PHI TOI PHAM HOA vA VIEC XOA BO M Q T SO TO! DANH TRONG B O L U A T HINH StT HIEN HANH
Tran Binh Hai
Tom tit: Phi tpi phgm hoa la viec logi trie khoi phdp ludt hinh su hien hdnh mpt hdnh vi ndo do (md tru&c ddy da bi coi Id tpi pham) vd huy bo trdch nhiem hinh su ddi v&i viic thuc hiin hdnh vi do. Bdi viet kien nghj xoa bo mpt so tpi phgm dang duoc quy dinh trong Bp ludt Hinh su hiin hdnh nhung khong con phii hop voi thicc te hien nay a nu&c ta.
Abstract: Non-criminalization can be regarded as taking some acts out of criminal law (those acts were considered as criminal acts) and abolishing criminal liabilities of a person committing those acts. This article proposes to abolish some crimes being stipulated in the current Penal Code because these crimes are not dangerous anymore in the current context in Vietnam.
1. Mgt so van deve phi toi pham hoa Trong dieu kien nen kinh te, xa hpi luon CO nhiing bien dpng, viec ddnh gid diing tinh chat nguy hiem hodc khong con nguy hiem cho xd hdi cua tiing loai harih vi vi pham phdp luat de tir do xdc dinh co cdn thiet sii dyng che tdi hinh su - loai che tai manh nhat, nghiem khdc nhdt hay kh6ng di dp dung vdi chu the eua hdnh vi la viec 1dm het sire cap bdch. Chinh sach hinh sy can xudt phdt tu sy ddnh gia ve nhu cau va miic dp can thiet ciia viec sir dung phdp luat hinh sy trong he th6ng cdc bien phdp diu tranh chong tpi pham tren co sd nhdn thiic:
tpi pham va cac vi pham phap luat diu c6 tinh nguy hai cho xa hgi nhung khdc nhau vi miic do nguy hai. Tinh chit do cho phep chiing ta cdn nhac gifta mot ben la su dung trdch nhiem hinh sy vdi mgt ben la su dung cac bien phdp cuong che, giao due khac, bien phap ndo se co hieu qud hon vd chi khi do, qua trinh tgi pham boa, phi tpi pham hda mdi bdo ddm tinh hgp ly. "Se la
sai lam neu quan niem Ludt Hinh su Id yiu t i quyet dinh trong phong, ch6ng t6i pham, bdi nhu vay se lam lac hudng hoac coi nhe boat d6ng phdng ngira tpi pham md cot loi la viec su dung sy tac dpng t6ng hgp cua cdc bien phdp ve kinh te, xa hpi, t6 chiic va qudn ly, gido due vd thuyit phyc"\ Do do, viec phi tgi pham hda can co su ddu tu, nghien ciiu ddc biet trong xay dung, sua ddi, phdp dien Luat Hinh su.
v i phuang dien ly luan, cd thi hiiu phi tgi pham hoa la viec logi trie khdi phdp ludt hinh su hiin hdnh mot hdnh vi (md tru&c ddy bi coi la tpi phgm) vd huy bd trdch nhiem hinh su (TNHS) ddi v&i vi?c thuc hien hdnh vi do.
Eg ludt hinh sy (BLHS) hiSn hanh phdn loai tgi pham dua trdn tinh nguy hiim cho xa hpi cua hdnh vi. Sy van dpng ciia xa hpi, sy phdt trien cua cdc diiu kien vi kinh ti, ehinh tri, xd hpi keo theo su thay dii
ThS., Dal hpc Kiem sat Ha Npi.
' TS. Trdn C6ng Phan, Mpt sd dinh hu&ng sua ddi, bd sung Ludt Hinh su ddp ung yeu cdu xdy dung Nhd nude phdp quyen xd hdi chd nghTa Viet Nam Tap chf Kiem sdt so 16, 2014, tr.4. '
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PHI TQI PHAM H6A VA .
tinh nguy hiim cua hdnh vi pham tpi. Khi tinh nguy hiem cua hdnh vi pham t6i thay d6i thi viec dp dung chi tai dii vdi hanh vi do ciing cdn thay ddi theo. C6 loai hanh vi trudc ddy bi coi la tgi pham vd hien nay tuy van con nguy hiem nhung kh6ng ddng ke nen chi bi coi Id vi pham phap luat va chi cdn dp dyng che tai phdp ly cua nganh ludt khdc it nghiem khac hon Luat Hinh su la du sire ngdn chan; ciing ed hdnh vi trudc ddy hi coi id tpi pham nhung hien nay da hodn toan mat di tinh nguy hiem cho xa hpi vi do chi la hanh vi trdi dao diic nen khong cdn thiet phdi xii ly bdng bdt ky che tai phdp ly ndo. Do do, ed hai loai hanh vi tren can dugc loai ra khoi ITnh vuc diSu chinh ciia phdp luat hinh su. Vi du, trong lich sir lap phdp hinh su, do su thay doi cdc quan he xa hpi nen nhd 1dm ludt nude ta da phi tpi pham hda d6i vdi mdt sd hanh vi ma trudc dd quy dinh la tpi pham, nhu Tpi san xudt hoac bu6n ban rugu, thudc la trdi phep (BLHS nam 1985), hay Tpi su dung trdi phep chit ma tiiy (BLHS nam 1999)...
De phi tpi pham hod mot hanh vi, can ddm bao phu hpp vdi cac yeu td sau:
- Ve phdp luat: nhiing hanh vi giai doan trudc day dugc quy dinh trong Luat Hinh sy, nhung nay nha nude vd xa hpi co the ddu tranh ch6ng lai sy xdm hai cua nhiing hanh vi do bang viec sii dung cac bien phdp tdc dgng ciia cdc nganh luat khac it nghiem khac ban; viec phi tpi ph^m hoa nhimg hdnh vi do kh6ng dugc trdi vdi cdc ngdnh ludt khac trong he thdng phap ludt quoc gia, cung nhu cdc nguyen tdc vd cdc quy pham dugc thira nhdn chung ciia phdp luat qudc te.
Ve tpi pham hpc: cdc ket qua cua thdng ke hinh sy va dieu tra xa hpi hpc
khdng dinh, viec dp dung cdc che tai hinh sy d6i vdi nhirng hdnh vi do trong thuc tien la ban che, thdm chi kh6ng sir dung bao gid.
- Ve tdm ly - dao diic: hanh vi do phdi Id nhiing hdnh vi ma miic dp hi l^n dn ve mat dao due kh6ng Idn va kh6ng bi du ludn xa hpi phdn d6i mpt each manh me.
- Ve vdn hda: phai phu hgp vdi mdt bdng cua trinh dp ddn tri, hieu biet phdp luat cua nhdn ddn, phdi tuong xirng vdi y thiic phap ludt cua da sd thanh vien trong xa hpi.
, - Ve kinh te - xa hpi, hch su - truyen th6ng: phdi phii hgp vdi cac quy luat phat trien khdch quan trong ddi s6ng vdt chdt, tinh thdn cua xa hpi, phdi tuang xiing vdi tien bp cua khoa hpc, ky thu^t vd cong nghe; ket hgp hdi boa vdi cdc gid tri phap ludt truyen thdng cua dan toe.
2. Kien nghj viec xoa bo (phi tgi pham hoa) mot so tgi ph^m trong Bg luat Hinh sir hien hanh
Tir nhiing phdn tich tren chiing toi kien nghi xoa bo mgt s6 tgi pham quy dinh trong BLHS hien hdnh nhu sau:
a. Tpi quang cdo gian doi (Biiu 168).
Trong nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghia, Nhd nude ta lu6n quan tam va khuyin khich mpi thanh phdn kinh te tham gia cdc boat dpng kinh ti di lam gidu cho chinh hg va cho dat nude, va duong nhien qudng cdo la mot hinh thiic xiic tien thuong mai mang lai hieu qua cao, tham chi la dieu kien vd phuong thirc hdu hieu nhdt de qudng bd sdn pham, dich vu, tiip can thi trudng, qua dd tang doanh thu cho td chiic, cd nhan lam kinh te. Hdnh vi quang cdo gian d6i la hanh vi dua thong tin
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NHA NlfCfC VA PHAPLUATSO 11/2014
kh6ng diing ve chat lugng, ham lugng, gia tri... hdng hoa, dich vu cua minh den ngudi tieu diing, ngudi su dung dich vy. Nhu vdy, neu chi don thuan Id hanh vi "tdng b6c" gia tri, chdt lugng hang hda, dich vu cua minh de nham dat dugc su tin tudng cua khach hang, qua d6 thudn Igi trong viec tieu thu sdn pham thi kh6ng phdi la hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hpi den muc phdi chiu trdch nhiem hinh sy. Va vdi ddu hieu dinh tpi
"gay hau qud nghiem trgng" trong dieu ludt nay rdt kho xac dinh tren thyc te ciing nhu trong viec xay dung cdc quy pham hudng ddn thi hdnh. Hdnh vi qudng cao gian doi bdng each dua ra hang gia, hang kem chat lugng, thieu ve s6 lugng, chiing loai... neu vdi muc dich chiem doat tdi sdn ciia ngudi khdc thi quan he xd hpi bi xdm hai tryc tiep la quan he sd hiiu, do do hanh vi nay thoa man cdu thanh tpi pham ciia Tpi "lira dao chiem doat tdi sdn" quy dinh tai Diiu 139 hoac CO the bi truy ciiu TNHS vi cdc tpi danh lien quan den sdn xuat, buon ban hdng gia; trong cdc trudng hgp khac, niu ngudi mua chap nhan mua hang hoa hay sii dung dich vu nhung sau do phdt hien ra hieu qua, chdt lugng khdng nhu qudng cdo thi do la mpt riii ro xuit phdt tir boat dpng
"thudn mua, vira bdn", ngudi mua mua hang boa va da sii dung nen kh6ng thi noi bi chiem doat. Ben canh do, cdc hdnh vi qudng cdo gian ddi th6ng qua cdc phuong tien thong tin dai chiing gdy hau qua, dnh hudng xdu cho xa hpi thi cdc don vi cung cap dich vy th6ng tin phai chiu trdch nhiem theo quy dinh ciia Luat Bdo chi, Ludt Xii ly vi pham hdnh chinh... Nhu vdy e6 thi thdy, nhiing hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xd hpi lien quan den viec quang cao sdn phim, hang hoa, dich vu diu da bi truy ciiu TNHS
ve nhung tpi pham khac, cdn hanh vi "tdng b6c" gid tri that cua hdng hda chi vdi muc dich ban dugc sdn phdm mdt cdch nhanh chdng, sd lugng Idn niu gdy hdu qua thi chi cdn xii ly bdng cdc bi6n phdp khdc ciing dii dam bdo tinh rdn de, nhdt la ddi vdi doanh nghiep thi vi6c bi xd ly hdnh chinh, b6i thudng ddn su, mit uy tin tren thuong trudng ciing da la ch^ tai rat khac nghiet.
Do do, viec loai bo quy dinh v6 tpi pham nay trong BLHS la can thiet.
b. Tpi lam tern gid, ve gid, tpi buon bdn tem gid, ve gid (Biiu 164)
Cd the nhgn thiy, day Id tgi ph^m dd dugc quy dinh tir BLHS diu tien ndm 1985, trong b6i canh nen kinh ti ki hoach hoa tap trung, bao cip. Tai thdi diim do tem, ve, phieu mua hang... la nhiing vat co gia tri Ion, dnh hudng tryc tiip din ddi song ciia nhan ddn, neu vi pham se gay hau qud nghiem trpng, rdi loan hoat dpng qudn ly tem, phiiu ciia Nha nude, anh hudng din cung ling san phim, nen nhd lam ludt quy dinh cdc hanh vi tren la t^i pham niu gay hau qua Idn. Tuy nhien, hien nay trong nin kinh ti thi trudng, ty do thuang mai, viec san xuat, buon bdn ciia mgi thdnh phin kinh ti dugc khuyin khich, cdc vdt phdm dd kh6ng cdn giii vi tri quan trgng, diSu do cd nghia hdnh vi lam tem gid, ve gid, bu6n ban tem gid, ve gia kh6ng con nguy hiem den mire phdi chiu TNHS. Cac hanh vi nay niu nhim chiim doat tdi sdn ciia ngudi khdc vd thda man yiu td dinh lugng thiet hai thi bi truy ciiu vi Toi lira ddo nham chiem doat tdi san quy dinh tai Diiu 139. Do do, quy dinh cua Diiu 164 la khdng cin thiit vd khong cdn y nghTa trong diu tranh phdng, ching tdi pham, niu vi
PHI TQIPH^MHOA VA ...
pham thi chi cdn xu ly bdng bien phdp hanh chinh.
c Tpi CO y Idm trdi quy dinh ciia Nhd nude vi qudn ly kinh ti gdy hdu qud nghiim trpng (Biiu 165)
Bg Tu phdp khi tdng kit thi hanh BLHS da cho rang, can phdi loai bo tgi nay ra khoi BLHS vi da kh6ng con phu hgp vdi diiu kiSn phdt trien kinh te - xa hpi vd hpi nhap. Theo tdc gid Trdn Van Dp, phdp ludt hinh su khong chi xir ly tpi pham, ngudi pham tpi, ma con tao ra hanh lang phdp ly an todn cho sy phdt trien kinh te - xd hgi.
Ngodi ra, t6i pham phdi la hdnh vi nguy hiem cho xa hpi cu the chii khong the id mSt cau thanh chung chung, mang tinh khdi qudt de co the dp dung ddi vdi bat ky hdnh vi ndo tren thyc te^.
Co the nhdn thay, trong dieu kien hien tai, tpi nay kh6ng ddp irng yeu cdu van dung cong khai, minh bach vi cdu thdnh khong ro rdng, ranh gidi giiia co tpi hay kh6ng rdt mo hd va tren thyc te, la "cdi tiii"
de chiia dung tdt cd cdc hanh vi kh6ng the xir dupe vh cdc tgi khde.
Ben canh dd, hien nay con nhieu y kien khdc nhau lien quan den khdi niem "qudn ly kinh te" trong npi dung cua Dieu ludt.
Cdc boat dpng mang tinh hdnh chinh nhung phuc vu cdng tac thuong mai ciia don vi; viec thira hanh cdc quy dinh hdnh chinh trong hoat dpng kinh te; viec thuc hien chi thi cua cap tren; viec Igi dyng chiic vu quyen han khi thi hdnh c6ng vu;
cac quy dinh ciia chinh quyen dia phuang CO dugc coi la quy dinh ve qudn ly kinh te kh6ng?...
Xem them Tdi li?u hpi nghj true tuy€n thi hanh BLHS tgi dja chi: http://stp.dongthap.gov.vn
Vi vdy, theo chiing toi can xoa bo Dieu 165 di phii hgp vdi quy ludt phdt trien khdch quan ciia ddi sdng xa hpi, sy phat trien cua kinh te thi trudng, va tao hanh lang phap ly an toan, cdi md cho cdc nhd dautu.
d. Tpi gid mgo chuc vu, cdp bdc (Bieu 265)
Gid mao chiic vu, cap bac la hanh vi eiia mpt ngudi khong cd chuc vu, cdp bdc nhung da mao danh Id minh co chiic vu, cap bac do de thyc hien hdnh vi trdi phdp ludt. Hay noi cdch khdc, gid mao chiic vy, cap bdc la tu nhan minh co chiic vu, cap bdc ma minh kh6ng co hoac kh6ng diing vdi chiic vu, cdp bac ma minh co de thuc hien hanh vi trai phdp ludt. Ngudi pham tpi thue hien hdnh vi gia mao vdi nhieu thu doan khde nhau nhu: Dimg gidy td gia:
mac trang phuc giong vdi trang phuc ma ngudi pham tpi muon gia mao; deo cdp hdm, cap hieu giong vdi cdp ham, cap hieu ma ngudi pham tpi muon gid mao... Tren thyc te, hdnh vi gid mao ehiic vu, cdp bdc dien ra vdi nhung muc dich sau: de tao dyng long tin vd sau dd thyc hien thu doan chiem doat tdi sdn, va trong trudng hgp nay quan he xa hpi bi xam hai true tiep Id quan he sd huu, chu the phdi chiu TNHS ve Tpi lira dao, chiem doat tdi sdn quy dinh tai Dieu 139; neu gid mao chiic vu, cap bdc de thyc hien cdc hdnh vi bia ddt, tuyen truyen, lam gidm long tin cua nhan dan vdo chinh quyen, Nhd nude nham chong chinh quyin nhdn dan thi tuy trudng hgp ma bi truy ciiu TNHS ve cdc tgi xdm pham an ninh qu6c gia (Tgi tuyen truyen chong nhd nude Cong boa xa hpi chu nghia Viet Nam, Tpi boat dpng nhdm lat do chinh quyen nhdn
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NHA NU'dC VA PHAPLUATSO 11/2014
dan...); niu gid mao chiic vu, cap bac mdt tiet dinh khung tang ndng hinh phat la dmn cd nhdn cy thi di thuc hien cdc hdnh vi bao dugc hi^u qud dp dung vd nguyen tac nhdm dnh hudng tdi danh du, nhan phim cd thi b6a TNHS; cdc trudng hgp cdn l^i CLia ngudi do thi co thi bi truy ciiu TNHS niu chi di "oai" thi khdng cau thdnh tpi vi Tpi vu kh6ng...Tinh tiit "gia mao chiic pham, chi xir phat vi pham hdnh chinh la vu, cdp bdc" liic nay Id m6t thu doan di dii ran de, gido due ngudi vi pham. Vi?c thyc hien hdnh vi pham tgi, nen d6i vdi eac quy dinh ddy la mot tdi pham dpc lap la tpi pham tren chi cin b6 sung thdnh tinh kh6ng cdn thiet.
DINH CHINH
Trong so Tap chi thdng 10/2014, do so sudt ve ky thuat in an, trong bdi viet ciia tdc gid Hodng The Lien "Hiin phdp ndm 2013 vd viic sua doi, bo sung Bp ludt Hinh su hien hdnh nhdm bdo vi cdc quyen con ngu&i, quyin tu do, ddn chu cua cong ddn'\ tai trang 72, cot ben trdi, dong thii 2 vd 3 tir tren xu6ng viet Id: "khodn 2 Biiu 4 Hiin phdp ndm 2013", nay xin dugc dinh chinh lai nhu sau: "khodn 2 Biiu 14 Hiinphdp ndm 2013". Tap chi Nha nude va Phdp ludt xin cao loi ciing ban dgc.
Tap chi Nha nude va Phap luat
