N G 6 N N G 0
SO 2 2011
Y NGHIA BIEU TRl/NG
^^
CUA TIN HIEU THAM MI CHI MUA XUAN TRONG THCf Mdi
l.D^tvinde
Ngdn ngft khdng ngimg thuylt minh vd phan tfch nhiing dom vj md nd dugc vgn dyng. Ngdn ngfl ndi chung, d$c bipt Id ngdn ngfl nghp thugt ludn ludn ty doi mdi minh. Cung mgt Mnh thuc ngdn ngft nhimg ngudi nghp sT, vdi bdn tay tdi hoa kh6o I^o, dd thi Mpn nMlu cdch khdc nhau nhim dien td nhflng tinh dipu thim ml khdc nhau Vipc su dyng cung mgt hinh thftc ngdn ngft vdo tftng vdn cdnh cy the de the Mpn nhflmg y ngMa nghp thugt khdc nhau iy, gidi ngdn ngfl hgc ggi Id nhflng tin Mpu tiiam ml (THTM). THIM chinh Id tat Ihdy nhflng ylu to Mpn tiiyc, nhflng cM tilt, nhflmg sy vgt, Mpn tugng cua ddi song dugc dua vdo tdc phim vi myc dich tham mi.
Tha Mdi 1930-1945 Id mgt ti^o luu vdn hgc gdp phan quan tix?ng tixmg qud trinh Mpn dgi hod tho Vipt Nam tM khdng ai phu nhgn nhflmg thdnh tyu ve ngdn ngft cua nd. Tha Mdi cho din nay van nhu mgeh ngam chdy xilt vdi tiidi gian vd Idm say Idng bao till h$. Tim Mlu Tha M&i, mgt lan nfla
HA VAN HOANG
chung tdi muon Idm sang rd them ve thanh tyu ngdn ngft cua trdo luu vdn hgc ndy dudi gdc nhin ngdn ngfl hgc qua vipc tilp cgn tin Mpu tham mi mua xudn cua 120 bdi tho in ttong cudn
Thg Mdi 1932-1945, tdc gid vd tdc phdm do Lgi Nguyen An bien tgp, Nxb
Hgi Nhd vdn.
2. Y nghia bieu trvng ciia tin hi^u tham ml chi miia xudn trong Tha M&i
X€t ve m^t ciu tinic, THTM cd thi cMa Idm hai logi: THTM don vd THTM phuc. THTM don Id nhftng tin Mpu dugc bilu Mpn bing cac tft ngfl cM mgt sy vgt, Mpn tugng ttong tiiyc tl. THTM phftc Id nhflng tin Mpu ftng vdi nMlu sy vgt, Mpn tugng dugc Mnh tiidnh tft sy kit hgp nhflng THTM don. THTM miia xudn dugc ndi tdi ttong dl tdi Id tin Mpu don.
THTM dugc cMa thdnh: tin Mpu hing till (THHT) vd tin Mpu biln till (THBT). Moi logi tin Mpu cua THTM cM miia xudn ttong Tha Mdi dugc sft dyng hit sftc dgc ddo vd chfta dyng nhihig y ngMa bieu tnmg khdc nhau.
72 Ngdn ngfif sd 2 nam 2011 tgo nen nhflmg rung dgng thim mi da
sic, da CMIU ttong Idng ngudi dgc.
2.1. Y ngMa bilu trung cua tin Mpu hing thi vd tin Mpu biln thi tft vyng miia xudn trong Tha M&i
THHT Id tin Mpu ttong tinh trim tirgng cua nd, mang tinh bat biln. d day THHT Id danh tu chi miia xudn
trong Tha M&i. Cdn tin Mpu biln till tu vyng (THBTTV) Id nhflng tir ddng ngMa ho^c dong sd cM cimg cM miia xudn. Qua khdo sdt 120 bdi tho, chung tdi thdng ke dugc cdc hinh thftc ngdn ngfl bieu dgt tin Mpu tham ml mua xudn trong Tha M&i (bao gdm THHT vd THBTTV) nhu sau:
TT 1 2 3 4
THTM Xudn Miia xudn Miia Xudn hdng rong
Tan so xuat hipn (Ian) 309
31 3 1 344
Ti Ip (%) 89,82
9,02 0,87 0,29 100
2.1.1. Y nghia bieu trung ciia tin hieu hdng the
Tren co sd nhiing n^t ngMa mieu td, ngMa thdng thudng, THHT xudn dugc cdc nhd Tha Mdi sft dyng rit dgc ddo. Mugn Mnh dnh xudn, nhd Tha M&i muon gidi bdy cdi tdi ngi cam cua minh, mgt cdi tdi Idm hinh nMlu dgng.
Trudc nhit, ta tiiay trong Tha M&i mgt mlm yeu min mua xuan din dg cuong say cua nhihig ttdi tim dgt ddo sftc tte:
Xuan &giua mua dong khi ndng he, Giua miia hi khi ndng biic sau mua Giua miia thu khi gid sdng bay viia Liia thanh sdc ngdu nhien ti-ong do rgng.
(Xudn khdng miia, Xuan Dipu) Trong con tim cua Xuan Dipu ndi rieng vd nMeu nhd Tha M&i ndi chung, dudng nhu khdng cd y mpm rd rpt vl mfta. Tiing ldng tM nhan ludn ludn hudng vgng vl miia xudn. d hg Id "xudn khdng miia", khdng ngdy thdng. Xudn
luon ghim gifl ttong tim vd ttd thdnh Iinh hon khdng thi lia cit.
Bdi mang n ^ tinh yeu mua xudn thiet tha, rgo rye nen du xudn mdi cM sip din nhung cdc thi nhan Tha M&i dd d ttong tdm ttgng Io sg miia xudn qua di. bdi dd Id quy lugt cua thdi gian, cua dat ttdi:
Cdphdi chdng day nhiing l&i tha thiit
L&i tiec xuan nhu khuc hdt phdn li (Khiic ca hodi xudn, Thi Lfl) Dudng nhu xudn va thieu nu ludn ludn Id c|.p song hdnh dugc cdc nhd Thg M&i thi Mpn khd thanh cdng. Nhu mot thdng Ip, nhdc din xudn khdng the khdng ndi din ngudi thiiu na. Miia xudn td dilm cho ngudi tMlu nfl vd tMlu nft nhu mgt tin Mpu de ndi din miia xudn.
Ta cdm ndi hodi xuan cimg thiiu nu Ciing CO em ddi md do hdy hdy.
(Khuc ca hodi xudn, Thi Lfl) Da thdy xuan vi v&i gid ddng
Vai tren mdu md gdi chua chdng.
(Xudn vi, Nguyen Binh)
Miia xudn trong 77ia Mai thudng dugc hen hgi vdi tinh yeu, vdi sy rung dgng da cMlu cua con tim yeu ducmg.
Vdi c ^ mdt "xanh non biic r&n", miia xudn dugc Xuan Dipu hen tudng din nhiing rung cam cua tinh yeu dau ddi ttong tteo, trinh kMit:
Hoa thit nhdt cd mgt mdu tiinh b(fch Xuan ddu miia trong sgch vi ban sa.
(Tinh thit nhdt, Xudn Dipu) Xudri den kMin cho nhflmg cdi toi da cam cd nhflmg "giay phut chgnh long", xuyln xao:
Hdm nay tgm nghi budc gian nem, Trong IUc gdn xa phdo nd ran, Ru do phong suang tren gdc trg, Lgng nhin thien hg ddn xuan scmg.
(Gidy phut chgnh long. The Lft) Cai xao xuyln cua khdch phong suong hay Id noi mlm. Id sy ttdn ttd thao thuc, ude vgng cua tM nhan vl mot cugc song tuai dpp, chua chan mem hgnh phuc.
Cd thi ndi, dl cgp din mua xudn tixjng Tho M&i Id dl cgp din tinh yeu lua ddi. Mua xudn vd tinh yeu ttong Tha M&i quin qityt, xodn xuyt vdi nhau nhu mgt c$p tinh nhan. Tinh yeu dugc till Mpn trong Tha M&i mdnh Upt, ddm say, du mudn ngdn cung bgc. Nhung mgt kM tinh yeu khdng dugc din dap, tM nhan cdm thiy mua xudn von say dim me hon din till md cflng ttong tiii, cflng n$ng nl, u uat. Diy la dilm khdc bipt vl y ngMa cua tin Mpu thim mi xudn ttong Tha Mdi so vdi tho ca d thdi ki trudc do. Bdi cdc nhd Tha M&i khdng xem miia xudn nhu mgt khdch till hflmg hd, md xudn ttd tiidnh mgt cdi tdi chft till, chuyen chd nhihig noi niim tiion tiiftc, nhftng khuc ca tiam bdng cfta cdi Idng:
Rdi xuan din, ddu ca oanh mua yen
Ciing dju ddng nhu the mgt miia thul
(Ma xua, Xuan Dipu)
Hdn ve mii lgc lodi ben aia huyet Xuan bi thuang - di md thdm, mdi ddo!
(Tim bdng tir thdn, Dinh Hung) Xudn den mang sftc sdng mdi, Iam cho con ngudi cang them yeu cugc ddi hon. Thi nhung ttong Tha Mdi, nMlu luc xudn Igi khdng ttd thdnh ude vgng cho bao mem ddi ma xudn mang trong minh cdi buon siu, cdi khd dau khdng the ndo voi cga Cdc nhd Tha Mai muon
"chdn neo xudn san^\ muon dem "y thu gdp lgi cdn tinh xudn" (Che Lan Vien), bdi "Ngu&i budn cdnh cd vui ddu bao gid" (Nguyen Du):
Tdi cd chd ddu cd dgi ddu Dem chi xudn den ggi them sdu?
V&i tdi, tdt cd nhu vd nghia Tdt cd khong ngodi nghia khd dau!
(Dem xudn sdu, Che Lan Vien) Gigng tiio trim thip nhu tam trang ft e, siu nao lan tod trong tam hdn nhd tho. Van du cgng hudng vdi nhau tgo thdnh mgt ban nhgc xudn budn the luong. Khdng cM vgy, md ta cdn thdy xudn, ttong tam thftc cua cdc tM nhan
Tha Mdi mgt mlm "khic khoai", mgt sy "chan ndn" din tuypt vgng, khdng cftng, hdy nghe tiing ldng cua Vu Hodng Chucmg cat Ien:
Hdm nciy khdc khodihdnxoanmugn Chdn ndn vdo sdu tdn ddy tim.
(Hdn ritng mai, Vu Hoang Chuong) Trong thdi ki tho trudc phong ttdo Tha Mdi, THHT xudn cM dftng Igi d net ngMa la mfta cua tuai vui, ndo nftc, mfta cua vgn vgt sinh sdi ndy nd.
Nhung den day, xudn cdn dugc thi Mpn Id nhflmg mlm dau, noi buon va
74 Ngdn ngfif sd 2 nam 2011 sy tuypt vgng. Dd Id dilm mdi ttong
y ngMa cua THHT xudn - Tha M&i.
2.1.2. Y nghia bieu ti%tng cua tin hieu biin the tii vung
Cac tin Mpu cM miia xudn cd tan so xuit Mpn vd y ngMa tham mi khdc nhau. Do dd, chung tdi cM tgp trung khdo sdt nhflmg tin Mpu cd tan so xuit Mpn cao vd gidu y ngMa tham mi nhat.
Qua qud tiinh khao sdt, chung tdi thong ke dugc cac biln till tijr vyng cua THHT xudn Id nhflmg dom vj tu vyng dong ngMa ho|c dong sd cM; ttong dd dom vj dong ngMa cd 3 tin Mpu Id: mua xudn (31 Ian), xudn hdng (1 lin), mgt dom vj dong sd cM: miia (3 lan), cy the nhu sau:
Tin Mpu miia xudn Id sy cy the hod cua tin Mpu xudn. Nlu tin Mpu xudn dugc sft dyng trong nhiing to hgp tft dftng dl cM nhflmg n^t d^c trung mang tinh chit cy thi tiii tin Mpu miia xudn lgi dugc sft dyng nhu mgt danh tft cd tinh khai qudt cao vd nd thi Mpn y ngMa ty than. Miia xudn den dem cdi rgo rye, ngay ngat hon ngudi vd ndng xudn dS. Idm ngan rung mudn dipu hon khdc rtiiau. Dd cd thi Id cdi nhin diy yeu thucmg, triu min:
Da sdng mdt rdi da tr&i
Ddy mfta xuan bin tren lodi cd hoa (Chieu xudn Trung Ky, Ho DZlnh) Cung cd kM Id chut "ldng I?ing", ty ttam khdng ndi nen Idi cua nhflng moi tinh duyen:
Mua xuan ling lgng ve khdng tieng Duyen khip tinh e nggm dau gidy.
(Dju nhe, Vu Hodng Chuang) Vdi biln thi tft vyng xudn hdng (1 Ian), nhd TTKT A/OT dd till Mpn dugc sy yeu min miia xudn cung nhu yeu
min cugc ddi tran thi, trdn diy thanh sic. Dd Id sy cam nhgn tinh te cua chang tM Sl da tinh vl miia xudn chin mgng. Xuan Dipu khdng cM cam nhgn miia xudn bdng tM giac md nhd tho muon tgn hudng nd ca bdng xuc gidc vd cd 16 khdng ai yeu men miia xudn din dg cuong si nhu Xuan Dipu:
Hai xuan hong! Ta mudn cdn vdo nguai.
(Vgi vdng, Xuan Dipu) Cflng nhu cdc tin Mpu khdc, THBTTV miia ttong Tha m&i a day dugc sft dyng nhu ten ggi thay thi cho miia xudn va dugc cdc nhd Tha M&i sft dyng hit sftc sdng tgo. Ta tiiay sy thdi thuc, giyc gid din cuong quyt ring hdy song, tgn hudng vd tgn Men kM cdn tte ttong tho Xuan Dipu hay noi Idng bang khuang pha chut bang quo cua Huy Cgn:
Mau di thdi! Mua chua ngd chieu hom.
(Vgi vdng, Xuan Dipu) Tieng miia ve ggi long em ddy La ddng long tdi chdng kjp vdo.
(Hdn Xudn, Huy Can) Tdm Igi, miia xudn ttong Tha M&i dugc bilu Mpn vdi nMlu sdc dipu khac nhau. Xudn Id mua cua mudn hoa dua nd, cua vgn vgt sinh sdi. Id miia cua yeu duong tinh di, Id miia cua tuoi tr6 trdn diy ude vgng. Dong thdi, xudn ttong Tha M&i cdn mang mgt noi buon ttong tr^, mgt mlm dau the tMit Dd ciing Id tam trgng de Mlu cua cdc nhd Tha Mdi sinh ra trong mgt hodn cdnh xd hgi d ^ bipt luc biy gid.
2.2. Y ngMa bilu tnmg cua tin Mpu biln thi mua xudn trong Tha M&i
Tin Mpu Min till (THBT) Id tin Mpu ttong tinh cy thi. Id cdi khd biln
cua nd. Chinh cdc THBT Idm nen nhiing y ngMa tham ml cua tdc phdm v3n chuong. Cdc biln till cua THHT ve miia xuan dugc bieu Mpn bing cdc Mnh thftc khdc nhau: cd die Id tft hay cym tii. THBT Id nhiing tin Mpu di ktoi nhdm cy till hod cho THHT. THBT bao gom hai logi Id: biln thi kit hgp (BTKH) vd biln till quan hp (BTQH).
BTQH Id nhflng tu hay cym tu dl cap din THHT ggi cho ngudi ta ngM den chiing. BTKH Id nhiing tu hay cym tii dftng tiudc h o ^ sau THHT dl Idm rd y ngMa cho THHT.
2.2.1. Y nghia bieu trung cua tin hi$u bien the kit hgp
Miia xudn cflng nhu cac miia hg, thu, ddng ttong Tha M&i dugc mieu td nMeu nhat vdo cdc thdi gian: sdng,
CMIU, dem,... Id nhflng thdi dilm giup xudn bgc Ig hit nhiing vi dpp von cd cua nd. Ndi din miia xudn, sic xudn khdng gi rd hom thdng qua cdc tin Mpu Id cdc BTQH nhu: hoa, cd, lieu, ti-dng, gid, chim, bu&m, ong... Nhiing yeu to ndy cd tinh chat Idm thdnh diu hipu bdo miia xudn sang vd ciing chinh chung da to diem cho mua xudn, thi Mpn sftc song mdnh Hpt mudn mdu, ldm thdnh cdi "hinh hdi" cho mua xudn.
Xudn Id mua khdi diu cua mgt ndm, dftng dau bdng miia - "chua xuan".
Cd Ig vi vgy md y ngMa "khdi diu"
da an sau vdo tixing tiem thftc moi ngudi.
Xudn din khoi dgy ttong Idng ngudi nhflng dy djnh, nhflng ude mo, nhflmg khdt vgng hodi bdo. Trong Tha^M&i, y ngMa bilu tirmg ndy dugc tiie Mpn qua cdc BTKH nhu: thdi, nira ddi,...
Ldm ti-ai ngang dgc vdi d&i Tu mi hd di phi tiidi xuan xanh.
(Bdng ai, Cam Lai)
Mua chi mua mdi! . ^
Budn het nita dai xuan Mgng vdng chua kjp hdi.
(Mua... mua mdi, Luu Trpng Lu) Sy y thftc vl thdi gian ludn tiiudng trye ttong cdc nhd Tha M&i. Hg luyin tile cho thdi gian cua tuoi ti^ ttdi chdy mgt cdch vd nghm. M ^ dft mang trong Idng cai mgng cua "khdch chinh phu"
nhung hg khdng the nao thyc Mpn dugc giac mgng xudn cua minh. Bdi hg be tic, khdng tim thiy cho minh mgt con dudng rieng vd roi tft dd budn vd vgng.
O diem ndy, Tha Mdi cd sy tuong giao vdi tiio timng dgi. Ta tiiiy cac nha Nho xua dm mgng "lap than ducmg danh". Hg khdt vgng luu ten tudi vdi non sdng, la mgt dang tu mi nam tft theo dung ngMa cua the thdi. Dieu dd cd thi thay rd d sy day dftt, bdn khodn cua Trin Quang Khdi kM dng cMem ngMpm vl cugc ddi minh:
Bdn phdn xuan sdc nhdn ta qud, Ngu thgp suy dng di tu tri.
(Gid nua phdn xuan cam bd udng, T&i ndm chuc tudi biet suy ddi.)
(Xudn nhdt hitu cdm) B6 cdn la cdi thang tiiot, giat minh cua Chu Vdn An kM tinh mgng:
Bdeh hudn bd ldnh trd yen yet Khe diiu nhdt thanh xuan mgng tdn.
(Miii khdi thdng sdp het, khdi trd ddtdt
Mgt tieng chim ben sudi ldm tinh mgng xuan)
(Xudn ddn) Miia xudn Id mfta cfta mudn hoa khoe sic, mang ttong Idng xuan la nhflmg cdnh vgt tuoi rdng sy song. Vi vgy md mim xudn mang y ngMa bilu tnmg cho ngudi tMlu nfl. Cflng ttong
76 Ngdn ngfif sd 2 ndm 2011 nguon mgeh y ngMa iy, dl bilu thj
ngudi con gdi mang diy sue song cua tudi duong hoa, xudn dugc cdc nha Tha M&i su dyng kit hgrp vdi cdc tin Mpu nhu: nhdnh lieu, sdc...
Nhanh lieu vudn xuan, ai dy nhi Chd ai biet cd khdi trao cdnh.
(Ndm qua, J.Leiba)
Khdng cM dimg Igi d dd, ttong y ngMa bilu trung, xudn cdn the Mpn cho duyen tiii cua ngudi con gai. Dudng nhu ddi ngudi con gdi ludn mang trong minh nhiing noi mlm, nhflng tam trgng khdc nhau vl tuoi thanh xuan cua minh, Nhflmg an dy nhu: xudn sdc, xudn thi,... dd mang tinh chit co djnh ttong y thftc cua mgi ngudi. Nhiing tin Mpu nhu: mugn, qud vdng, hit, cdn,... dd thi Mpn dgm n^t gid trj bilu trung ndy ttong Tha M&i:
Ciing xdm ldng tren cd gdi tha Tudi xudn han hdn ve ddo ta Gid ddng man trdn bdng hoa n&
Ldng gdi xuan kia hdo hdc chd.
(Cd gdi xudn, Ddng Ho) Lin vl Ijch sft vdn hgc dan tgc, ta cdm thau noi dau ddn e che cua ngudi cung nfl kM bj vua that siing, dl roi vui chdn tuoi tt6, duyen tM cua minh ttong chon Idnh cung diy tiii cyc:
Tren chin be mdt tr&i gang tdc Cha xuan rieng sdm chuc trua hdu.
(Cung odn ngdm khiic, Nguyen Gia TMlu) :
Hay nhu Ho Xuan Huomg ciing ngan ngam cho "cdi xuan tinh" cfta minh cu ttdi di mgt cdch vd vj, nhgt nhgo ttong noi chua cay, chdt ding:
Ngdn ndi xuan di xuan lgi lgi Mdnh tinh san si ti con con.
(Tu tinh)
Cdn Xudn tix)ng Truyen Kiiu cua Nguyen Du Id sy dut cau, gdy nhjp cua phgn hdng nhan bgc mpnh:
Kiip hong nhan cd mong manh Nua chiing xuan thodt gdy cdnh thien huang.
(Truyen Kieu)
Nhu vgy, ta thay cd sy gdp gd gifla Tha M&i vd tho ca tnmg dgi vl quan dilm cd tinh chat mi hgc: ngudi phy nfl du ttong tiidi dgi ndo phan Idn phdi ganh chju nhflng bit hgnh, tiii cyc, nhat Id ttong tinh duyen.
Neu ttong tho ca trung dgi, xudn mang y ngMa Id tudi tdc tM ttong Tha M&i y ngMa bilu tnmg ay van cd tinh chat on djnh. Dilu ndy dugc bilu Mpn kM cdc nhd Tha M&i su dyng xudn kit hgp vdi cac so tft nhu: mudi ba, mu&i bdn, mu&i sdu, mu&i bdy,...
Qua sy phan ti'ch tren cd thi thiy, y ngMa bieu trunjg cua xudn thdng thudng dl cM: tuoi tte, tuoi tdc cua ddi ngudi, ngudi tMeu nft vd nhat la duyen tM cfta ngudi con gdi. Nhflmg y ngMa bilu tnmg ndy cua xudn ttong Tha M&i nMn chung van ndm trong kho vdn lipu cua dan tgc cflng nhu tho ca CO diln phuong Ddng. Dilu nay cung cd nghia Id y ngMa bilu trung cfta xudn trong Tha M&i cd cgi re trong nguon mgeh tho ca trudc dd, tftc Id nd mang tinh pho qudt rgng rdi.
Y ngMa bilu tnmg cua THTM xudn ttong Tha Mdi khdng chi nim ngay ttong cdi dugc bilu dgt ty nMen, ciing nhu d y ngMa cd tinh phd qudt md d sy each tan cua cac tM nhan Tha M&i. Vdi THTM xudn, cdc nhd Tha
Mdi da Idm cho nd mdu sic da CMIU,
gidu tinh sang tgo.
Sy cdch tan ttong y nghia bilu ttung ndy khdng nim d nhiing BTKH
cd tinh truyin thong quen thugc ma dd dugc each dipu hod, dd Id nhflmg BTKH mdi xuit hipn dgc dao vd mang quan dilm thim mi cfta thdi dgi. Dilu dd cd ngMa Id nd khdng cM the Mpn y ngMa rieng cua mgt tin Mpu ndo, d mgt tdc gia ndo md dilu quan ttgng la phdi cM ra dugc tinh quy lu^t, loi di rieng cua nhiing y ngMa bieu tnmg dd.
Khdo sdt tit cd cdc Mnh thuc ngdn ngfl Idm thanh cdc BTKH cho xudn trong Tho Mdi, chung tdi nhgn tiiay ring, logi gdp phin tgo nen nhflmg y ngMa bilu ttung mdi me, n^t dgc ddo cho xudn phin Idn ndm d nhiing BTKH mang ngMa an dy, nhit Id nhflng in dy lam thdi. Dd Id nhflmg dom vj ngdn ngfl dftng trudc xudn nhu: dd, sdng,...
Nhflmg tin Mpu khdng gian iy dugc cdc nhd Tha Mdi the Mpn la khdng gian cfta noi Idng con ngudi; Id dilm hpn hd g^p gd cua nhumg moi tinh xudn.
Id noi in dgm "diu hdi" ciia tinh duyen ddi lua:
Sdng xuan hen chd hit ldng B6 xuan dem hit chd mong tdi bd.
(Lgdd,HbDzenh)
Hay cdc ylu to dung sau JCMOW nhir ma mdng, chin, thdm, chdm tudi...
Bao gi& cho mgng na hoa Bao gi& xuan chin non nd ti-en mdi.
(Ma tien, Bich Khe) Anh dgi eha em sudt bdy Idu Nhii thdm: xuan tiiim chd phai ddu Mgt khi xuan tiiim Id mong nhd
Vd cd thien thu vinh viin sdu!
(Xudn ddi ta. Ho Dzlnh) d day, tin hipu chin dugc cac tiu nhan sft dyng vdi ngMa chuyen dl ndi vl sy trdn diy cfta ngudi thilu nfl khi sip budc vdo tuoi yeu ducmg. Dl bilu thj ngudi con gdi
budc vdo xudn, nhd Tha Mdi su dyng tin hipu chdm tudi khien cho cau tho ttd nen uyIn chuyen ban (cd cai gi dd cfta sy bit dau, sy chuyen minh day sftc sdng cua tudi tre):
Xuan vfta chdm tudi Butrm den quen hoa Em nhd han ta
Tinh nhu do m&i. •• • '" (Xudn & que em, Hd Dzenh)
Nhu vgy, nlu trong tha trung dgi, xudn cM gdi ggn ttong mgt sd y ngMa bilu trung nhit djnh tiii den Tha Mdi, THTM xudn dugc cdc nhd Tha M&i sft dyng vdi nMlu sdc thai y ngMa tiiam mi vd cdc cung bdc khac nhau. Chinh vi vgy, moi lan tin Mpu xudn xuat Mpn ttong Tha M&i Id mgt Ian mang nhiing tinh dipu tham mi dgc ddo.
2.2.2. Ynghia bieu tntng cua tin hieu bien the quan he
Ben cgnh nhumg BTKH cdn cd nhumg BTQH vdi THTM xudn cung dd gdp phin Idm ndi bat sy each tdn ttong y ngMa bieu trung xudn cua cdc nhd Tha Mdi. Dd Id cdc tin Mpu nhu:
hoa, chim, bu&m, gid, trdng, thieu na, ta, tdi, anh, em...
Tr&i cd ndng thi chim reo tieng sdng
Xuan ed hdng thi tdi cd tinh tdi.
(Tgng tha, Xuan dipu) De bgc Ig cdi tdi chu the, the Mpn noi mem tinh cdm cfta minh, cdc tM a da khdng ngan nggi sft dyng cdc BTQH vdi THTM xudn Id: ta, tdi. d day ta khdng phdi Id dgi tft sd nMeu md dygc sft dyng nhu ngMa vdi tdi. Nhu vay, cai ban ngd dugc bgc Ig mgt each Min nMen tten bl mdt ngdn ngft. Dilu dd khac vdi tiidi ki vdn hgc trung dgi, chft tdi bj kilm tod, khd Idng thodt ra dugc.
78 Ngdn ngfif sd 2 nam 2011 Cac nhd Tha M&i su dyng THTM
xudn nhu mgt cdng cy ddc lyc dl gidi bay cai tdi ngi cam minh. Tha M&i dd cd sy cdch tan mdi m6, ngMa Id dd Iam phong phu cai dugc bilu dgt tten co sd cdi bieu dgt - xudn.
Xudn ttong Tha M&i Id xudn cua tudi tre, cfta mem ban hoan, cua sy khat vgng mdnh lipt, dugc song, dugc tgn hudng vd tgn Min cua nhflmg ttai tim tMit tha yeu cugc ddi. Dilu ndy dugc the Mpn d^m net trong tha Xuan Dipu KM viet ve miia xudn, hon ai hit Xuan Dipu ludn thi Mpn mgt tinh cam ddm thim diit da, mgt Idng khao khdt sy sdng, mgt mlm vui bit tuypt. Dudi c^p mit "xanh non bile rdn", tinh xudn va Idng tM nhan cd sy hod dipu, cd sy cgng hudng din vd cung:
Xudn ciia ddt tr&i nay m&i den Trong tdi xudn din dd lau rdi Tu luc yeu nhau hoa nd mdi Trong vu&n thom ngdt cua hdn tdi
(Nguyen ddn)
Xudn ttong y mpm cfta chdng tM Sl tte tudi ndy khdng Id xudn cfta dit trdi md Id xudn cua Idng ngudi, xudn a ngay chinh nhan tam. Ay vgy, kM xudn da vgi budc ra di md hon tM nhan van cam thiy cdn luu gifl ttong ttdi tim nggp ttan thuang min:
Xuan vgi bit&c nhitng huang chdng mdt
Tdi v&i tay giam gia & trong ndy.
(L&i tha vdo tgp Gui huang) CMnh vi yeu min mua xuan, xem xuan din Id nguon vui bat tuypt nen nha tho cam thay tile mua xuan ttdi qua nhu tudi tte cfta ddi ngudi ciing mau chdng ttdi di, tin Mpu qua, gid da the Mpn dugc dilu do:
Xuan duang t&i, nghia Id xuan
duang qua - - . gid.
Xuan cdn non nghia Id xudn se
(Vgi vdng, Xuan Dipu) Ciing mang y ngMa bilu thj tuoi trS, duyen tM cua ngirdi con gai, nhung ttong tho trung dgi chi dung Igi d muc dg Id tuoi tte trdi di theo da ndm thdng md it kM cd sy y thuc sau sdc.
Cdn ttong Tha M&i, dudng nhu cdc tM nhan ludn riit rdng, day dut vl sy trdi di cua tuoi tte, cfta tinh duyen ngudi tMlu nfl. Hg tham tMa dugc cai dpp mat di la vinh vien khdng bao gid ttd Igi, nen hg tile nudi, ddn dau cho cdi dpp phai tan:
Le chan mdphdn, ii mdy ngdi, Thdm thodt mdu xuan cd thi thdi, Cdnh ciing nhu ngu&i, chung mdi hgn:
Chdng khdng lgi rnia dep cimg ai?
(Mai rung, J. Leiba) Ngudi con gai thuy chung sit son, am tham chd dgi tinh duyen ttong mdi mdn md khdng bilt ring tudi thanh xudn cfta minh cft vun vyt ttdi di:
Dd mdy ldn xuan trdi chdy mdi Mdy ldn cd gdi mdi mdn trdng.
(Cd ldi do, Nguyen Binh) Do do, de ndi vl ngudi con gdi
"Id duyen", cac nhd Tha M&i dd lya chgn cdc tin Mpu nhu: nha nhdng, cgn ngdy. Tft cgn dugc su dyng d day Id mgt sy sang tgo cfta nha tho. Dudng nhu ngudi con gdi dd dim lui dan ngay thdng ttong mdn mdi:
Anh g! Mfta xuan da cgn ngdy Bao gid em m&i gap anh ddy Bao gi& hgi Dgng di ngang ngo Di me em rdng hdt tdi nay.
(Mua xudn, Nguyen Binh) Din kM tinh lang "di bipt khdng
vl vdi bin sdng" till cd gdi mdi y tiiftc dugc ttiih di cua ddi minh:
Ai tinh ndo phdi bu&m ngdy xuan, Tinh di ngdy xuan chi mgt ldn Mgt thodng bay qua khdng trd lgi Gdi xuan rd 1$ khdc tinh qudn!
(Co gdi xudn, Ddng Ho) Khdo sat y ngMa bilu tnmg cua cdc bien the THTM cHmiiaxudn, chiing tdi cdn nhgn thay ttong Tha M&i, xudn mang y ngMa cM tinh yeu. Dd Id mgt thft tinh yeu chdy bdng, tMit tha da diit md d thdi ki tho ca trudc do chua cd. Ta thiu nhgn dugc noi mlm ciia ttdi tim yeu cuong dgi, yeu me dim cua chang tM si da tinh:
Ai cd biit mua xuan len ngng ldm Tren cdnh hdng vd trong nhitng trdi tim.
(M&i yeu, Xuan Dipu)
"Miia xudn lin" hay cMnh ttdi tim yeu cua chdng ttai tih dang loan nhjp. d phuomg dipn y ngMa bieu tiimg ndy, cdc nhd Tha M&i tiiudng sft dyng xudn kit hgp vdi cdc tinh Mpu BTQH cM tiidi gian tixm tirgng nhu: ngdy ngdt ngdy, ngdy ti-dng mdi ch&m ta duyen, ngdy xanh, mgt budi chiiu ndng thdm di dn... Dudng nhu din Tha Mdi cdi tdi cua tinh yeu mdi till Mpn hit mgi cung bgc, vdi mudn ngdn ngdc ngdch cua con tim vd tiieo dung nhu nguyen ngMa cua nd:
Ta chi xin em mgt chiit tinh, Cho long thdm lgi v&i ngdy xanh Sao em quin cd khi chdo ddn Tinh di CMIU xuan, din ti-uac mdnh?
(Mgt chat tinh, Luu Trgng Lu) Neu thdi ki tiio ca ti^dc do mdi cM dftng Igi d mftc dg xem miia xudn cung nhu cdc mua khdc ttong ndm.
Id sy vin xoay ciia dit ttdi tM din Tha M&i, xudn dd ttd thdnh hdn cdt cfta tM nhdn.
Mat khdc, nlu y ngMa bilu tnmg cua xudn mang tinh phd qudt bilu tM mem vui, sy khip khdi cfta ldng ngudi till trong TTia M&i, mdn cdn Id noi mlm rieng tdy cua nhflmg tam hon da cam.
Dd Id noi buon. Id sy ttong ttdi din cd don, Ignh Igo:
Xuan dd lgi rdi? Mua xudn nao the nhi
Md ta ciing mang mang long hoa hio hoa tuai.
(Bdi hdt cudng, Vu Hoang Chuong) Xudn den kMen trai tim yeu ciing
"mang mang", xao xuyen md ngd ngdng, "ngo ngac y nhu lgc giua ddi".
Ngay ca "dng hodng tha tinh", mgt khi tinh yeu khdng dugc dap din du xudn din vdi bao canh sic tuai vui, rgn rd nhung trong Idng nhd tho ciing cdm thay dang Ien mgt noi buon dju nhp:
Rdi xuan den ddu ca oanh miiayin Ciing dju ddng nhu the mgt mua thu.
(Ma xua, Xuan Dipu) Nhung cd Ig phdi den tho Che Lan Vien, xudn mdi u sau, dm dgm, buon vd dau den khdn cimg khdn tod:
Trdi xuan vdng. Cd cdy ren xao xgc Bdng dim ludn hodng hdt mdi khdng thdi
Gid xuan Ignh ngcm sdu thdi ca hdt Trdng xuan siu, sao hio, cung thdi cuai.
(Dim xudn sdu, Chl Lan Vien) Cdnh sic mua xuan te tai mgt mdu.
Cdi Ignh, cdi sau, cai hoang ving din cd lieu dang nggp cd hon ngudi. Chua bao gid ttong tho, xudn buon den bi thuomg am dgm, nhu noi mlm ttic dn
80 Ngdn ngfif sd 2 nam 2011 khdng thoat ra dugc. Nd Id mlm dau
khdn xiet. Id noi sau bung bit, la sy tod cMet tam hqn cd Ignh den vd bien.
Vd noi cd sau ay khdng cM dftng Igi d cdnh vat md Ian tiiam cd hdn ngudi mpt noi xdt xa:
Ai cd biet hdn tdi say mgng do Dem y thu gdp nhgt cdn tinh xuan
(Xudn, Che Lan Vien) Viet ve xudn ttong Tha M&i, cd Ig cM cd Che Lan Vien di theo mgt ddng rieng. Xudn trong tho dng Id niim khd dau the tMet, la tieng Idng trie an tang thuang den te long. Va dd ciing chinh la cdi "xao xac" cua ca mgt the h? nha tiio nhu Chl Lan Vien.
Nhu vay, chinh cdc BTKH vd cac BTQH mang ngMa an dy Iam thdi Id nhiing bien the sft dyng cd vai trd quan trpng nhit vua the M^n nhiing y ngMa bieu trung mdi Ig - hdn phach cua Tha M&i, ddng thdi vfta khdc hog dugc cd tinh sang tgo cfta moi tM nhan.
Tren day chung tdi dd de cgp den nhumg y ngMa bilu trung cd tinh chat mdi me, dgc ddo cfta cdc bien the THTM xudn trong Tha M&i. Dd Id nhumg y ngMa thim mi hay chinh Id nhumg d$c ttung y ngMa gdp phdn quan trgng de nhgn dipn Tha M&i.
Vdi nhfliig y nghia bieu trung ndy, cd the thdy den Tha M&i, xudn mdi thyc sy la xudn cfta cdi tdi ca nhan ttdn day cdm xuc, cam gidc; xudn chinh la Mnh anh phan than, la bftc chan dung tam hdn kha rd net nhit cua cdc nhd Tha Mai.
3. Ket lu$n
Qua vipc phan tich nhiing y nghia bieu tnmg cua THTM miia xudn, chung tdi nhgn thay: Vipc sft dyng THTM miia xudn dugc cdc tM nhdn Tha M&i sft dyng mgt cdch cd y thftc, cd hp thdng vd giau tinh sdng tgo ttong tdc
phim cua minh. Vdi mgt khdi lugng vd tdn so xuit Mpn cdc hinh thftc ngdn ngft bilu dgt THTM cM miia xudn ttong Tha Mdi, cdc nhd tho dd tao ra dugc nhiing cdch ndi rieng, dgc ddo cua cdi tdi cd nhan vd cfta cd cdi tdi thdi dgi. Mat khdc, cdc nhd Tha Mdi cdn tgo ra dugc net rieng ddc bipt ve y ngMa tham mi cua cdc yeu td ngdn ngft cM mua xudn so vdi cdc giai dogn tho trudc dd.
Net rieng, dgc ddo trong Tha M&i 1932-1945 Id mpt dieu khdng the phu nhgn. Nhung dl khoi ddng hit duprc nhflmg cdi hay, cdi dgc ddo dy Id rat khd, d^c bipt gidi md cho dugc cdc THTM Igi cdng khd hom. Trong khudn khd cua bdi viet nay, chftng tdi cM di vdo phan tich nhiing y ngMa thdm mi ddc tnmg cfta cdc Mnh thftc ngdn ngft chi miia xudn trong Tha M&i, qua dd phin ndo Idm sang rd tdi ndng cua cdc nhd Tha M&i ttong vipc sft dyng ngdn ngft dan tgc.
TAI LI$U THAM KHAO
1. Phgm Thf Kim Anh, Mpt so y kiln ve nhimg uu thi va hgn chl cua tin hipu van chuang, T/c Ngdn ngu, Sd 12, 2004.
2. Lgi Nguyen An (bien tgp), Tha Mdi 1932 -1945, tac gid va tac pham, Nxb Hgi Nha vdn, 1998.
3. Nguyen Phan Cdnh, Ngon ngir tha, Nxb Van hgc, 2006.
4. Phan Cg De, Van hpc iSng mgn Vipt Nam \97>Q-\9AS, Nxb Vdn hgc, 2002.
5. Phan Cg De (chu bien), Vdn hpc Vipt Nam thi ki XX, Nxb GD, 2004.
6. Phan Thj Thanh, Ngon ngir ty nhien va tin hipu thim mi van hpc, Ngic hgc tre, 2000.
7. Hoai Thanh, Hoai Chdn, Thi nhan ViftNam, Nxb Vdn hgc, 2005.
8. Phan Hdng Xudn, May nhgn xet ve each su dyng an dy ciia cac nha Tha mdi ttong Thi nhan Vipt Nam, T/c Ngdn ngu, Sd 8, 2001.
