States. The results of four experiments show that the Linear Regression (LR) model with a one-period strategy was adequate in the first two cases.
It performed worse than the LR model with a single period strategy in the first two experiments. Bestglm models based on AIC or BIC gave the most accurate forecasts when changes in the NASDAQ Composite and Standard Poor's 500 were used. Meanwhile, the multi-collinearity problem still exists in the LR model with a multi-period strategy.
S UBJECT I NDEX
65 Country Labor Rate 75 CPAWS 65 (See also: Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society) Canadian Parks and Wilderness.
