Nguyin Thj Thu - Dgng M[-
BIEN D 6 I T R O N G T R O T CUA NGtTcn CO Of XA TRA SOTN.
HUYEN TRA BONG, TINH QUANG NGAI VA MOT SO VAN DE DAT RA^
NCS. Nguyln Thi Thu NCS. Dang Minh Ngpe Vien Dan toe hpe
Tdm tdt: Bdi viet de cap tdi nhitng bien ddi trong trdng trot cua ngudi Co d xd Trd San, huyen Trd Bdng, tinh Qudng Ngai. Thdi gian gdn ddy, dudi tdc ddng cua cdc diiu kien mdi, ngudi Co d day da tdng toi da diin tich rupng nude di ddnh dien tich nuang Ida cho phdt triin cdc cdy ndng sdn hdng hda. ddc biit Id nhitng cdy cao sdn, kit hpp chdm sdc rimg. Vi vgy, ddng bdo dd chu trpng gieo trdng cdc gidng lua ndng sudt cao vdi nhirng ky thudt canh tdc mdi tren rupng nude, xudt hiin kinh te Idm nghiep thdng qua hogt ddng qudn ly bdo vi rimg.
Song, trdng trpt cua ngudi Co hiin vdn dang ddi mat vdi nhitng khd khdn, nhdt Id ddi ngheo do thiiu ddt sdn xudt. khdng ddm bdo an ninh luong thuc nen vdn gia tdng tinh trgng phd rimg Idm nuang. Vdn di ndy rdt cdn duac cdc cdp, cdc ngdnh cd bien phdp thdo gd.
Tu khda: Ddn tdc Co, sinh ke, trdng trpt, nuang rdy, rupng nude, bien ddi.
Abstract: This article discusses the changes in farming activities of the Co people in Tra Son commune, Tra Bong district. Quang Ngai province. Due to the impacts of new circumstances, the Co people have maximized wet rice squares in order to save all upland for commercial agriculture, especial highly productive plants in combination with forest plants.
They use hybrid productive seeds with new farming technologies for their wet rice agriculture.
In addition, they start their forestry economy through forest protection activities. However, due to the lack of farming land, the Co people still suffer from poverty and food insecurity. This leads to forest destruction for the purpose of slash and burn farming. These problems should be of concern to authorities at all levels and resolved in some way.
Keywords: Co people, livelihoods, farming, upland, wet land, changes.
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 15/6/2020; ngdy giriphdn bien: 3/7/2020; ngdy duyet ddng: 28/7/2020
' Bai Viet la ket qua ciia de tai Khoa hoc cong nghe cap Quoc gia "Mot so van de ca ban i a ^^p bach trong cong dong cac ddn loc thieu so lai cho khu vuc Tdy duyen hat mien Trung", ma so CTDT 1S 36/16-20 do Vi?n dan Igc hoc thuc hipn. PGS.TS. Biii Van Dao lam chu nhi?m. Thupc Churong trinh KH&C N cap Quoc gia giai do^n 2016-2020 "Nhirng v k de c a ban va c^p bach ve dan tpc thieu so va chinh sach dan lo^ <j \ |^, ^ a m d^n nam 2030", ma so CTDT/16-20 do Uy ban Dan toe chii tri.
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'4-2020 29^
Dat vdn di
Tra Son la xd miin niii thupc huyen Trd Bdng, tmh Qudng Ngai, each trung tam huyen 5km vi phia tdy bdc, cdch tiring tdm tirih Quang Ngai 54km vi phia tdy nam. Phia ddng gidp thi trdn Trd Xuan; phia bdc gidp xa Trd Thiiy; phia tay giap xa Tra Lam (cac xa, thi trdn nay cung thudc huyen Tra Bdng); phia nam gidp hai xa Tra Tan, Trd Nhan (huyen Tay Tra).
Tdng dien tich tu nhien toan xa 5.070,7ha. Dia hinh chii yeu mii ddc vd chia cat, xen ke ed nhung sudi nhd vd thung liing hep, la diem eu tni va canh tde rudng nude cua ngudi dan trong xa. Nam 2019, xa cd 1.215 hd vdi 5.426 nhdn khau, trong dd dan tdc Co cd 1.206 hd, 5.388 khau, chiim 99% sd hd va sd khdu, cdn lai la dan tdc Kinh (5 hd, 22 khdu), Hre (3 hp, 13 khdu), Tdy (1 hp, 03 khdu). Hien nay Trd Son la xa khu vuc III, khu vuc dae biet khd khdn, dac thii dieu kien tu nhien vd dan cu, kinh te - xa hpi cdn cham phat trien.
Trude nam 1975, boat dpng trdng trpt chii yeu ciia ngudi Co la canh tac nuong rdy, d mdt sd noi ngudi dan cdn lam rudng nude. Ben canh trdng cay luong thuc, ngudi Co d day cdn trdng que rimg (Ngd VTnh Binh, 2005, tr. 185-190). Sau nam 1975, dac biet tir khi Ddi mdi din nay, dudi tdc dgng cua kinh te thi trudng va ehmh saeh eiia Nha nude, hoat ddng trdng trot eua ngudi Co da cd nhiing bien ddi. Ve co ban, hoat ddng sinh ke trdng trpt hien nay cua ngudi Co d Tra Son bao gdm: canh tde nuong rdy, canh tdc rupng nude. Tir bdi canh neu tren, bdi viit nay trinh bay thuc ti-ang bien ddi cac boat ddng trdng trpt cua ngudi Co hien nay vd mdt sd van de dat ra qua nghien eiiu trudng hgp tai xa Trd Son, huyen Tra Bdng, tinh Quang Ngai. Dk, cii phdn tich sau vd xac thuc, bai viet dua vdo tu lieu thuc dia tir ket qua nghien ciiu ciia de tdi ^"Mdt sd vdn de ca bdn vd cdp bdch trong cdng ddng cdc ddn tpc thieu sd tgi chd khu vuc Tdy duyen hdi mien Trung", ma sd CTDT 18.36/16-20 do PGS.TS. Bui Van Dao lam ehu nhiem, vdi mgt trong cac diem nghien curu cua de tai nam 2019 tai thdn Ddng cii.
1. Bien ddi trong canh tac nuong riy
Cu tni trong mdi tiudng rimg, dia hinh ddc va chia cat, din trudc nam 1975, ngudi Co xa Trd Son sdng chu yiu dua vdo ti-dng trpt nuong rdy. Theo ky ire ngudi gia, den khi ngudi Phap sang, nuong rdy la hinh thiic trdng trpt duy nhdt trong xa. Do ddt rdng ngudi thua, nen tdn tai hinh thire quay vdng nuong rdy, luan khoanh khep kin. Dat rdy ciia mdi hd gia dinh gdm rdy duong canh tac vd rdy huu canh, trong dd ray huu canh rpng hon nhieu lan rdy duong canh. Rdy duong canh duge tiring mpt - hai nam rdi bd hda, sau 10 - 15 nam dugc khai phd trd lai. Theo eac bde cao nien, trude day, di sdng dua vao nuong, mdt hd gia dinh 5 ngudi (hai vg ehong vd ba ngudi con) cdn it nhdt l,5ha ddt rdy duong canh va lOha dat rdy huu canh, bdo dam nang sudt cay trdng dn dinh vd khdng ddn den pha rung. Cd the coi day la loai hinh ray phdt triin, img xii ed chgn lua cua con ngudi de duy tri he sinh thdi rimg ben viing.
Nguyen Thj Thu - Ddng A/ • ' } - ^ ^ Quy trinh canh tdc ray bao gdm cac cdng doan phat, ddt, trgc, tiia, 1dm co. > lo \e va thu hoaeh. Ray dugc canh tdc mdt vu/nam, trimg vdi miia mua, tir thdng 3 den ihang 10 duong lich. Cdng cu lam rdy don gidn nhung thich dung vdi ddt dde, gdm: dao {vuk), riu phat ray (xwoA), gay chpc Id {gay da mul) (Luu Hung, 2005, tr. 171), dng Id d va giu nhd tria liia, cudc nhd lam cd va gui Idn de thu hoach. Tren rdy, ngudi Co da canh vd xen canh hang chuc cdy trdng khdc nhau, chia thanh nhdm cay luong thuc (lua, ke, ngd, sdn), nhdm cay thuc phdm (bau, bi, dua, cd, mudp, dt, mia, rau xanh) vd nhdm cdy tieu diing (bong det vdi, thude la). Da canh va xen canh la ky thudt cd chpn lira nhdm phu kin thuc bi, ban che xdi mdn ddt va cung liic dem lai nhieu ndng sdn phue vu ddi sdng, vira bdo ve mdi trudng, vira cho hieu qua kinh ti tdi uu. Do ddt rdy ndm tren dia hinh ddc, ngudi dan chii yiu sii dung tro rimg, khdng bdn phdn cho dat, nhung nang suat cay ti-dng tren ray tuong ddi cao. Theo y kiin thao luan ciia ngudi dan, nam trung binh dat khoang 1,8 - 2,0 tan liia/vu, khdng thua kem so vdi nang suit rudng nude ciing thdi. Mac du vdy, do phu thudc thdi tiet (chii yeu la lugng mua) nen nang suit rdy khdng dn dinh, nam dugc miia cd the thu tren 2 tdn liia/ha/vy, niu mdt miia ehi vai ba tram kg. Trong dieu kien tu nhien vd dan cu trudc day, canh tac nuong ray la ehgn lira va img xir uu viet, dap irng hdu het nhu edu sdng ciia eon ngudi.
Biin ddi trong boat ddng sinh ke nuong ray d ngudi Co xa Tra Son trude het the hien d dien tich nuong ray gidm di rd ret, nguyen nhan do su tdng ddn sd vd tac dgng tit chinh sach quan ly rung ciia Nhd nude. Toan bp ddt rdy huu canh dang bd hda, ddc ti-en 30" deu do cac lam trudng, sau nay la cde Ban Qudn ly rimg huyen Tra Bdng qudn ly. Cde hp gia dinh ehi dugc phep sdn xudt ddt rdy duong canh. Ngudi dan duge van ddng xda bd lam rdy du canh, khdng phd rimg lam ray. Dien tich ddt ray eua hd gia dinh giam di phdn Idn. Theo ket qua thdo ludn nhdm vdi dai dien 8 hd dan thdn Ddng cho biet, nam 2019, dien tich ddt ray binh qudn l,3ha/hd. Sd lieu do UBND xa Trd Son dua ra theo binh quan dien tich ray/hp thap hon, do mdt sd dam rdy chua duge cap gidy chung nhan quyen sir dung. Theo do, dien tich dat ray thdng ke duge trong toan xa nam 2019 la 1.116ha, binh qudn 0,91ha/hp (UBND xa Tra Son, 2019). Theo tdi lieu thao luan nhdm cdng ddng tai thdn Ddng, dien tich ddt ray nam 2019 ciia thdn la 205ha, binh qudn l,2ha/hd. Xir ly tai lieu phieu dieu tra 200 hd gia dinh ddn tpc Co d thdn Ddng (xd Tra Son) vd Thdn 2 (xa Trd Thiiy) cho thdy, nam 2019, dien tich ddt rdy binh quan/hd Id l,27ha. Cdc sd lieu tren cd sai biet do dugc tinh tir nhieu mdu cd quy md khdc nhau, nhung deu cho thdy d ngudi Co xd Trd Son, ddt ray binh quan/hg ngay nay chi tren l,Oha/hd, it hon hang chuc lan so vdi trudc ddy.
Dinh canh ddt ddc vd tdc ddng eiia kinh te thi trudng dan den thay ddi he cay trdng tren nuong ray, vdi cdy trdng chii dao la cdc gidng lua can nhu ba ul, ban he, ba xanol, ba brak, ba lop. ba ka boi, ba nao (Luu Hiing, 2005, tr. 171). Trong khodng hon 10 nam sau 1975, ngudi Co trong xa cdn duy tri ray da canh, xen canh cay luong th\re, thuc phdm truyen thing, trong dd lua la cdy trdng chinh. Khodng tii nam 1990, do canh tdc lien tut. khdng bd hda, ddt rdy da bac mdu, ndng suat liia ngdy cdng suy gidm, ngudi ddn da chuyen „ ,.M trdng
Tgp chi Ddn tpc hoc sd'4 - 2020
ngd, khoai, sdn gidng dia phuong. Id cdc cay de phat trien hon lua. Ray phat trien luan khoanh khep kin mdt diiu kien tdn tai, budc phai chuyen sang giai doan rdy tan ra, canh tac lau dai tren ddt ddc va lam suy giam chat lugng dit. Nhiing ndm 1995 din 2010 la thdi ky khd khan trong viec tim tdi, xac dinh cay trdng tren rdy, vi dat rdy bae mau, trdng ngd, sdn gidng dia phuong ciing cho nang sudt ngay cang giam. Tir nam 2010 din nay, nuong rdy cua ngudi Co xa Tra Son ddn chuyen hudng sang trdng cac loai cdy ndng san hang hda nhu keo nguyen lieu, san cao san, ngd lai Biosit, chudi (Biii Van Dao, 2019). Ndm 2019, toan xa cd 1.116ha ddt rdy, trong do thdn Ddng cd 205ha, tren do ti-dng ba loai cay vdi dien tich vd gia tri kinh te nhu sau:
- Cdy keo, dien tich toan xa la 765ha, binh quan 0,62ha/hd, dien tich d thdn Ddng la 145ha, binh quan 0,8ha/hp, nhin chung chiim tren 70% tdng dien tich dit rdy. Keo la cay cho nguyen lieu cua cdng nghiep gd, lam nhd, ehdng ham Id, cd chu trinh trdng va khai thac 5 - 7 nam, uu diem la tdn it cdng lao dpng vi tir nam thii ba din khi thu hoach khdng cdn cham sdc; song mat ban che la mat nhieu nam mdi cho thu hoach vd gia tri kinh te tren don vi ha khdng thuc su cao. Dii vay, trong dieu kien dat ray da bac mdu, keo dugc coi la loai cay gidm ngheo, phat trien manh va phd bien d cac dan tgc thieu sd tai chd khu vuc mien nui cac tinh duyen hai mien Trung tir Quang Tri vao Binh Dinh. Keo dugc thucmg lai ngudi Kinh thu mua, phan thanh hai loai: keo dung, la keo nguyen cay nam tren ray va keo thdnh phdm, la cay da chat ha, bdc vd va van chuyen xudng dudng Idn. Ngudi Co d xa Tra Son thudng ban keo cay dimg, tiiy vi tri xa hay gan dudng va dia the bang hay ddc ma gia ca tir 50 din 60 trieu ddng/ha, dem lai thu nhap 8 - 10 trieu ddng/ha/nam, cao hon so vdi thu nhap tir ray trdng luong thue truyen thdng.
- Cdy ndng sdn hdng hoa hdng ndm, Phdng Ndng nghiep va Phat trien ndng thdn cua huyen da van ddng trdng va ddu tu ky thuat, gdm san cao san, ngd lai Biosit, chudi. Dien tich trong eae cay ndy todn xa la 320ha, binh quan 0,26ha/hd, rieng dien tich thdn Ddng la 40ha, binh quan 0,23ha/hg, chiim dudi 30% tdng dien tich dit rdy. Cac loai ngd, san, chudi nay chii yeu di ban cho cde doanh nghiep, chii khdng tieu thu tai dai phuong.
- Cdy luang thuc truyin thdng, gdm ngd, khoai, sdn, trdng tren cac dam rdy nhd, nham chu ddng ngudn luong tiiuc, vdi dien tich khdng nhiiu, khoang 80ha toan xa, binh quan 0,07ha (700m^) mgt hp; d thdn Ddng cd 20ha, binh qudn 0,lha/hg.
Qua diiu tra cac hd dan d thdn Ddng nam 2019 cho kit qua: binh quan dien tich ba loai cdy ti-dng tren rdy cua mdt hg la l,2ha, trong dd dien tich rdy keo la 0,75ha; ray ngd lai, sin cao san, chudi 0,3ha; va ray trdng lua, ngd, san truyen thdng 0,15ha/hd.
Nhin chung, tir nam 1975 din nay, d ngudi Co xa Tra Son da va dang dien ra qua trinh chuyin ddi cay tidng tren rdy tir lua, ngd, sdn tu tiic sang cay ndng san hang hda nhu keo.
Nguyin Thj Thu - Ddng MinhJ<goc_
chudi, sin cao sdn, ngd lai. Su xudt hien vd phdt triin eua cay hdng hda thay thi cdy !ua tren dat rdy tir nam 2010 den nay Id thay ddi kip thdi, tich cue vd phii hgp.
Do ban che ve vdn, dde diem dia hinh vd quy md sdn xudt. nen ndng cu lam rdy cd thay ddi nhimg khdng nhieu. Cdc ndng cu truyin thing nhu riu, dao, giii tiep tuc dugc sir dung. Ben canh dd, xuat hien chiec cudc phd thdng ludi to dung de lam dat. bao tai dua dimg de dung va van chuyen ndng sdn. Dia hinh phiie tap nen tai day it xudt hien cay, bira diing siie keo gia siic, cung nhu it thdy cdc loai may cay, bira, may bom nude, xe cdng ndng. Vipc khai thac va van chuyen gd keo tir ray xudng dudng giao thdng vdn lam thu cdng vd viec van chuyen keo, cac ndng sdn khac ve xudi deu do tu thucmg ngudi Kinh thue mudn.
Ky thudt canh tdc ray cd nhimg thay ddi dang ki. Tir chd chi sir dung tro rimg lam phdn bdn, ngudi Co xa Trd Son da sir dung cdc loai phdn hiru eo (phdn gia sue), phdn vd co (dam, lan, kali) vd thudc bao ve thue vat (thudc diet cd, trir sdu) cho cdc loai cdy nhu ngd lai, san cao san, chudi, ddu, lae. Cdc ky thudt trdng, cham sdc timg loai cay trdng mdi du chdm chap, nhung timg budc dugc ngudi dan tiip thu. Theo lanh dao UBND xa Tra Son, ndm 2018, Sd Ndng nghiep va Phat triin ndng thdn tinh da td chuc 7 dgt tap hudn trdng ngd, sdn cao sdn vd keo gidng mdi cho ngudi ddn. Tuy nhien, lao ddng chii yeu tren nuong rdy vdn la thii edng. Viee co gidi hda ndng nghiep trong canh tdc nuong rdy cdn ban che. Trong qua khir, nuong rdy timg la sinh ke duy nhdt hodc chinh yeu bdo ddm hdu het nhu edu tu tiic ve thiic dn, chan nudi vd sinh hoat van hda, ll hpi cua ngudi dan. Ngay nay, do dien tich thu hep, dii da chuyen ddi cay trdng, thu nhdp tir nuong ray vdn suy giam dang ke, chi dap irng mdt phan nhu cdu ddi sdng. Diim khdc biet khac giira nuong rdy truyen thdng vdi nuong rdy ngdy nay la tir san xudt theo ldi tu cdp tu tiic, sang sdn xudt hang hda.
Ket qua dieu tra d thdn Ddng cho thdy, trong tdng thu nhap tii nuong ray binh qudn hp/nam 2018 la 3.550.000ddng/ngudi/nam, trong dd cd 1.850.000ddng tir ray keo;
1.450.OOOddng tir ray ngd lai, san cao san, chudi; 250.000 ddng tir rdy trdng cay luong thye dia phuong. Thu nhap binh qudn thang/ngudi Id 295.000 ddng, ehi dap img tren 40% thu nhdp di khdng thugc dien hp ngheo (theo chudn ngheo giai doan 2016 - 2020 ciia Chinh phii, thu nhdp 700.000d/ngudi/thang). Gidi quyet phdn thieu hut cdn lai chi trdng chd vdo rupng nude, qudn ly bao ve rimg va eac ngudn thu phi trdng trpt khdc. So vdi truyen thdng, thu nhap nuong ray ngay nay kem di nhieu, ddng nghia nuong rdy khdng edn ddng vai trd sinh ki ehu dao nhu xua.
2. Bien ddi trong canh tdc rugng nirdc
Tdi lieu dieu tra hdi cd cho biet, rudng nude xudt hien d ngudi Co xd Trd Son sdm nhdt vdo nhiing nam khdng chien chdng My, vdi dien tich vd vai trd khiem tdn, do cdn bp va bp dpi hudng dan. Rudng nude dugc chii trpng khai hoang vd canh tde tir sau ndm 1975, nhdt la sau nam 1986, do dp lire xda bd nuong rdy vd do nd luc cua Nhd nude, true tiep Id ciia ngdnh Ndng nghiep va Phdt tiien ndng thdn.
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so 4 - 2020 33 Tir ehd ehi ed tren dudi lOha trong khdng chien chdng My, din nam 2019, toan xa cd
112ha rudng nude, binh quan 520m^/hd, 106m^/khdu; d thdn Ddng ed 15ha rupng nude, binh quan 870m^/hd, 94m^/khdu. Niu so sdnh, cd thi thdy dien tich rudng nude hien cd trong xd so vdi cac noi khac cua khu vuc Tay duyen hai mien Trung vd so vdi dan sd dang cdn thdp.
Nguyen nhan do dia hinh ddc, hiem trd, it cd dat bang, thung lung di khai phd rupng. Dii sao, vdi 112ha, dien tich rudng nude d xa Tra Scm da tang hang chuc Idn so vdi trudc nam 1975.
Trudc ngay gidi phdng, ngudi Co trong xa gieo cdy cac gidng liia cd ngudn gdc tu ddng bang mien Trung, nang suat thap, nhung cd siic de khang sau benh, chiu han han cao, cho gao ngon. Trong nhiing thdp nien qua, eac gidng liia nude mdi va cao san timg budc dugc ngdnh Ndng nghiep va Phdt triin ndng thdn dua len nhu QS 12, QS 88, QS 447, VNR 20, SV 181,... Theo danh gia eua ngudi dan, cac gidng liia mdi cd uu diem la ngan ngay, nang suat cao, nhung ban ehe la kha nang chiu han, chiu sau benh kem va chat lugng gao khdng ngon.
Gidng nhu trong canh tac nuong ray, ndng cu lam rudng ed thay ddi nhung khdng nhieu. Trudc day, eude lam dat, cao lam ed, liem gat liia vd giii thu hoach la cac ndng cu chinh. Ngay nay, d nhiing dam rudng Idn, ngudi ddn da sir dung trau, bd de cay bira. Do dien tich nhd hep, phan tan va han che ve vdn sdn xuat, viec sir dung may ndng co trong lam rudng cdn mdi me. Nam 2019, d thdn Ddng 171 hd chi cd 01 hd cd 01 may tudt liia dau bd, xudt xii Trung Qudc va cdng sudt nhd.
Ky thuat canh tac rupng nude cung cd nhiing thay ddi. Tit chd trudc day ddng bdo chi tan dung tro khi ddt nuong lam phan bdn, chuyen sang bdn phdn gia siic, ngay nay da sir dung ddng thdi cac loai phan hiiu co (phan gia sue), phdn vd co (dam, Ian, kali) va thudc bao ve thuc vat (diet cd, trir sau). Ky thuat trdng, cham sdc cac loai gidng lua mdi tiing budc dugc chuyin giao. Nam 2018, ngdnh Ndng nghiep va Phat triin ndng thdn da td chiic tai xa 5 dgt tap huin ky thuat gieo trdng liia nude gidng mdi. Ve thiiy lgi, ben canh ky thuat ddn thiiy nhap diin bang cde muong nhd tir chay tiTidc day, rudng nude ngay nay dugc cung cap nude qua kenh mucmg thuy ndng do Nha nude xay dung. Tuy nhien, cung nhu canh tac nuong rdy, lao dpng tren rudng nude chu yeu van la thii cdng, dua vao siic ngudi la chinh.
Viec eo gidi hda ndng nghiep trong lam rudng tuy dugc van ddng nhung den nay cdn kho khan, han che.
Trong truyin thdng, rudng nude chi mang lai ngudn thu khdng dang ke. Ngay nay, thu nhap tir rudng nude mang lai ngudn Igi nhiiu hon so vdi lam nuong ray. Cho dii ddng rudng d xa Tra Son cdn cdi, nhiiu sdt, dp PH cao, nang suit liia rudng nhin chung cdn thap (binh quan rudng hai vu dat 8 tdn/ha/nam, vu mua dat 4,5 tin/ha, vu ddng xuan dat 3,5 tan/ha, toan xa ed 85ha duge canh tde hai vu); song vdn tao ra sdn lugng lua dat khoang 805 tan, binh quan thu nhdp 150kg liia/khdu/nam (san lugng lua rudng hdng nam d thdn Ddng dat 120 tan, binh qudn I55kg lua/khdu/nam, quy ra tiin tuong duong 130.000d/ngudi/thang). Tuy nhien.
Nguyin Thj Thu - DdngJ/• [''j.i^iiH^
cac kit qud ti-en eho tiidy, thu nhap tir rudng nude eung chi ddp ling khoang 20% i!'^i '^'^^P- Nhu vay, so vdi thdi ky truyin thing, tiiu nhap tii rudng nude d xa Tra Son da tang len ddng ke, nhung van phdi ket hgp vdi nuong rdy di du tu tiic vd cdn xa mdi dap ling mat bang khdng ngheo de di vao phat trien kinh te hdng hda nhu mong dgi.
Nhin ehung, trdng trgt nuong ray va rudng nude d xa Trd Son hien nay ehi ddp ung gdn dii luong thue vd ddp ling khoang 60% thu nhdp, de ede hp gia dinh khdng roi vao "hp ngheo" theo chudn ngheo thu nhap 700.000d/ngudi/thang giai doan 2016 - 2020 cua Chinh phii. Phdn thiiu hut cdn lai trdng vao thu nhdp tu cac ngudn thu phi trdng trpt khdc nhu qudn ly, bdo ve rimg, chan nudi, lam thue.
4. Mot s6 van de dat ra 4.1. Thu nhgp thdp vd ngheo ddi
Qua kit qud phdn tich tren cho thdy, vai dien tich va ndng sudt cdy ti-dng tren nuong ray, thu nhdp binh quan tii tiring trpt chi dap ung 60% di khdng ngheo, ngudi Co tuyet dai da sd la ndng ddn rit de roi vdo tinh ti-ang ngheo. Sd lieu ciia UBND xa cho biet, nam 2017, cd xa cd 556 hd ngheo, chiim 45% sd hd; nam 2018, xa cd 622 hp ngheo, chiim 51% sd hp (UBND xa Trd Son, 2019). Theo ehuin ngheo da chiiu, ndm 2017, ty le hd ngheo d cac huyen miin mii cd ddng ngudi Co nhu sau: Trd Bdng 37% (cao gip 6,5 Idn so vdi ty I? hp ngheo ddng bdng ti-ong tinh Id 5,68%, Son Tay 49%, Tdy Trd 70,5% (Sd Lao ddng - Thuong binh va Xa hdi tinh Quang Ngai, 2019). Theo chuan ngheo giai doan 2016 - 2020, vdo thdi diim cuoi ndm 2018, sd hd ngheo d mien mii Qudng Ngai, trong dd cd huyen Tra Bdng la 19.633 hd, chiim ty le 31,44%., ti-ong dd hd ngheo dan tdc thiiu sd la 18.228 hp, chiim ty le 54,61% hd ngheo todn tinh (Ban Dan tdc tinh Quang Ngai, 2019). Nhiing con sd thong ke tren nhiiu khi chua phan anh het ty le hd ngheo thue te. Theo tdi lieu thdo ludn nhdm vdi can bd thdn, nam 2917, thdn Ddng cd 101 hd ngheo, chiem 57% sd hd, nam 2018 ed 81 hp ngheo (47% sd hd). Xir ly 200 phiiu hd ngudi Co tai thdn Ddng (xa Tra Son) vd Thdn 2 (xa Tra Thiiy) eho ket qud Id ty le hg ngheo nam 2018 chiem 36%, cao thii ndm trong 10 ddn tdc dugc diiu tra. Din nam 2018, 6 huyen mien nui, trong dd cd huyen Trd Bdng ed ty le hd ngheo Id 35% (Bui Van Dao, 2019, ti-. 128). Du theo ngudn nao thi ty le hd ngheo ciia ngudi Co deu eao so vdi cdc dia phuong, ddn tdc trong tinh, so vdi eac dia phucmg, ddn tde trong cd nude va so vdi ngudi Kinh ddng bang. Trong eae nguyen nhan ngheo, ed nguyen nhdn thu nhap trdng trpt thdp, ngudi ddn it cd co hdi tim viec lam phi ndng nghiep.
4.2. Thieu ddt sdn xudt
Da sd dien tich ddt san xudt hien tai cua ngudi Co xa Tra Son Id nuong rdy tren ddc, vdn Id ddt rdy du canh, nhung lai dang dugc dinh canh lien tuc trong hdng civ.c ndm. Dit ngdy cang bac mdu, cho nang sudt cay trdng thap kem. Dien tich dat san xuai hien tai chii yiu cimg la dien tich cd dinh tii nhiiu chuc ndm nay. Ddt dai xau va dan sd tang nhanh khiin
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd'4 - 2020 35^
nhu cdu ddt sdn xudt tang len. Nhieu hd gia dinh tre mdi tach ra chi cd rat it hoae khdng cd dat san xuat. Dd Id nguyen nhan dan den thieu dat sdn xudt phd bien d cdc thdn lang ngudi Co trong xa ndi rieng va ngudi Co trong tinh ndi ehung. Theo sd lieu phieu dieu tra c i p xa eua de tai, nam 2019, d xa Tra Son cd 532 hd thiiu d i t san xuit, chiim 4 3 % sd hd. Tai lieu thao luan nhdm dai dien can bd va ngudi dan thdn lang cho biet, nam 2018, d thdn Ddng cd 68 hd thieu ddt san xudt, chiem 39% sd hd. Ket qua xir ly 200 phiiu hd gia dinh ngudi Co d thdn Ddng, xa Tra Son va Thdn 2, xa Tra Thiiy eho thay, nam 2018, ty le hd thiiu d i t san xuat Id 5 1 % , cao thii tu trong 10 dan tdc dugc dieu tra. Cac sd lieu tren phan anh thuc trang thieu dat san xuat tram trgng d ngudi Co trong xd. Trong bdi canh dit san xuit ngay cang bac mau va dan sd ngay mdt tang len, xu hudng la ty le hd thieu ddt tiep tuc gia tang va day cung la van de ddt ra trong nhiing nam tdi.
4.3. An ninh luang thuc khdng bdo ddm
Hien tai, do da sd ddt ray da trdng cay hang hda, luong thue tu tiie eua ngudi Co chi dua vdo rupng nude vdi dien tich nhd be, ehi dap ling gan mdt nira nhu cau luong thuc eho ngudi dan. Phan luong thuc cdn lai dua vdo thu nhdp tir cay hang hda, sinh ke phi ndng nghiep va thdng qua trao ddi vdi ben ngoai. Trong bdi canh ngudi dan can chi tieu rat nhieu khoan, dae biet ehi tieu eho giao due va kham chiia benh hien nay, thu nhap luong thuc thdp khdng chi tiem an nguy co ngheo, ma edn tiem an nguy co ddi, tiic la nguy co thieu luong thuc. K i t qua xir ly 200 phieu hd ngudi Co d 2 xa Tra Scm va Tra Thiiy cua de tai cho ket qua: ty le hd thiiu luong thuc nam 2018 la 26%, eao thii nam trong 10 dan tpc dugc dieu tra.
Kinh nghiem chi ra rdng, d eae dan tdc thiiu sd tai chd cd trinh dp phat trien kinh te, xa hdi tu thdn cdn ban chi, lai thiiu tu duy hoach toan va thdi quen chi tieu thiiu k i hoach nhu ngudi Co xa Tra Son, hien thuc hon ca d i cd t h i phat tiien kinh t i ndi rieng va phat trien ben viing ndi chung vdn la tren eo sd tu tiic luong thuc tai chd. Khdng tu tiic duge luong thuc va nguy eo thiiu luomg thuc dang la v i n d i dat ra can quan tam giai quyet v i an ninh luong thuc d ngudi Co xa Tra Son hien nay.
4.4. Phd rimg trdi phep lam nuang rdy
Mac du nha nude cd chinh sach qudn ly rimg chat che, cd su quyit het ciia he thdng chinh tii ti-ong viec tuyen tiiiyin van ddng ngudi dan bao ve rimg va cac ban quan ly rimg tang cudng cdng tac tudn tra, giam sat rimg nhung do ddt san xudt x i u vd thieu dat san xuat nen tinh ti-ang pha rimg lam nuong ray da diin ra phd bien trong nhiing thdp nien sau nam 1975. Trong hai thap nien 2000 va 2010 da gidm xudng nhung vdn am tham theo quy md nhd le d ngudi Co xa Tra Son. Tinh ti-ang lin chiim rimg md rpng ddt san xuat d nhung chd liin k i vdi rimg thudng xay ra. Theo mdt cdn bd k i i m lam huyen Tra Bdng, tii nam 2011 d i n nay, nam nao d xa Tra Son eung xay ra mdt, hai vu viec ngudi dan tai chd pha rimg lam rdy (trong 3 nam g i n day, nam 2016, cd 3 vu, 3 hd dan pha rimg lam ray vdi dien tich 1 64ha; nam 2017 cd 4 vu pha 0,8ha; nam 2018 cd 2 vu phd 0,5ha).
4.5. Qudn ly bdo ve rimg cho thu nhgp it
Theo tai lieu dieu tra cdp xa, tren dja bdn xa Tra Son hien cd 4.231ba ••'••-- 263ha rimg tu nhien va2.938ha rimg ti-dng). Tir ndm 2008, thuc hien chinh sdch l.n^ ^'" iep^ahdi va gdn ngudi dan vdi sinh ke rimg, Nhd nude td ehiic giao rimg cho nguni Co NS Trd Son qudn ly, bdo ve. Den nam 2019, dien tich rimg duge giao trong toan xa la 770ha, giao cho 3 cdng ddng lang Id thdn Ddng, thdn Bac 1 vd thdn Bdc 2. Niu chia diu cho toan xd, dien tich rimg dugc giao quan ly bdo ve Id 0,6ha/hd, tiic 0,14ha/ngudi. Moi cdng ddng lai giao cho mdt nhdm hd qudn ly, bao ve. Kinh phi qudn ly, bdo ve liy tir quy chi trd dich vu moi trudng rimg eiia eae du an phat trien trong viing. Don gid qudn ly bdo ve rimg trudc day la 200.000ddng/ha/nam, hien nay la 400.000ddng. Trir 10% trich lam quy cdng ieh edng ddng lang va lOO.OOOd/thang cho quan ly eiia trudng nhdm, toan bd kinh phi cdn lai chia diu cho ngay cdng tham gia bdo ve thuc te cua ede hd trong nhdm. Thdng thudng, mdi hd tham gia tudn tra bao ve 1 Idn/thang, mdi lan mdt ngdy. Gid tri ngay cdng khoang 140.OOOddng din ISO.OOOddng.
Tai tiidn Ddng, din nam 2019, dien tich rimg giao cho cdng ddng qudn ly, bao ve la 230ha. Lang giao cho mdt nhdm 42 hd cd dan dng khde manh true tiep qudn ly, bao ve, Trudng nhdm do trudng thdn hodc phd trudng thdn phu trach. Thu nhap ciia moi hd thanh vien la khdc nhau, tiiy thupc vdo sd ngdy cdng tham gia tuan tra, bdo ve. Theo y kien thao ludn nhdm vdi ngudi ddn, nam 2010, thu nhdp binh qudn hdng ndm eiia mdi hp la 1.200.000ddng, nam 2018 tang len 1.800.000ddng. Niu chia diu cho 171 hd va 773 ngudi trong lang, nam 2018 thu nhap khodng 410.000ddng/hd, tiic 80.000ddng/ngudi. Cdc con so ndy cho thdy quan ly, bdo ve riing dem lai thu nhdp nhd be va it cd y nghia cdi thien ddi sdng ngudi dan. Theo can bd va ngudi dan dia phucmg, viec giao rung eho ddn qudn ly bdo ve la cdn thiet, gdp phan bao ve rung vd cd them ngudn thu nhap. Tuy nhien, dien tich rimg dugc giao it, mire thu lao thdp, nen chua khuyen khich ngudi ddn tham gia.
Ket loan vd kien nghj
Sinh ke trdng trpt ciia ngudi Co xa Tra Son truyen thdng gdm hai bg phdn Id eanh tac nuong rdy va canh tdc rudng nude, gdn day ed them sinh ke qudn ly vd bao ve rung. Dudi tac ddng eiia cac dieu kien mdi, eanh tde nuong ray va rudng nude da cd nhirng bien ddi tich cue, trong do dang luu y la su suy gidm eiia dien tich nuong ray, su tang len eua dien tich rudng nude, su xuat hien eua eac loai cay hang hda thay thi cdy luong thye tg cdp tu tiic tren nuong rdy va sir du nhdp cdc gidng liia mdi, cdc ky thudt mdi tren rupng nude. Ben canh cac yeu td tich cue, trdng trpt eiing dang ddt ra mdt sd van de nhu thieu ddt san xudt, ddt suy thodi cho ndng sudt cay trdng thap, trong khi trdng trpt hang hda edn chua nn (ijj^^ ^ ^ ^gi, ngheo ddi, thiiu luong thuc, 1dm gia tang tinh ti-ang phd rimg trdi phep lam nuoii*. ray.
Dk phat tiiin bin vung trdng ti-pt d ngudi Co xa Trd Son, bdi viet nei ;>, ^^ j^jg^
nghi ve gidi phap nhu sau:
Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc sd'4 - 2020
Thu nhdt, Nhd nude ma tiirc tiep la ngdnh Ndng nghiep vd Phat trien ndng thdn tinh ed ki hoach ddu tu quyit liet trong xdy dung thuy lgi vd khai hoang, tang dien tich lua nude, tang vu vd tham canh, giiip eho ddng bdo ty tiic dugc luong thuc tai chd, lam ban dap di vao phat trien thi manh trdng trpt dia phuong la ndng san hang hda.
Thie hai, day manh viec ddo tao ndng cao trinh do, ky thudt san xuat ndng nghiep, chuyen tien bd ky thudt cho ngudi lao ddng, ddng thdi, ddi mdi chinh sdch tao co hpi viec lam mdi phi ndng nghiep, de hda gidi tinh trang ddt sdn xuat xau vd thiiu ddt san xuit dang dien ra.
Thie ba, tdng cudng van dgng, tuyen truyen trong ngudi dan khdc phuc mat trdi eiia tdm ly va tap qudn sdn xudt nuong rdy khdng cdn phii hgp, can trd sy phdt trien ciia san xudt ndng nghiep mdi nhu tam ly tu cap ty tiic, le thudc ty nhien, eac thdi quen san xudt khdng hach toan, ehi tieu lang phi, thieu ke hoaeh,...
Thu tu, rimg la ngudn tai nguyen gidu ed hang dau d xa Tra Son, nhung viec gan rimg vdi ddi sdng chua dugc chii y thda dang. Can cd chinh sach lam nghiep xa hpi mdi va dot pha de gan sinh ke ngudi ddn vdi sinh ke rimg, tao thu nhap thda dang cho ngudi dan tir rung, gdp phan khac phue tinh trang thieu dat sdn xudt, thu nhdp trdng trpt thap dang dien ra.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Ban Dan tdc tinh Qudng Ngai (2019), Bdo cdo thuc hien chinh sdch ddn tdc ddi vdi ddng bdo ddn tdc thieu sd tgi chd mien niii tinh Qudng Ngdi, ban danh may.
2. Ngd VTnh Binh (2005), "Nghi trong qui cua ngudi Ca dong va ngudi Co d Quang Nam", trong: Tim hieu con ngudi mien nui Qudng Nam, Tu lieu, Quang Nam.
3. Biii Van Dao (2019), "Mgt sd vin di ndi com va biic xiic d cdc ddn tdc thieu sd tai cho huyen Son Ha va huyen Tra Bdng, tinh Quang Ngai va mdt sd vdn di ddt ra", trong:
Thuc trgng phdt trien kinh te - xd hpi trong cdc ddn tdc thieu sd tgi chd mien nui tinh Qudng Ngdi vd nhitng vdn de ddt ra, Ky yeu Hdi thao khoa hpe, Quang Ngai.
4. Luu Hung (2005), "Vai net vi ngudi Co", trong: Tim hieu con ngirdi mien nui Qudng Nam, Tu lieu, Quang Nam.
5. Sd Lao ddng - Thuong binh vd Xa hdi tinh Quang Ngai (2019), Bdo cdo Gidm ngheo, gidi quyet viec lam vd phdt trien ngudn nhdn luc trong ddng bdo ddn tdc thiiu sd tgi chd miin nui Qudng Ngdi ndm 2018, ban danh may.
6. UBND huyen Tra Bong (2019), Bdo cdo kit qud phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi huyen Trd Bong ndm 2018, ban ddnh may.
7. UBND xa Trd Son (2019), Bdo cdo ket qud phdt trien kinh ti - xd hdi xd Trd San ndm 2018, bdn danh mdy.
