Thi diem van dung phiTofng phap trong so de danh gia mure'do khai thac, silrdiing nirofc
tren liAi viTc song So San'
O ThS. TRAN TH! THU HANG, TS. DANG LAN HUONG, ThS. VU HAI NINH, KS. NGUYEN HUfU TAI, CN. TRAN THj HONG HANH Cue Quan ly Tai nguyen nudc, Bd Tdi nguyen vd Mdi trudng
Tom tat: Nghien cUu tap trung vdo viie tong hpp, phan tieh ede quy djnh eua thi gidi va Viet Nam ve ddnh gid mUe dp eong bang va hpp ly trong viie sd dpng ngudn nudc Hen qud'c gia thdng qua phuong phap trgng so. TU do, xem xet rd sodt cae tieu chi, de xuat phuong phdp vd khung hudng ddn ddnh gid mUc dg cong bang va hpp /y trong viic sd dung nguon nude liin qudc gia cho muc dieh phi giao thdng thuy bang phudng phdp trgng sd. Nghiin cdu di phuc vu trien khai Cdng ude ve Ludt Sddung ede ngudn nudc liin qudc gia cho mpc dich phi giao thdng thuy md Viet Nam Id thdnh viin chinh thUc thU 35 tU nam 2014. Thi diim van dpng dd'i vdi lUu vUe song (L VS) Si San.
Mddau
Sau khi nghien cUu cac cd sd ly thuye't, ehung tdi da de xua't 120 ye'u td dac trUng lam eP sd van dung phUPng phap trpng sd trong danh gia cdng bdng, hpp ly dong thdi, xay dung Khung hudng din danh gia mQc dp cdng bang va hpp ly trong viec sd dung ngudn nudc lien qudc gia cho mue dich phi giao thdng thuy bang phUPng phap trpng sd.
Chung tdi ap dyng thi!f nghiem tren LVS Se San, day la LVS lien qude gia giQa Viet Nam va Campuchia cho tha'y mdt sd sU khae biet giQa nghien cQu ly thuyet va ap dyng trong thUe te.
Boi canh lUu vUc Sdng Se San la phy lUu bd trai cua sdng Me Cdng, bat ngudn tQ ngpn nui Tion eao 2.010 m phia Bae tinh Kon Tum, chdy qua Gia Lai sang Campuchia nhap vao ddng chfnh Me Cdng 6 thj xa STung Cheng. Tong dien tfeh luu
Cdng trmh thup dien Pleikrong cd vai trd dieu tiit nUde eho gin 10 nha may thup dien tren toan tuyin Se San vUe khoang 18.821 km^ (phan
dien tich d Viet Nam chiem 60%), chieu ddi ddng chinh la 237 km.
Tren lUu vUe, trong nhQng nam gan day, han han da xay ra tren dien rpng, tinh trang lu lyt, lu quet xay ra vdi tan suat va quy md ngay eang Idn. Phat then thuy dien ddng chfnh da lam thay ddi
che dd ddng ehay va gay can kiet ddng chay phfa ha luu. Vide xay dung va van hanh eae hd chUa thCiy dien da xay ra mdt sd anh hudng den ngudn nudc va ddi sdng khu vue bien gidi giQa 2 qude gia. Sau sU kien Yali nam 2000, mdt CP ehe dae biet eho ddi thoai song phUdng. Phia Viet Nam,
Tai ngnyen va Mftj trtfofng 0 1 Ky 1 +2 - Thdng 1 /2020 ^ ^ ^
Uy ban Tu van cua Viet Nam eho hoat ddng cua De an thuy dien cua sdng Se San dupe thanh lap, trong khi phfa Campuchia la Uy ban Quan ly sii dung nUdc (SDN) Se San eija Campuchia. Ban thU ky Uy ban sdng Me Cdng da tham dy eae eupc hpp song phUdng nay vdi tu each quan sat vien.
Cae eupc ddi thoai tap trung chij ye'u vao viec thuc hien cae giai phap giam thieu nhUng eung thao luan ve hpp tac trong tUPng lai, cac du an thCiy dien khae d ha iQu song Se San. Nam 2005, Uy ban sdng Me Cdng giQa 2 qude gia da ky Bien ban ghi nhd (MoU) ve tang cUdng hpp tae, phdi hpp lien quan de'n quan ly va phat trien tai nguyen nudc (TNN) d khu vUc bien gidi Viet Nam - Campuchia tren LVS Me Cdng, vdi muc dfch hd trd them de thuc hien thda thuan Me Cdng nam 1995 trong viee giai quyet eae tranh chap lien quan den cac tac ddng xa hdi va mdi trudng eija viee SDN 6 khu vUc bien gidi.
d cap quoe gia, Bp TN&MT Viet Nam ehCi tri xay dUng va trinh ThCi tudng Chinh phu ban hanh quy trinh van hanh lien hd ehQa tren LVS Se San, eu the: Quyet djnh sd 1182/QD-TTg va Quyet djnh sd 215/OD-TTg. Theo dd, cac hd trong quy trinh (Thupng Kon Tum, Dak Bia 1, PleiKrdng, laly, Se San 3, Se San 3A, Se San 4 va Se San 4A) phai phdi hPp van hanh de dieu tiet dam bao phdng ehdng lu eho ha du eae song tren lUu vUe phfa Viet Nam va giam lu cho Campuchia; dam bao xa ddng chay trong mua can, dac biet dam bao xa ddng ehay tdi thieu ve ha du song Se San ve phia Campuchia khdng nhd hdn 195 rnVs, trij trUdng hpp han han, thieu nUdc nghiem trong.
Q2 Tai nguyen va Moi trtfofng V ^ Ky 1 +2 - Thang 1 /2020
Ket quS ap dung danh gia mufc dp cong bing va hdp ly
TQ bdi canh ehung ve hpp tac qude te tren luu vUe, tU dieu kien nen ve dae diem tu nhien, kinh te - xa hpi (KT-XH) va hien trang khai thae, sQ dung TNN, ke hoaeh phat trien tren luu vUe cung nhu vung giap bien gidi, Chung tdi da dng dung Khung hudng dSn de danh gia mQc dp edng bang va hpp ly tren luu vuc.
Kit qua xdc djnh cac yiu ti dae trung cho thay:
Cd 5 nhdm yeu td dupc ra scat va dua vao danh gia so vdi 7 nhdm yeu td dupc dua ra tai Cdng Ude 1997, gdm:
Nhdm a: Cac yeu ti dia ly, hinh thai Idng sdng, thOy van, khi hau, sinh thai va cac yiu to tU nhien khac;
Nhdm b: Nhu cau ve KT-XH cOa cac qud'c gia chung nguon nude cd lien quan;
Nhdm d: Anh hudng cOa mgt hay nhieu loai hinh SDN trong mgt quae gia chung nguon nudc tdi ede quic gia ehung nguon nUde khac;
Nhdm e: Cdc mue dich sil dung nguon nUde hien tai va tiim tang;
Nhdm f: Viec baa ton, bao ve, phat triin vd tinh kinh te cOa vide sO dung TNN cua nguon nUde vd chi phi cho cae bien phap dd.
Xet theo 5 nhom ye'u td da ra soat tUdng Ung se ed 79 yeu td dac trung phye vu then khai Cdng ude; tai cap luu vUc cd 74 yeu td dac trUng sii dyng de ra soat thQ tu uu tien (tai Viet Nam ra soat 72 yeu td, Campuchia ra soat 71 yeu td).
Kit qua xdc dmh rd sodt thU tu uu tien vd tinh todn trgng sd cho thiy:
Tai budc tfnh toan trpng sd vdi eae ye'u to trong tUng nhdm
ydu td lien quan de'n da" '^
sii dung edng bang va ,^ ly ddi vdi ngudn nude lien qude gia, vdi trpng sd diem tUPng Qng vdi trQdng hpp: Bat Ipi = 1, trung binh = 2, thuan lpi = 3, ta cd ke't qua tUPng Ung ddi vdi Viet Nam va Campuchia nhU sau: 384 diem va 337 diem. 6 day cd t h i tha'y, vdi dae dilm ngudn nUdc, vdi phUPng an khai thac, SDN trong hien tai va tUdng lai eua lUu vue, vdi cdc phUPng an bao ve ngudn nudc nhu hien tai, Viet Nam dang ed Ipi the' hpn so vdi Campuchia.
Tai budc tfnh toan trpng so giQa cac nhdm yeu td lien quan de'n danh gia stf dyng eong bang va hdp iy ddi vdi ngudn nudc lien qude gia, vdi trpng sd diem tUPng Qng vdi trudng hpp uu tien ddi vdi eae nhdm yeu td: Nhdm a = 5, nhdm b ^ 4, nhdm d = 3, nhom e
= 2, nhdm f = 1, ta cd ket qua tUPng Qng ddi vdi Viet Nam va Campuchia nhQ sau: 1.253 diem va 1.213 diem. Nhu vay, Viet Nam dang cd lpi the hpn so vdi Campuchia.
Tai budc danh gia mQc dp cdng bang va hpp ly thi ty le phan tram cua Viet Nam va Campuchia nhU sau: 50,81 % va 49,49%. Theo thang danh gia mUc dp cdng bang va hpp iy thi cac qud'e gia tren deu ed ty sd tQ 30 % < K 70 %, thude pham vi phu hpp.
Vi vay, vdi ket qua nay neu ChT nhin nhan mpt each eP hpc thi Viet Nam dudng nhu co Ipi the hdn so vdi Campuchia. Tuy nhien, ne'u xem xet toan dien ve sU phat trien KT-XH cung nhU nhu cau thuc su eua Campuchia thi ke't qua eho tha'y kha phu hdp vdi su nd lUe eua Viet [\i^ n trong hpp tac Me Cdng, tham thye hien eae dU an Quan ly ti hpp
T N N t r e n luu v u c , xay dUng quy hoaeh L V S S e S a n va Srepok.
T h d o luan
Thugn Ipi: Tai K h u n g h u d n g ddn d a n h gia mUc dp c d n g b a n g va h d p ly t r o n g vide s& d u n g ngudn n u d c lien qud'e gia c h o mue dich phi giao t h d n g t h i j y b a n g phUPng p h a p t r p n g s d , ehung tdi d a xae d i n h trinh t p danh gia mUe dp c o n g b a n g va h p p ly g d m 5 bUdc ey t h e nhQ s a u :
Budc 1. Xae dinh edc van di tren lUu vUc;
Budc 2. Xae dinh muc dich SDN, lap muc tieu ddnh gia mUe dd cdng bang va hdp ly trong vide su" dung ngudn nudc lien qud'c gia cho muc dich phi giao thdng thOy;
Budc 3. Xac dinh cac tieu chi lua chgn va thd tU Uu tien;
Budc 4. Thiit lap cac ma tran cac cap so sanh va tinh todn trgng so;
BUdc 5. Thong nhit, ting hap kit qud, cdng bo phuang an thong nhit ddnh gia ve mUc do edng bang va hdp ly trong viec sd dung nguon nUde lien qudc gia cho muc dich phi giao thdng thOy.
T u y n h i d n , trong t h y e te ap d y n g K h u n g h u d n g d a n tai LVS Se San dPn gian hon ra't nhieu so vdi ly thuyet, ey t h e : D a ra soat giam di n h d m ye'u to d a n h gia thuc s u khdng lien quan de'n dac thu c u a luu v y e ; t h y e hien s o n g song giUa bUde 2 va bude 3; giQa budc 3 va b u d c 4 e i j a K h u n g hudng d i n .
Kho khan: Viec Ung d u n g phuong phap trpng s d trong d a n h gia phu thupc v a o n a n g lyc c h i j quan cua ngudi danh gia, nhu eau khaeh quan e u a ddi t u p n g dupe danh gia. Vi vay, k h d cd the dUa ra m p t gia trj chfnh xae de d p
d y n g ddi vdi mpi trudng hdp danh gia. Do d d , trong p h a m vi de tai nay ehiing tdi ehi mong muon dua ra dupe mpt p h a m vi de d a n h gia m d e dp c d n g b a n g va h p p ly, k h d n g t h a m v p n g viee d a n h gia e d n g b a n g va h d p ly. N g o a i ra, trdn the gidi giQa cac qud'e gia cd ehung ngudn nudc, khdi niem nay ehua rd m a ehu y e u viee giai q u y e t m a u t h u i n t r o n g s d d u n g ngudn nUdc lien qude gia deu can cQ tren eae eupc d a m p h a n de di dd'n t h d n g nha't. Do d d , phUdng p h a p t r p n g s d de d a n h gia mQc dp c d n g b a n g va hpp ly mdi the hien 6 khia canh ly thuye't.
Ket luan
D o C d n g Ude ve Luat SQ d u n g cac n g u d n n u d c lien q u d c gia c h o m y e dfch phi giao t h d n g thuy m d i cd hieu luc tQ nam 2 0 1 4 va d a n g trong q u a trinh xay dQng cac v a n ban h u d n g d i n nen va'n de nghien cQu c i j a de tai c d n ra't mdi m e . Vi vay, viee de xua't trong s d t r o n g phUdng p h a p t r p n g s d m d i ehi m a n g tinh kinh n g h i e m , ke t h d a v a t o n g h p p y kien c u a c h u y e n gia m a ehUa cd s y kiem nghiem thUe te. D e tai de xua't gia trj eija cac trpng s d giQa cac ye'u t d dac trUng, giufa cac nhdm y e u t d ngoai viee dUa tren cac kmh n g h i e m ci!ia c h u y e n gia c d n x e m xet den tieu chi dPn gian nhat cho ngUdi tfnh t o a n . N g o a i ra, kie'n nghj p h a m vi de d a n h gia mQc dd e d n g b a n g , h p p ly (K < 30 %:
Khdng phu hpp; tQ 30 < K < 70 %:
Phu h p p ; K > 70 % rat phu hpp) chQ khdng cd tham vpng tinh toan e d n g b a n g , hpp ly. Ke't q u a Qng d u n g ddi vdi LVS Se San eho tha'y kha phu hdp vdi thpe te phat then T N N tren lUu v y c . DQng ve mQc dp e d n g b a n g , viec tra lai s d n g Se San ve phfa C a m p u c h i a vdi IQu IQdng khdng nhd 195 m %
cQng nhQ dam bao vide eat, g i a m lu eho ha du s d n g ed the la hdp ly giQa 2 qud'c gia, tuy nhien, vdi nhu cau khai thac, sii d u n g T N N t h u c te tr§n LVS Se San thi c h u a c d n g b a n g ddi vdi Viet N a m .
Tai lieu tham khao 1. Cdng ude ve Luat sd dung edc ngudn nUdc lien qud'c gia eho edc muc dich phi giao thdng thuy 1997. D a i Hdi d d n g Lien H d p Qud'c thdng qua ngay 21/5/1997, cd hieu IUc ngay 17/8/2014;
2 Khung hUdng din thUc thi Cdng Ude 1997 do T r u n g t a m IHP-HELP ve Luat, Chinh sach va Khoa hpc ve Nude eua UNESCO) xuat ban vao nam 2 0 1 2 ;
3. Cdng ude UNECE 1992 vi bao ve vd sO dung nguon nUdc xuyen bien gidi vd Ho qud'c ti;
4. Phdn tich so sanh Hiep dinh Me Cdng vd Cdng ude ve Nguon nUde cua Lidn Hdp Qud'c;
5. P G S . TS Nguyen Van Ban, De tai ''Nghien cUu thUe trang va nguy cd lu lut, sat Id da't tinh Kon Tum; cae giai phap phdng, ehdng nham giam thiiu thiet hai do lu lut, sat Id dit gay ra de PTTV ve KT-XH- mdi trudng tinh Kan Turrl';
6. Quyit dinh so 2768/QD- BTNMT ngdy 08/11/2017 ciia Bp T N & M T phe duyet nhiem vy Q u y hoaeh T N N LVS Se San - Srepdk den nam 2030, tam nhin den nam 2050 thude D p an Q u a n ly t o n g hpp T N N Me C d n g .
7. Quyit dinh so 215/QD-TTg ngay 13/02/2018 cua ThO tUdng Chinh phu ve viee ban hanh quy trinh van hanh Hen ho ehUa tren luu vUe sdng Se San;
8. B d T N & M T (2011), Bao eao Chinh phO ve sdng xuydn bien gidi.M
T a i nguyfen v a Moi trtfcfng 0 3 Ky 1+2-Thang 1/2020
