EL
THI/C TIEN-KINH NGHIEMLUAT TIN NGIIdNG JON GIAO QUA M 6 T NAM TRIEN KHAI THIlC HIEN
• ThS NGUYEN QUOC VU Ban Ton giao tinh Dong Nai
• TS LE TAM BAC Vien Ton gido va Tin ngumjg, Hoc vien Chinh tri quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
• Tdm tdt: Luat Tin ngUdng tdn gido dUdc Qudc hgi niidc Cgng hoa XHCN Viet Nam khda XIV thdng qua ngdy lS-11-2016, dddc Chu tich nddc ky lenh cdng bo ngdy 1-12- 2016; chinh thiic cd hieu life thi hdnh titngdy 1-1-2018. Sau mgt ndm trim khai thiichien Luat, dd dat dtidc nhieu ket qud bUdc ddu rdt quan trgng, tuy nhien cung bgc lg mdt so bdt cap, han che, viidng mdc. Do vdy, ddi hdi cdc cd quan chdc ndng cdn sdm nghien cdu, dSxudt viec siia doi nhiing ngi dung cdn bdt cap nhdm ddm bdo tinh khd thi, thong nhdt, dong bd cua Ludt Tin ngUdng tdn gido, ddp Ung yeu cdu thtic tiin.
• Tii khda: Ludt tin ngUdng ton gido; qudn ly nhd nUdc ve tin ngUdng ton gido; hoat dgng tin ngUdng tdn giao.
1. Ket qua va mot so bat cap sau 1 nam Quyen binh dang truac phap luat cua td thu-c hien Luat Tin ngu-ong, ton giao chuc ton giao, ca nhan ton giao hop phap duoc
Qua mot nam trien ichai thuc hien Luiit Tin bao dam. Chitc sac, nha tu hanh, chiic viec va nguong, ton giao, da dat duoc nhi^u ket qua tin do cac ton giao tiep tuc tin tuong vao chu quan trong; Quyen tu do tin nguong, ton giao truang, duang Idi, chinh sach ciia Dang va Nha ciia nguoi dan dugc bao dam theo diing tinh nir&c, tich cue tham gia cac phong trao thi dua than Hien phap nam 2013 {DiSu 14 va Dilu 24)"'. yeu nuoc. Ngudn luc ciia td chuc ton giao, ca Nhu cau sinh boat tin nguong, ton giao ciia chiic nhan ton giao dong gop cho xa hoi ngay cang sac, nha tu hanh, chiic viec, tin dd cac ton giao duoc phat huy. Khdi doan ket ddng bao cac tdn va ddng dao quan chung nhan dan duoc dap giao duoc cung cd trong khdi dai doan ket toan ung day du. Hoat dgng ciia cac td chiic tdn giao, dan tpc.
ca nhan tdn giao va co satin nguong duoc thuan Hanh lang phap ly ttong linh vuc tin nguong, lgi. Quan he qudc te trong Hnh vuc ton giao dugc tdn giao ngay cang vung chac va dn dinh. Thii tigp tuc mo rong. tuc hanh chfnh dan gian, caban phu hop voi yeu
LYLUAN CHiNH TRj-So 6/2019
_ja
cau va nguyen vpng cda ddng bao cd tin nguong, ton giao. Hieu lue, hieu qua cdng tac quan Iy nha nudc dupc tang eudng, dap ung nhiem vu edng tac tdn giao ti-ong tmh huih mod.
Tuy nhien, ben canh nhung thanh tim neu tien, Ludt Tin ngudng, tdn gido eung bdc Id mdt sdbat cap, han che, gdy khd khan cho boat ddng tin ngudng, tdn gido va edng tdc quan ly nha nudc ve tin ngudng, tdn giao, cu the:
Ve khai niem "t6 chiic ton giao true thuoc".
Theo quy dinh tai Khoan 13, Dilu 2: "Td chiic tdn giao tnic thude Id td ehiic thudc td chiic ton giao, dupe thdnh lap theo hien chuong, dilu 11, quy dinh cua td chiic tdn giao"'^'. Quy dinh nay hoc Id mdt sd khd khan trong trien khai thtrc hien:
Thu nhit, theo ndi hdm khdi niem, d l xac dinh la td chiic tdn giao true thudc thi thuc the do phai thoa man ba dilu kiln: (1) thupc td ehiie ton giao dupe Nhd nude cdng nhan; (2) Id bd phan cdu thanh cua td chuc tdn giao duac quy dinh ttong hiin chuong, dieu le cua td chiie tdn giao; (3) dtrgc thanh lap theo quy dinh eua hien chuong, dilu 11 cita td chuc tdn gido. Tuy nhien, ve dilu kien thdnh lap, cd hien chuong, dilu l l quy dinh viec dang ky vdi chinh quyin trudc khi thanh lap, nhtmg cung cd hiln chuong, dieu 11 khdng quy dinh van de nay (Giao hpi Cdng gido Viet Nam), dan din tinh trang khi thanh lap td chiic tdn gido true thupc, td chiie tdn gido thuc hien dang ky boac khdng dang ky vdi cbinh quyin khi xet tbay cd lpi cho td ehiic tdn gido.
Dilu nay dan din khd khan cho cdng tae quan ly nha nude ciia ehinh quyen cdc cap ddi vdi td ehtic tdn gido true tiiudc.
Thiihai, hiln tai d Viet Nam cd r±ieu td ehiic tdn giao vdi md hinh, he thdng ca cau td chuc tir tnmg uong den ca sd rat khac nhau (theo quy dinh cua hiln chuong, dilu le td cbtic tdn giao),
nhat la ddi vol Cdng giao, md binh ca cdu td ehtic dupc quy dinh ti:ong Bo giao luat (tiiuc hien tir Giao triiu Vatican den giao xti); tirong cde hien chuong, dilu 11 cua cac ddng tu; trong cac quy chl, npi quy ciia gido phdn... vdi nbieu tdng nae hdnh chinb dao, trung gian lien kit, nhiiu bd phdn cau thanh trong moi tdng nae, trong khi chua dupe ca quan ed tham quyin cua trung uong hudng dan chi tilt. Do vdy, chinh quyin dia phuong gap khd khan trong vile xac dinh ddu la td ehiic tdn gido trtrc thudc, dau la bd phan cdu thdnh ciia td chiic tdn gido trtjc thude de lam co sd tbuc hiln tdt cdng tac quan ly nha nude trln dia ban.
Ve su thiiu thong nhit giua quy dinh tai Khoan 13 va Khoan 14, Dieu 2, Luat Tin ngudng, ton giao: Khoan 13, Dieu 2 quy dinh: "Td chuc tdn giao trtJc thude la td chuc thudc td ehtic tdn gido, dtrpc thanh lap theo hiln chuong, dieu 11, quy dinh ciia td cbiic tdn gido", Khoan 14, Dilu 2 quy dinh: "Co sd tdn giao gdm ebita, nba thd, nha nguyen, thanh tiiat, tiianh dudng, tru sd ciia td chiic tdn gido, ca sd bpp pbap kbdc cua td chicc tdn giao"'^'.
Cdn cii ndi dung Khoan 13, Dieu 2, Luat Tin ngudng, tdn giao va Dilu 57, Hiin chuong Giao hoiPhatgiao VietNam: "Don vi co sd ctia Giao hdi Phat giao Viet Nam la chua, td dinh, tinh xa, thien vien, tu vien, tinh vien, tinh thdt, Niem Phat dudng (gpi ebung la tu vien), dudi su quan ly cua cac cdp Gido bdi"'*', thi cd su thiiu tiidng nhat giua Khoan 13 vd Khoan 14, Dieu 2, Luaf Tin ngudng ton giao trong vile xac dinh dia vi phap ly ciia "chiia". Bdi vi, Dilu 57, Hien chuang Giao hoi Phat giao Viet Nam xac dmh
"chua" khdng pbai Id cap hanb chinb dao, nhung la don vi ea sd, la td chuc tdn giao true tiiudc trong be thdng co cau td chuc cua Giao boi Phdt giao Viet Nam.
LV LUAN CHINHTRI-So 6/2019
m^
THl/CTIEN-KINH NGHIEM Thuc tiin cdng tdc quan ly nha nudc ve tin ngudng, tdn giao cho tiiay, viec xde dinh "chua"eua Phdt giao nhu co sa tdn giao la chua phu hop. Bdi vi, cung nhu cde don vi eo sd cua eae tdn gido khde ("giao xti" cita Cdng gido, "chi hdi"
cua dao Tin Idnh, "hp dao" cua dao Cao Ddi),
"ehiia" eua Phat gido ed co sd vat chat (dat dai, tai san), cd cde cdng trinh tdn gido (chinh dien, nha td, trai dudng,...), cd nhdn su quan ly dilu hanh (tru tri boac ban tru tri, ban quan tri...). Vi vdy, khi Luaf Tin ngudng, ton giao xem "ehua"
ctia Phat giao Id "co sd tdn giao" gdy kbdng it khd khan cho ca quan qudn ly nha nudc cdc cdp khi xem xet, gidi quyet cac van de Uln quan den td cbiic, nhdn su, boat ddng cua "chua" nhu thanh lap, bd nhiem, boat ddng ll nghi, boat ddng tdn giao ed yiu td nudc ngoai va cac vdn dl kbac theo quy dinh cua pbap luat ve dat dai, xay dung khi xde dinb ehii thi vl mat td cbtic thuc hiln thu tuc phap ly trong vile giao dat, cdp phep xdy dung.
Vexac dinh tham quyen tiip nhan thongbao phong pham trong ton giio: Theo quy dinb tai Khoan 1, Dilu 33, Luat Tin ngudng, ton giao, to ehiie tdn giao ed trach nhiem thdng bdo bdng van ban din ea quan quan Iy nhd nude vl tin ngudng, tdn giao d trung uong ve ngudi dupc phong phdm hodc suy cu ldm "... mue su eua cdc td chirc Tin lanh (...) va cac pham vi tuong duong cita td chiie tdn gido khae"'^'. Quy dinh nay ehua rd dan den khd khan cho cdng tdc qudn ly cua dia phuang kht xde dinh npi ham khai niem "pham vi tuong duong ctia td chirc tdn giao khae" cung nhu kbi hudng ddn cde to chuc tdn giao thuc hien quy dinh nay. Diln hinh nhu ddi vdi phdm vi "linh muc" cua Cdng giao, lieu ed tuong duong vdi pbam vi "muc su" ciia dao Tin Idnh, dl xde dinh thdm quyen tiep nhdn tiidng bdo.
Bin eanh do, quy dmh nay cdn bdt cap d ebo, tuyet dai bp phan mue su cua cac td chuc Tm lanh hogt ddng tdn gido d dia ban ca sd tai cac dilm sinh boat tdn giao tap trung va cac chi hpi, do cbinh quyin dia phuang true tiep qudn ly. Vi vay, viec phan cap co quan quan ly nha nude vl tin ngudng, tdn gido d trung uong tilp nhan tiidng bdo ddi vdi phdm vi "muc su" ciia cdc to chiie Tin lanh Id ehua that su phu hpp.
Ve viec xac dinh "dia diim hop phap" cua cac ton giao: Cac dieu 17,19,22 va 29 cua Luat quy dinh, mpt trong nhung dilu kiln va thanh phan hd sa ddng ky sinh boat tdn gido tap trung, cap ehiing nhdn dang ky hoat ddng tdn giao, cdng nhan to cbiic tdn giao, thdnh lap td chuc tdn giao true thudc Id phai ed "dia diem hpp phdp".
Khoan 15, Dilu 2 quy dinh: "Dia diem hpp phap la dat, nba d, cdng trinh ma td chuc hoae cd nhan cd quyin sir dung hpp phap theo quy dinh eua phdp ludt""^'.
Thue tl phat sinh cac quan diem khde nhau trong vile dp dung quy dinh cua Luat Tin ngudng, ton giao ddi vdi viec xac dinh "dia diem hpp phdp" dl giai quyet dang ky sinh boat tdn giao tap trung, cap chiing nhdn dang ky boat ddng tdn giao, cdng nhan td ehtic tdn gido, thdnh lap td chuc tdn gido tnrc thudc. Cd quan diem cho rdng, "dia dilm hop phap"
trong edc trudng hop ndy la nhd 6, ddt dai, cdng trinh xay dung phai tbude quyen quan ly, sir dung hpp phdp cua td chirc tdn giao; trong do dat dai phai phu hpp vdi quy hoach sir dung ddt dai tdn gido, nhd ova cdng trinh phai dupe CO quan nha nudc cd tham quyen chap thudn cho phep xay dung theo quy dinh eua phap ludt xay dung; neu chua phai la ddt dai thudc quyin sir dung ctia td chuc tdn giao thi cung phai phu hop vdi quy hoach sti dung dat dai tdn giao.
LYLUAN CHINH TRj-So 6/2019
M
Trong khi do, cd quan dilm eho rdng, "dia dilm hpp phap" la nha d, dat dai, edng trinh xay dimg dupc td chiic, cd nban tao lap hpp phdp theo quy dinh cua phdp luat. Do vay, ngoai cde tradng hpp nha d, ddt dai, cdng trinh xay dung thupc quyen quan ly, sd biiu, su dung cua td chiic ton gido tiii "dia diem hpp phap" cdn bao gdm nha d, dat dai, cdng trinh thudc quyen sd hiiu, sti dung bpp phap cua td chuc, ca nban khac ma td chiic tdn giao thue, mupn theo quy dinh cua Luat Dan su.
Viec dinh ngbia "dia dilm hop phdp" tai Khoan 15, Dilu 2, dp dung chung cho tdt ea ddi tupng, khach till qudn ly hoat ddng tdn gido rd rang chua phii hop vdi thuc tiln ca dudi gdc dp td chiic tdn giao lan dudi gdc dp quan ly nba nuac. Cu till:
Duoi gdc dp td chiic tdn gido: dia dilm dat noi sinh hoat tdn giao tap trung, td chuc tdn giao, to chiic tdn gido true thudc cd y nghia khac nhau vdi cac tdn gido kbdc nhau. Trong do, ddi vdi td chuc tdn giao, td chuc tdn gido true thude, dilm sinh hoat tdn giao tap trung, dia dilm dat tru sd, noi sinh boat tdn giao khdng nhat thiit gdn Uen vdi CO sd tiid tiJ. Nhung ddi vdi td cbtic tdn gido tnrc tiiupc d co sd ("ehiia" ciia Phdt gido, "gido xti' ciia Cdng giao, "hp dao" cua dao Cao Dai...) la nd gdn Uln vdi co sd thd tir mang yiu td Unb thieng phuc vu nhu cau sinh boat tdn giao eua chiic sde, nha tii hanh, chiic viec va quan ehung tin do. Do do, viec cho tbanb lap td chuc tdn giao tnrc thudc d ea sd ddng nghia vdi viee giai quyit cho td chiic tdn gido tao lap, xay dung mdi ca sd thdtij va cdng trinh tdn gido phu trp.
Dudi gdc dd qudn ly nba nude: viec thuc thi phap luat ve tin ngudng, tdn gido ddi hdi su ddng bp, thdng nhdt vdi cdc ngdnh ludt dilu chinh cdc linh vijc Uln quan; phu bpp vol dilu kiln phdt triin kmh tl, van hda, xa hdi, bdo dam qudc
phdng, an ninh. Tuy nhien, viec dp dung "dia diem hpp phap" theo quy dinb trong Luat Tin nguong, ton giao d l giai quyit viec thdnh lap td chiic tdn gido true tiiupc dcasdla chua phu hpp, cbdng cheo vdi cac quy dinh eiia phap ludt ve ddt dai, xay dung va quy hoach, thdm chi tae ddng tieu cue den su phat trien kmh tl, van hda, xa hdi va giu viing an ninh, qude phdng.
Ve viec tiip nhan thong bao boat dong ton giao: Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 43, Luat Tin ngudng, ton giao, tiiam quyin tilp nhdn thdng bao danh muc boat dpng tdn giao hang nam cua td ebue tdn giao, td chiic tdn gido triFC thudc dua vdo "dia ban boat dpng tdn giao" ctia to chuc tdn giao, td chuc tdn gido true thudc'''\ kbdng dua vdo "thanh pban tham du hoat ddng" nhu Nghi dinh sd 92/ND-CP ngay 8-11-2012 cua Chinh phu Quy dinh chi tiit va bien phap thi hanh Phap lenh tin nguong, ton giao'-^K Dieu nay dan den khd khan cho dia phuong, nbat Id UBND cdp xa, trong viec tiep nban thdng bdo boat dpng tdn gido khi cd tiianb phan tiiam dungoai pham vi mpt huyen boac ngodi tinh. Vt rat nhieu td chuc tdn giao d co sd (giao xti, cbiia, hp dao, chi hdi...) du pham vi boat ddng trong dia bdn mdt xa, phudng, thi trdn, nhung lai cd nhimg boat dpng tdn giao quy md rat lon vdi tbanb pbdn tiiam du lin den vai cbuc ngbin ngudi d nhieu dia phuong trong cd nudc. Thdm chi cd nbung boat ddng cd hang nghin chuc sac, nha tii bdnh tham du; cd hoat ddng mdt vai chu'c sde, nha tu bdnh Ipi dung sinh hoat tdn giao, 11 nghi tdn gido d l tuyen truyin cbdng phd Dang, Nbd nudc (sd chuc sac, nba tiJ hanh nay thudng tir dia bdn kbdc d i n nen viec nam bat, xir ly thdng tin vd quan ly cua UBND cap xa gap nhiiu khd khan).
VI" chu thi dang ky sinh hoat ton giao tap trung; Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 16 va Dilu 17 ciia Luat Tin ngumg. ton giad^K chit t h i dang ky
LVLUAN CHfNHTR!-So 6/2019
^
T H U C T I I N - K I N H NGHIEMsmh boat tdn gido tap trung la td chiie tdn giao (trudng hpp td chiic tdn gido hpp phap) va ngudi dai dien (trudng hap chua cd td chiic tdn giao hoac td chiic chua hpp phdp). Quy dinh nay bdc bd nhiiu bdt cap trong tbuc tiln cdng tdc qudn ly:
Thiinhat, thieu su binh ddng giiia cdc chii the trong thuc bien ddng ky vol mpt ben la td chuc tdn gido hpp phdp (do ngudi diing ddu hoae ngudi dupc ngudi diing dau phdn cap, tiy quyin dang ky) vd mpt bin la td chuc tdn gido chua hpp phap (chi do mdt tin do ed day dii tu each cdng dan dai dign dang ky).
Thuhai, khdng phii hpp vdi xu thi eai each thti tue hanb ehinh vd su thdng nhat trong giai quyet cac hoat ddng Uln quan den tdn giao hiln nay. Cu thi: (1) ehu the tiiirc biln ddng ky la td cbuc tdn giao (Hdi ddng Tri su Gido bdi Phat gido Viet Nam, Hdi ddng Gidm mue Viet Nam,...), mdt ben ca quan giai quyit la Uy ban nban dan cap xa; (2) td chiic tdn gido true thupc (Ban Tri sir Phdt gido, Tda Gidm miic) duac quyin dang ky thanh lap td chuc tdn gido true tbude thudc pham vi quan ly, trong kbi viec dang ky sinh boat tdn giao cho qudn chiing tin dd lai thupc tham quyin cua td chiic tdn gido (Hpi ddng Tri su Gido hdi Phdt gido Viet Nam, Hpi ddng Gidm muc Viet Nam,...).
Thiiba, kbdng phu hpp vdi thiJC tiln sinh boat tdn gido khi yiu edu td cbiic tdn giao la cbu the quan ly d cap vi md, khdng true tiep quan ly smh hoat tdn giao cita tin do lai dang ky sinh boat tdn gido eho hp. Dac biet vdi Cdng gido - td chiic gido hdi thdng nhdt tic Gido trieu Vatican din giao xti, vdi 3 cap banh chinh dao (gido triiu, giao phdn, gido xtr), 2 cap giao hpi (gido hpi hoan vu vd gido hpi dia phuong), 3 cdp trung gian (gido mien, gido tinh, gido hat); trong dd, giao phdn (giao hdi dja phuang) do gidm muc chinh tda quyit dinh
todn bd cdc van de ti-ong dia ban. Vi vdy viec quy dinh Gido hdi Cdng gido Viet Nam dang ky sinh boat tdn giao tap tiimg la khdng pbii hop vdi dac diem cua Cdng gjao.
Ve ding ky nguoi bau cucua td chiic ton giao:
Dilu 34, Luar Tin nguong, ton giao quy dinh td chiie tdn gido, td chuc tdn giao tnic thudc trude khi bau eii chiic vile cd trdch nhilm gdi hd sa dang ky den eo quan quan ly nha nudc vl tin ngudng, tdn giao dtrung uong, ca quan chuyen mdn vl tin ngudng, tdn gido cdp tuih'^"' dan din nhiiu lung tiing, khd khan cho dia phuong trong cdng tae quan ly nha nudc. Trong thuc tiln, hau hit cdc td chiic tdn gido thue biln ngbilm tuc giao luat, hiln chuong, dieu le Q-ong bau cir nban su tham gia quan ly cac td chuc tir cdp trung uong den cap co sd. Nhieu td chiie tdn giao bau eu nhdn su qua hinh thiic lay phieu tin nhilm true tiep, dan chti, cdng khai va trai qua nhiiu lupt bdu dl chpn ra nhdn su. Vi vdy, vile yeu can dang ky nhan su vdi cbinh quyin trudc khi bau cu da tao su pban ting trong cde tdn gido.
Ve quan ly chuc sic, chik: viec, nha tu hanh thuyen chuyin noi hoat ddng:Theo quy diuhtm Dilu 35, Luat Tin ngudng, ton giao, khi thuyin chuyen chiic sde, cbuc viec, nhd tu hanh cbi can thdng bdo bdng vdn ban den ea quan chuyin mdn lam edng tae tin ngudng, tdn giao cap tinh noi di va noi din, khdng gui kem ly lich ca nhdn va ly licb tu phdp (gdm ca chuc sde, cbuc vile, nhd tu bdnh dang bi budc tdi boac chua dupc xda an tich)"". Quy dinh nay dan den ca quan quan ly nha nude vl tin ngudng, tdn giao khdng quan ly dupe chiie sde, cbtic viee, nha tii hdnh, nhdt la nhiing trudng hpp tiiuyen chuyin tir tinb thdnh khac den.
Ve viec thuc hien phiiu lylich tuphap: Trong nhirng nam qua, thuc hien tiieo quy dinh tai Dilu 22, Phap lenh Tin ngudng, ton gia&m ^^
LYLUAN CHINHTRI-So 6/2019
_ J I
Khoan 2, Dilu 19, Nghi dinh sd 92 ctia Chinh phd"^', ngodi tbuc hien qudn ly nhd nudc ddi vdi viec bd nhilm, bau cu, suy cii nban su la chiic sde, nha tu hanh, cbinh quyen cdn thirc hien quan Iy nhd nudc ddi vdi viec bd nhiem, bau cir, suy cd nhan su la tin dd tham gia vdo bp may td chiic cac tdn giao. Thue t l ebo thay, cdng tac quan Iy va tranh thii ehiie vile la tin dd giiip cdng tdc qudn Iy nhd nudc v l tin ngudng, tdn giao dat hidu qua tdt ban, nhat Id trong vile van dpng tin do tdn gido tham gia cac phong trao tiii dua yeu nudc, xti ly cde vu vile tdn giao phiic tap.
Theo quy dinh tai Dilu 33 va Dilu 34, luaf Tin ngudng, ton giao, ngudi dupc bd nbiem, bau cu, suy cir (chiic sde, nba tu hanb, tin dd), td ehtic tdn gido ddng ky phai giti kem philu Iy lieh tu phap ctia ngudi dupc bd nbiem, bau cii, suy cti*'*. Quy dinb ndy giup ebo ca quan qudn ly nha nudc d cdp tinh va cdp trung uong quan ly tdt hon chiic sde, nha tu hanh khi tham gia vao bo may td chirc cac tdn giao. Tuy nhiin, ddi vdi trudng hpp nhdn su Id tin do tham gia vao bd may td chiic cdc tdn gido, thi quy dinb nay ehua phil hpp. Bdi vi, sd luong tin dd tham gia vao bd may td ehiic cde tdn giao ddng dao, tham gia theo nhiem ky (tii 2 din 5 nam); hp chi la ngudi ho tip chiie sde, nha tu hdnh diing dau td chuc tdngiaotiirc tiiudc.
Ve viec giai quyit dia vi phip ly doi vdi dong tu Cdng giao; Trudc day, thuc hiln quy dinh tai Dieu 20, Phip linh Tin nguong, ton giad^^* va Dieu 13, Nghi dinh sd92 cua Chinh pbu"^', xem xet, giai quyet van d l td cbtic cua ddng tu Cdng giao thdng qua vile cap chiing nhdn dang ky hoat ddng tdn giao. Hiln nay, Luat Tin nguong, ton giao khdng dat van d l ddng tu Cdng giao rieng Ie nira ma xem xet, giai quyet cac van de lien quan ddng tu Cdng giao nhu ddi vdi to chuc
tdn giao true tbude. Dieu nay cd ngbia la xem xet, giai quyet van de td chiic cua ddng tu Cdng giao thdng qua vile tbanb lap, chia tdch, sap nhdp, bpp nhat td chiie tdn giao true thudc theo quy dinh tai edc dieu 27, 28 va 29 cua Luat Tin nguong, ton giao. Tuy nhien, thuc tedVietNam eho thdy, ddng tu Cdng giao cd hai loai: (1) ddng qudc te tTLTC thupc quyin Giao hodng, boat dpng dpc lap theo su cbi dao cua Gido hodng va Bl tren ddng d nudc ngodi, Gidm mue dia phan chi cd quyen giam sdt boat ddng, khdng cd quyin chi dao, dieu hanh; (2) ddng dia phdn thudc quyen Gidm mue dia pban va ehiu su chi phdi, chi dao cua Giam muc dia phan.
Do vdy, theo quy dinb cua Ludt, viec xem xet, giai quyet ddng tu Cdng gido tbong qua viec thanh lap, chia tdch, sap nhdp, bpp nhat td cbuc tdn gido trtic tbupe ddi vdi ddng tu qudc t l thudc quyin Giao hoang la chua phu hpp vdi dae dilm, thuc tiln boat ddng ctia ddng tu Cdng gido vd cdng tdc quan ly nha nudc ddi vdi boat dOng cua ddng tu Cdng gido d Viet Nam; nhdt la cac van d l liin quan din vile ddnh gia, nhdn dien vl gdc dp ehinh tri, tdn giao eiia cdc ddng tu qudc te.
Ve ten goi cua to chuc ton giao true thuoc: Cac khoan 1,2,3 vd 4, Dilu 25, Luat Tin nguong, ton giao dilu cbinh ten gpi cua td ehiic tdn gido, khdng dieu chinb nhirng van de Uln quan din t i n gpi cua td cbtic tdn giao true tbude, cung khdng quy dinb tin gpi cua td cbuc tdn giao tiirc tiiudc. Dieu ndy dan den khdng ed co sd pbdp ly ebo CO quan quan ly nhd nude ve tin ngudng, tdn giao kbi giai quyit van d l Hen quan din ten gpi cua td chirc tdn gido tiirc tiiudc tiieo quy dinh tai cae dilu 22,25 va 29 cua Luat.
Vequan lyhanh chinh ddi voi cosodao tao ton giio: So vdi Phap lenh Tin ngudng, ton giao, till Luat Tin ngudng, ton giao danb nhieu dieu ludt (cdc dieu 37, 38, 39, 40 vd 42) quy dinh cac
LYLUAN CHfNHTR!-So6/2019
m.
T H U C T I I N - K I N H NGHIEMvan de lien quan den thanh lap, boat ddng, giai the CO sd dao tao tdn gido, Tuy nhiin, tat ca cdc npi dung lien quan den quan ly nha nudc ddi vdi CO so dao tao tdn gido diu tiiudc trdch nbiem, tham quyen cua ca quan tmng uong, bd bdn ndi dung quan ly banh cbinh nba nude ctia ehinh quyin cdp tinh md trudc day Phap lenh Tin nguong, ton giao va Nghi dinh 92 cua Chinh pbii da quy dinh. Dieu ndy bd qua vai trd quan ly dia bdn, lanh tho cua Uy ban nban dan cdp tinh, tao Id hdng trong cdng tdc quan ly nbd nudc ddi vdi CO sd dao tao tdn gido.
Vequan lynhi nuoc linh vuc tin nguong: Luat Tin nguong, ton giao ddnh 1 chuong (Chuong III) quy djnh ve quan Iy nba nudc ddi vdi boat ddng tin ngudng. Tuy nhien, Ludt cbi quy dinh nbtnig vdn de liin quan den nhdn su ciia ca sd tin ngudng va boat dpng tin ngudng. Vi vdy, ehinh quyin dja phuong gap khdng it khd khan khi giai quyet nhimg van de Uen quan din dia vi pbap ly cua td cbiic, co sd tin ngudng (cdng nban, thanh lap td chirc tin ngudng boac ca sd tin ngudng) trong thuc hien quan ly nba nude ddi vdi cde vdn de nhdn su, boat ddng, ddt dai, xay dung cita eo sd tin ngudng tren dia ban.
Mat kbac, theo quy dinh cua Luat Tin nguong, ton giao, tdng thi quan ly nha nudc vl boat ddng tin ngudng thupc tham quyin ea quan quan ly nha nudc ve tin ngudng, tdn gido cac cap. Tuy nhien, Dilu 22, Nghi dinb sd 162/ND-CP ngdy 30-12-2017 cua Cbinh phu Quydmii chi deinjpf so dieu va bien phip thi hanh Luat Tin ngudng, ton giad"^ lai tacb ndi dung quan ly nhd nudc vl 11 hpi tin ngudng, quan ly khoan thu tu viee td chuc le bdi tin ngudng sang cho ca quan quan Iy nha nude ve van hda phu tracb. Dieu nay anb hudng den tinb thdng nhdt, tinh ddng bd trong thuc bien cbiic nang quan ly nba nudc ddi vdi linh vue tin ngudng.
Ve thiK hien quyin su dung dat cua to cbuc, CO so ton giio: Khoan 4, Dilu 56 eua Luat quy dinh: "Viee ehuyin ddi, chuyen nhupng, tang eho, cho thui, the ehdp, gdp vdn tai san bdng quyin su dung dat thuc hiln theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt cd Uen quan""^'. Tuy nhien, Luat Dat dai nam 2013 quy dinh, dat co sd tdn gido do Nha nudc giao khdng diu tien sir dung dat, do vay CO sd tdn gido kbdng dupe chuyen nhupng, tang cho, ebo thud, tbi ehdp, gdp vdn tdi sdn bdng quyen sti dung dat"^'. Dilu nay ddn din khd khan khi td cbtic tdn gido yiu cau tbuc hien quyin theo quy dinh tai Khoan 4, Dieu 56, Luat Tin nguong, ton giao.
Ve trich nhiem tai sin cua to chuc ton giao khi duoc cong nhan phap nhan: Khoan 2, Dilu 87, IuatDa/2Si/nam20i5quydinh: "Pbap nhan chju trdch nhiem dan sii bang tai san cua minh..."™. Tuy nhien, ddi vdi cac td ehtic tdn giao khi dupe edng nhan phap nhan, viec td ehtic kl bien, thitc hien nghia vu tai san cua td ehiie tdn giao ddi vdi cae ehu the khac trong quan be pbap ludt vl ddn su se gap nhieu khd khan, tinh kha thi thap, ciing nhu bj rang budc bdi cdc quy dinh cua cac van ban quy pham phap Iuat khde Uen quan.
2. Giai phap khac phuc
Dl kbdc phuc nhiing diem bdt cap ctia Luat Tin nguong ton giao, ti-ong tihdi gian tdi can:
Thiinhat, co quan quan ly nhd nuac ve tin ngudng, tdn giao d tiimg uong chu tri, phdi hop vdi cae ca quan trung uong tien hanh khao sdt tai eae dia phuang ed ddng ddng bdo tdn giao, nhiiu td cbtic tdn giao, co sdtin ngupng de ddnh gia toan diln, cu the, chinh xde tinh hinh thue till Luat Tin nguong, ton giao, ti-en co sd dd kiln nghi edc co quan ed tham quyin sira ddi nhung ndi dung edn bat cap, tiiilu tiidng nhdt, bd sung nhimg dilm cdn tbieu nhdm bao dam ttnh kha
LYLUAN CHINHTRI-So6/2019
Jl
thi, tiidng nhat, ddng bd cua luaf Tin ngumg, ton ^ao ttong he thdng phap luat Viet Nam, dap lingyeu cau thuc tiln edng tac quan iy nhd nude vl tin ngudng, tdn gido.
Thiihai, trong thdi gian chd dpi co quan cd tham quyin sua ddi, bd sung, de nghi ca quan quan ly nha nudc ve tin ngudng, tdn giao d trung uong CO van ban hudng ddn eu the, thdng nhat mpt sd npi dung ciia Luaf Tin ngudng, ton giao, nhdt la cdc npi dung dang vuong mde, khd khan ttong qua trinh thuc hien de cac dia phuang triin khai ddng bd tu cap tinh den cap co sd, ttanh tinh trang mdi dia phuong hiiu va van dting khac nhau.
Thii ba, viec phat huy ngudn lyc cua cac tdn giao dong gdp cho su nghiip xdy dung va bao ve Td qudc dupc khdng dinh trong nhiiu vdn ban cua Dang va Nha nudc, cung nhu the ebe boa tai Dilu 54 vd Dilu 55 cua Luat tin ngudng, tdn giao.
Nhimg den nay, edc ngdnh ludt ed lien quan nhu Luat Dit dai, Luat Giao due, Lu$t Yte..., chua dupc stia ddi, bd sung cho phii hpp. Vi vdy, co quan qudn ly nha nude vl tin ngudng, tdn giao d ttung uong edn kien nghi Chinh pbii giao Bd Giao dtic va Dao tao, Bp Y tl, Bd Tdi nguyen va Mdi truong chu tii, tham muu Chinh pbii trmh Qudc hdi nhanh chdng siia ddi, bd sung ndi dung lien quan den tin ngudng, tdn gido trong cae vdn ban phap ludt ve gido due, y tl, ddt dai, nhdm bao dam su cu thi hda kip thdi chit truong, ehinh sach cua Dang, Nha nudc va su thdng nhdt, ddng bp ttong hi thdng phdp ludt Viet Nam •
(I) Hiin phap nim 2013, Dilu 14 quy dinh: "O niroc Cdng hda xa hpi chii nghia Viet Nam, cac quyen con ngudi, quyen cdng dan vl chinh tn, dan str, kinh te, van hda, xa hpi duoc cdng nhdn, tdn
trpng, bao ve, bao dam theo Hiln phap va phap luat"; Dieu 24 quy dinh: "1. Mpi nguoi cd quyen tu do tin nguong, tdn giao, theo hoac khdng theo mpt tdn giao nao. Cac tdn giao binh ddng trudc phap luat; 2. Nha nuoc tdn trpng va bao hd quyen tu do tin nguong, tdn giao; 3. Khong at dugc xam pham tu do dn nguong, tdn giao hoac Ipi dung tin nguong, tdn giao de vi pham phap luat", http://www.chinhphu.vn.
(2), (3), (5), (6), (7), (9), (10), (11), (14), (18) Bui Thanh Ha-Nguyin Thi Dinh: Tai lieu giai thieu Luat Tin nguong, ton giao, Nxb Ton giao. Ha Npi, 2017, U.7, 8,28. 8,35-36,15-17, 28-29, 30,27-29, 45.
(4) Hiin chuong Giao hoi Phat 0ao VietNam (tu chinh lan thu V), http://btgcp.gov.vn.
(8) Dilu 24 va Dilu 25, Nghi dinh sd 92 ngay 8-11- 2012 cua Chinh phit Quy dinh chi tiit va bien phap thi hanh Phap lenh tm nguong, ton giao, http: / / vanban.chinhphu.vn.
(12) Dilu 22, Phap lenh Tin ngudng, ton giao, http://www.chinhphu.vn.
(13) Dieu 19, Nghi dtnh sd 92 ngay 8-11-2012 cua Chfnh phit Quy dinh chi tiit va bien phap thi hanh Pbap lenh tin nguong, ton giao, http://vanban .chinhphu.vn.
(15) Dieu 20, Phap lenh Tin nguong, ton giao, http://www.chinhphu.vn.
(16) Dieu 13, Nghi dinh sd 92 ngay 8-11-2012 cua Chinh phii Quy dinh chi tiitva bien phap thi hanh Phap lenh tin nguong, ton giao. http://vanban.
chinhphu.vn.
(17) Dieu 22, Nghi dinh sd 162/ND-CP ngay 30-12- 2017 ciia Chinh phu Quy dinh chi tiit mot so dieu va bien phap thi hanh Luat tin ngudng, ton giao, http://btgcp.gov.vn.
(19) Luat Dat dai nam 2013, http://www.dpi.
hochiminhcity.gov.vn.
(20) Luat Dan sunam 2015, https://tiiuvienphap- luat.vn.
LY LUAN CHfNHTR!-S6 6/2019
