NGHI&N CCfU THU'C NGHlEM - KINH NGHIEM
iTNG DUNG CONG NGHE TlTOfl TIET KIEM Nl/OC TRONG NONG NGHIEP DE iTNG PHO V 6 l B I £ N DOI KHI HAU d VUNG
TAY NGUYEN: TRl/OfNG HQfP CAY CA PHE 6 GIA LAI
Khuc Thi Thanh VSn Nguyen Thi Thanh Huong Torn tdt: Cd phe cdn mot lugng mua khd cao vd dong deu trong cdc thdng cua nam, tuy nhiin, vdo nhung thai diim khdng co mua thi viec cung cdp nuac cho edy cd phi se dugc thay the bdng viec tu&i nu&c. Tuoi nu&c hcrp ly trong mua kho giiip cho su ra hoa, dgu qud thudn lgi, tgo dieu kien cho ndng sudt cao vd doi khi mang tinh quyet dinh den sinh tru&ng, ndng sudt cd phi. Vi the, bdi viet de cap den viec ting dung cong ngh^ trong tu&i tieu edy cd phi a Gia Lai vd ddnh gid ung dung cong nghe tu&i nu&c tiit kiem a khu vifc ndy.
Tu khda: Ung dung cdng nghe; biin doi khi hdu; cd phe; Gia Lai.
Dat van de
Bien ddi kbi hau (BDKH) ngay cang gay ra cae tac ddng ro ret den khu vuc Tay Nguyen. Khu vyc nay cd nhiet dp trung binh dang ngay cang giam va mac dii cac sd lieu ve khi tugng thiiy van cho thay nang ndng da it gay gat hon tai viing dat nay, nhung ban han nang keo dai va xay ra sdm ca trong miia ddng va mita xuan (SDC va Nestle Corporation, 2016) . Lugng mua ciia khu vuc cung dugc ghi nhan la tang dang ke va cd bieu hien gia tang tai cac nhanh sdng La Nga, Be, Sai Gdn (Trin Vinh, 2019).
Tai Gia Lai, theo dy doan ve BDKH thi nhiet dp trung binh ciia tinh se tang len den 2,5°C vao nam 2100; ddi vdi mua thi muc
' ^Day la san pham ciia De tai cap Nha nuac "Gidiphdp chinh sdch khuyen khich sdng tgo vd ung dung cong n^he m&i vung Tdy Nguyen trong boi cdnh mai" (ma so TN18/X08, thugc Chuong trinh Tay Nguyen giai doan 2016-2020).
' Vietnam to produce more coffee with less water. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation SDC and Nestle Corporation.
giam ciia lugng mua trong nam 2020 so vdi thdi ky 1980-1999 trong miia ddng se la -3.0 den - 2.0%, vao mita xuan la - 2.0%, miia thu la 2,7%) (Nguyen Lap Dan va cdng su, 2013).
BDKH da tac ddng den nganh ndng nghiep mdt each thudng xuyen ban. Mdt sd loai cay cdng nghiep da bi giam nang suat, chat lugng san pham do bi tac ddng den chu ky sinh trudng ciia cay, nhat la ca phe (Haggare va Schepp, 2011; Pham My Lien, 2013; ClAT va World Bank, 2017). Theo bao cao cua Sd Kboa hpc va Cdng nghe Gia Lai, khoang thdi gian tu thang 4 den thang 7, do lugng mua thap, tan suat it nen ea phe bi thieu nudc, dieu nay gay ra viec qua ca phe bi kbd, rung hoac nhan nhd, Rieng nam 2015, da cd 95.000 ha cay trong bi ban han, thilu nudc, trong dd chu y l u la cay ca phe. Do dd, tac ddng cua BDKH va dac biet la ngudn nudc d Viet Nam cd thi gay ra su biln ddng d i n nganh hang ca phe tren tbi gidi va cac nudc dang phat triln khac phu thudc vao ca phe khi ma ngudn cung bi gian doan va thay ddi, diiu nay se gay tac ddng den gia ca tren toan thi gidi, thu nhap
104 PHAT T R I E N B E N V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, s o 2 (6/2019)
Khiic Thj Ttianh Van - Nguyin Thj Thanh Huffug iTng dung cong ngh£...
cua ngudi ndng dan, sy tang trudng kinh te ndng thdn, can bang thuang mai va su tieu thy ca phe toan cau (Amarasinghe va cdng sy, 2015).
Cay ca phe la loai cay nhay cam vdi yen td sinh thai. Ngoai yeu td dat dai thi yeu td khi hau mang tinh chat quyet dinh ddi vdi san lugng va chat lugng ctia cay ca phe; xem xet den cac yeu td khi hau thi ngoai yeu td nhiet dp dugc coi la yeu td hang dau (Coste, 1968;
DaMatta va cdng su, 2007) do cd tac ddng true tiep den chat lugng, hucmg vi cita bat ca phe thi lugng mua ciing dugc coi la yeu td quyet dinh den kha nang sinh trudng, nang suat cung nhu san lugng cua cay (ClAT va World Bank, 2017). Ca phe can mpt lugng mua kba cao va ddng deu trong cac thang cita nam, tuy nhien, vao nhiing thdi diSm khdng cd mua thi viec cung cap nudc cho cay ca phe se dugc thay the bang viec tudi nudc. Tudi nudc hgp ly trong miia khd giiip cho sy ra hoa, dau qua thuan lgi, tao dieu kien cho nang suat cao va ddi khi mang tinh quyet dinb den sinh trudng, nang suat ca phe (Le Ngpc Bau, 2014).
1. iTng dung cac cong nghe twol nu&c cho cay ca phe
Tren the gidi, nhieu cdng nghe tudi nudc vdi muc dich tiet kiem nudc, nhung van dam bao tudi dii nudc cho cay ca phe da dupe nghien cihi va ap dung, bao gdm cdng nghe tudi phun mua, cdng nghe tudi nhd gipt. Mdi mdt cdng nghe tudi da dugc nghien cuu va ap dung cu the vao bing giai doan sinh trudng ciia cay ca phe. Cdng nghe tudi phun mua thudng dugc cac trang trai trdng ca phe ciia An Dp ap dung tao ra dugc dieu kien tieu khi hau mat me cho ca vudn ca phe (Quang Huy, 2017), nhung khoan dau hj cho mdt he thdng tudi phun mua thudng cao (khoang 28-33 trieu cho Iha ca phe, tiiy thudc vao sy ddng deu cua cay) (Hoang Huyen, 2019). Cdng nghe tudi nhd gipt cd uu diem vugt trdi khdng chi trong viec tilt kiem nudc, tir 30 den 40%, tham chi
50%) (Phan Viet Ha, 2016) so vdi cac cdng nghe tudi phun mua hay tudi tran ma cdn giitp nang suat tang vugt len den 58,9% so vdi nhung vudn ca phe khdng tudi (nhdm ddi chiing). Ngoai ra, cdng nghe nay cdn giiip nang cao hieu qua su dung phan bdn, cbi phi van hanh thap va ban che dugc cd dai va sau benh; cac viing trdng ca phe d Brazil, Bd Bien Nga va An Dp da sir dung cdng nghe tudi nay (Phan Viet Ha, 2016). Tuy nhien, cac khd khan khi ap dung cdng nghe nay bao gdm: gia thanh cua trang thiet bi tudi cao va ddi hdi phai dugc van hanh vdi dp cbinb xac cao va he thdng phai dugc thiet ke chinh xac; be thdng tudi nhd gigt cung ddi hdi ngudn nudc cd chat lugng tdt, ham lugng canxi va magie trong, nudc thap giam hien tugng tac dng do ket tita tir canxi va magie.
6 Tay Nguyen ndi chung va Gia Lai ndi rieng, cac hp trdng ca phe dang phai ddi mat voi van de nghiem trpng, nhat la nudc tudi vao mua khd ban do anh hudng cua BDKH (Vien Khoa hpc Ky thuat Ndng Lam ngbiep Tay Nguyen, 2013). Tuy nhien, vdi cac ndng hd cd dien tich canh tac thudng khdng cao (khoang 2 - 4 ha/hd), viec lua chpn cac cdng nghe tudi khac nhau se dua tren nhu cau va dieu kien thyc te cita cac hd nhu vdn, nhan lyc, dia hinh va lugng nudc cita dia phuang. Ngoai ra, mdt yen td khac se co tac ddng den sy lya chpn cdng nghe tudi ciia cac nong bd la phy thudc vao dieu kien cdng nghe dang ap dyng tai dia phuang.
- Cong nghe tu&i phun mira: Ddi vdi mgt sd ndng hd cd dien tich tir 1 -2 ha chi can bd tri 4 vdi phun mua di ddng vdi he thdng dng ngam chinh dugc lap dudi mat dat va lupng nudc tudi cho ca phe trung binh mpt vy la tir 2.400-3.000 m^nudcl
^ Trung tam cung cap giong cay trong EAKMAT. Ky thuat tuoi nitoc phun mita cho cay ca phe.
https://vieneakmat.com/ky-thuat-tuoi-nuoc-phun- mua-cho-cay-ca-phe/
P H A T T R | £ N B E N VU'NG VUNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 2 (6/2019) 105
NGHIEN Cl/U THl/C NGHlEM - KINH NGHIEM
- Cong nghi tuai goe (tu&i di): Cdng nghe nay dugc ap dung cho nhieu dien tich ca phe d khu vyc tu nhan va mdt sd ndng trudng qudc doanb do cdng nghe nay re, it tdn nhien lieu vi khdng ddi hdi may bom cdng suat cao. Cdng nghe nay ddi hdi chi phi nhan cdng nhieu hon, thao tac nang nhpc hon va phai tao bdn quanh gdc. Ky nghe nay, duy nhat chi cd Viet Nam mdi ap dung, do lgi the ve nhan cdng, nhung lai gay hai cho bp re ciia cay ca phe do boat ddng ctia viec dao va vet bdn (Phan Viet Ha, 2016).
- Cong nghe tu&i nho giot; Cdng nghe nay, mac dit da duoc ap dung cd hieu qua cho mdt sd cay khac nhu cay bdng tai Nha Hd d Ninh Thuan, cay mia d thi xa An Khe deu cho thay viec tiet kiem nudc, giam chi phi va nang suat ciia cay trdng cao hon so vdi cac hinh thtic tudi khac, nhung lai it dugc ap dyng cho cay ca phe do cdng nghe tudi nhd gipt cd mirc dau tu ban dau cao, thudng vugt qua kha nang kinh te ciia ndng dan Viet Nam (Phan Viet Ha, 2016).
- CSng nghe tu&i tiet kiem nuac; Cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem nudc dugc cai tien tu cdng nghe tudi nhd gipt^ (Phan Viet Ha, 2016).
Cdng nghe tudi nay vira tiet kiem dugc nudc ma lai khdng gay hai cbo bd re ciia ca phe va cung gay xdi mdn, rira trdi dat, Thiet bi dau phun ciia he thdng tudi nay deu dugc thilt kl, san xuat trong nudc nen gia thanh khong cao.
Ngoai ra, viec cung cap pban bdn thdng qua he thdng cdng nghe Urdi nhd tiet kiem nudc cd the dap img dugc viec cung cap dinh dudng cho cay ca phe diing thdi diem, cung cap lugng nudc ldn trong mdt thai gian ngan (60- 90 lit/gid) de giiip cay ca phe nd hoa tap trung
Ky thuat turn tiet kiem uiroc kliong diing van tuoi nho giot ma dung bee phun mua.
(Phan Viet Ha, 2016). Cdng nghe tudi nay da dugc ap dung d Ddng Nai de tudi cbo cay an qua, hd tieu va mdt sd cay khac, nhung chua dugc ap dung ddi vdi ca phe d Tay Nguyen.
Tir nam 2015-2019, Tap doan Nestle va Co quan Hgp tac va phat trien Thuy ST ddng tdi trg vdi kinh phi 2 trieu Euro tai 5 tinh Tay Nguyen (Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Kon Tum, Dik Ndng, Lam Ddng) de trien khai Md binh san xuat ca phe ben viing. Du an da lua chpn 50.000 hd ndng dan de trien khai thu nghiem cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem nudc cho cay ca phe.
Ket qua cho thay, viec sir dung cdng nghe tudi hieu qua cbo cay ca phe da giiip tiet kiem dupe khoang 30% lugng pban bdn, 50% chi phi nhan cdng, 50% chi phi dien, dau de bam nudc trong khi nang suat ca phe tang khoang 10% va thu nhap tang 14% so vdi hinJi thuc tham canh cG (Thanh Thity, 2016; Vu Thao 2019).
Gia Lai, cting tuong tu nhu cac tinh Tay Nguyen, hien nay, ngudn nudc da bat dau rat khan hiem, nhung ngudi dan van dang tudi nudc cho ca phe theo phuang phap tudi di truyen thdng. Vao cac thang mua kho (hi thang I den thang 4), lugng nudc sir dung cho ca phe la nhieu hem tir 50 - 60% so vdi nhu cau nudc ciia cay. Dieu nay vira gay lang phi tai nguyen, vira anh hudng den sinh trudng va gay ra hien tugng xdi mdn va rira trdi cac chdt dinh dudng (Quang Huy, 2017). Theo bao cao ciia UBND tinh Gia Lai thi dien tich ca phe tren dia ban tinh hien cd gan 93.500 ha, trong do co gan 80.000 ha ca phe kinh doanh. Trong khi cac cdng nghe tudi nhd gipt, tudi phun mua, tudi bep nhd da duge cac cdng ty trdng hoa qua, bd tieu ap dyng thi ddi vdi cay ca phe mdi cd chua tdi 500 ba ung dung cdng nghe Urdi phun mua gdc va ky nghe nay la do ngudi dan hi nghien ciru, cai tiln va ISp dat (Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Gia Lai, 2017).
PHAT TRIEN BEN VCTNG VUNG QUY^N 9, SC 2 (6/2019)
KbiJc Thj Thanh Van - Nguyin Thj Thanh Hircmg Ung dung cong nghe...
Hinh 1: TINH HINH CONG NGHE TUOl NLTdC CHO CAY CA PHE 6 TINH GIA LAI
Nguon: Li Ngoc Bau (2014).
Nhan thtic dugc cac lgi ich tir cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem nudc cho ca phe, Sd Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe Gia Lai da trien khai cac nghien ctm img dung trong ITnh vyc nay, trong dd cd xay dyng md hinh ve cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem nudc ket bgp bdn pban qua nudc cho cay ca phe d Gia Lai. Nudc va phan bdn la hai yeu td khdng the thieu va thay the ddi vdi su sinh trudng, phat trien cay ca phe (Nguyen Dire Diing va cdng su, 2016); nudc cd the tang nang suat cay tir 25-50% va phan bdn cd the tang nang sudt cay th 10-15% (Tolla, 2004).
Md hinh cdng nghe nay giiip cay ca phe dugc cung cap nudc va chat dinh dudng cting mdt liic va lien tuc. Ngoai ra, ap dyng md hinh cdng nghe nay se tiet kiem nudc tudi, giiip tan dung dugc cac chat dinh dudng ciia phan bdn, khdng gay phi pham phan bdn vi pban bdn va nudc tudi dugc tap trung chit yeu d vitng re, do vay cay cd the hap thy dugc ngay (Clark va cpng sy, 1991). De dam bao nude tudi va phan
bdn dugc pban pbdi deu tbi he thdng tudi phai dugc thiet ke va van hanh hgp ly. Viec lya chpn phan bdn phii hpp cung rat quan trpng va phai dya tren mot sd yeu td nhu loai chat dinh dudng, dp tinh khiet, dp hda tan va chi phi (Papadopoulos va Serapbides, 2011). Cac nudc tren the gidi nhu Oxtraylia, Nhat Ban, An Dp, Thai Lan... ciing ap dung rdng rai cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem nudc ket hgp bdn phan qua nudc. Dieu kien khi hau ciia Gia Lai mac dii thich hgp cho viec trdng ca phe, nhung miia khd lai keo dai tir thang 11 den thang 4, nen cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem nudc cd tinh chat quyet dinh cho nang suat ca phe. Trudc khi xay dung md hinh, Vien Khoa hpc Ky thuat Ndng Lam ngbiep Tay Nguyen da khao sat 450 bd gia dinh trdng ca phe tai cac huyen la Grai, KBang, Dak Doa, Chu Se va thanh phd Pleiku, cho thay cd 1,1% hd gia dinh da trdng ca phe, nhung khdng tudi nudc va khdng cham
PHAT T R I E N B E N VLJNG V O N G Q U Y E N 9, SC 2 (6/2019) 107
NGHISN CU'U THl/C NGHIEM - KINH NGHlEM
Ddi vdi nhirng hd gia dinh cd tudi nudc, c6 85,6% sd bd sii dung cdng nghe tudi gdc (tudi di), 5,6% sd hd sir dung cdng nghe brdi phun mua va 8,9% sd lugng hp gia dinh van dang su dung cdng nghe tudi truyen thdng la tudi tran;
Lugng nudc tudi trung binh cua cac hg la tren 700 lit nudc/gdc/lin tudi vdi 94,4% sd bd (Vien Khoa hpc Ky thuat Ndng Lam nghiep Tay Nguyen, 2013). Cac hd gia dinh deu cho rang, tudi cang nhieu thi cang tdt cho cay ma khdng hieu rang, viec tudi qua nhieu nudc se dan den cay cho nang suat thap do da nia trdi Hinh 2: NGUON NLTCJC
het phan bdn khdi khu vyc re cay ca phe cd the hap tbu.
Qua viec khao sat, tim hieu ve sir dung ngudn nudc tudi ciia cac hd gia dinh cho thay, cd 43% sd hg su dung ngudn nudc mat de tudi ca phe, 24%» sd hp sir dung nudc ngam va 33%
sd hd sir dyng nudc ao, hd. Ket qua khao sat cung cho thay, cd 37% dien tich trdng ca phe cua Gia Lai thieu nudc tudi vao mita kho (Vien Khoa hpe Ky thuat Ndng Lam nghiep Tay Nguyen, 2013).
Sir DUNG DE TLr6l CA PHE
Ngudn: Li Ngoc Bau (2014).
Theo ket qua nghien ciru cua Du an quan ly sir dung nudc ngam d Tay Nguyen, Viet Nam cua Bp Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng, Dai hgc qudc gia Oxtraylia, Dai hpc Kinh tl Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh va Dai hpc Tay Nguyen cho thay, lugng nudc sir dung cho ca phe tot nhit la 550 lit/gdc/lan tudi thi lucmg nudc tren 700 lit nudc Urdi cho mdt cay ca phe da cho thSy mdt su lang phi tai nguyen nudc dang kl (Vien Khoa hpc Ky thuat Ndng Lam ngbiep Tay
Nguyen, 2013). Nghien ciiu nay cung cho thay, neu mdt chii vudn sir dung cao hem 550 lit nudc de tudi cho cay moi lan tudi thi se lam giam lgi nhuan thyc te ma bp se nhan dugc.
Hon niia, trong dieu kien BDKH nhu hien nay, viec thue hanh cdng nghe tudi nhu tren se lam tram trpng them viec cd nhieu hd trdng ca phe bi thilu nudc tudi, nhat la doi vdi nhdm hd su dung nudc ngam de tudi.
108 PHAT T R I E N B E N V Q N G V O N G Q U Y E N 9, so 2 (6/2019)
Khiic Thj Thanh VSn - Nguyen Thj Thanh Hutmg U'ng dung cong ngh£...
Ngoai ra, cudc khao sat de xay dyng md hinh cua de tai ciing tap trung vao cac yeu td lien quan den cdng nghe tudi nudc nhu sd lan tudi va can cii de xac dinh thai gian tudi lan dhi. Ket qua cho tbay, ngudi dan ngoai viec Urdi qua nhieu nudc cho mdt lan tudi thi ngudi dan tudi qua nhieu lan cho cay ca phe: 27,78%
sd hp d huyen Chu Se, 11,11% sd hp d Dak Doa va Pleiku. Khdng nhiing the, ngudi dan cung chua co cdng nghe de xac dinh nhu cau tudi lan dau cho cay ca phe, ma chi dua vao kinh nghiem (67%), 19%) tudi ca phe theo cac hd xung quanh vdi ly do sg het nudc va chi cd 14% tudi lan dau theo ldi khuyen ciia can bd khuyen ndng.
Amarasinghe va cpng su (2015) trinh bay trong ket qua nghien ciiu ciia du an "Towards Sustainable Coffee Production in Vietnam:
Addressing Irrigation Issues" (Viet Nam cd the san xuat nhieu ca phe ban vdi it nudc tudi ban: Hudng tdi giam lugng nudc tudi trong san xuat ca phe) (2015-2019) dugc thyc hien tren 300 hp trdng ca phe tai Dak Lak va phan tich sd lieu thdng ke thdng qua cac tai lieu ghi nhan ciia cac bp trdng ca phe tir nam 2002 den 2009 cbo tbay, udc tinh 1.260 lit nudc/cay/lan tudi cua FAO cho ca phe de dat nang suat 4.000kg/ha trdng ca phe la mdt udc tinh khdng pbii hgp. Trong khi thdng thudng ngudi dan hidi 1.050 lit/cay/ian tudi de dat dugc nang suat nhu tren da khdng cho thay tinh hieu qua kinh te. Tir quan sat thuc nghiem vdi 300 hd gia dinh trdng ca phe ciia md hinh thi ket qua cho thay, vdi nang suat 4 tan/ha chi can vdi 300-450 lit/cay/l§n tudi (3 lan), kit hgp vdi cac thuc hanh ndng hpc tdt khac (vi dy: cat tia, bon phan...). N h u vay, thuc hanh ndng nghiep t i t i ^ a t cho phep sii dung b i n viing ban cac ngudn nudc ngpt va tang nang suat so vdi mirc trung binh (Amarasinghe va cdng su, 2015).
2. Danh gia urng dung cong nghe t u d i nvt&c tiet kiem
U'ng dyng cdng nghe tudi nudc tiet kiem ciia md hinh tudi tiet kiem cho cay ca phe d Gia Lai (Le Ngpc Bau, 2014) da cho thay
nhiing uu diem cua cdng nghe tudi den sinh trudng cua cay, ty le ra hoa, nhung khdng dem lai su khac biet ve nang suat so vdi cdng nghe tudi truyen thdng. Hieu qua cita cdng nghe tudi nay den nang suat cu the nhu sau:
- Tru&e hit, lien quan den sinh trudng ciia cay, cac cay thudc mo hinh cdng nghe tudi nudc tiet kiem cd ty le sinh trudng tot hon. Ket qua quan sat cho thay, vudn cay c6 ap dyng cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem cd mau xanh tdt hon ban so vdi cac vudn cay ddi chiing.
- Thic hai, lien quan den ty le ra hoa cua cay ca phe: Quan sat ty le ra boa cua cac cay ca phe trong md hinh cdng nghe tudi nudc tiet kiem cho thay cac cay deu cd ty le nd hoa kha cao, tren 75%, tham chi la 85% ddi vdi vdng tudi dau tien. Viec ap dung md binh cdng nghe tudi tilt kiem cho thay lupng nudc tiet kiem dugc din 20%, nhung ty le nd hoa cd xu hudng cao hon.
- Thic ba, v l san lupng, cac ehi tieu phan tich da chua cho thay y nghTa thdng ke ldn cua cac quan sat ve san lupng giua vudn cay cd ap dung mo hinh va vudn cay khdng ap dung md hinh. Mac du vay, bieu qua kinh te ciia cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem nudc van cho thay cd sy gia tang hieu qua kmh te khoang 10%, tuy nhien dudng nhu la do tiet kiem dupe nhan cdng (giam dupe 20 cdng lao dpng/ba ca phe).
- Thic tu, mac dii lgi ich ve kinh te cd xu hudng khdng ldn neu tinh toan tren 1 ha trdng ca phe, tuy nhien ddi vdi toan tinh thi hieu qua ve kinh te va xa hdi ctia md hinh cdng nghe tudi tiet kiem nudc la hoan toan dang ke, nhat la ddi vdi cac vudn cay d huyen Chu Pah ciia ngudi dan tdc thieu sd vdi sy khan hiem ve nudc tudi va cdng lao ddng. Tinb toan lgi nhuan cho thay, cd vudn da cd lgi nhuan cao hon d i n 150% kbi so sanh vdi vudn ddi chiing (Vien Khoa hpc Ky thuat Ndng Lam nghiep Tay Nguyen, 2013).
- Thu ndm, md hinh cdng nghe nay cd tac dpng tdt ve mat mdi trudng va da giup tilt kiem dugc nudc trong khi van dam bao dugc
PHAT T R I E N B £ N VCTNG V U N G Q U Y E N 9, S6 2 (6/2019) 109
NGHIEN cCru THI/C NGHIEM-KINH NGHIEM
nang suat cay trong. Va theo tinh toan thi neu md hinh cdng nghe nay dugc ap dyng dai tra tren toan tinh se cd the tiet kiem dupe 28,8 trieu m'^ nudc/nam, va lugng nudc nay se dugc do vao tang ngam nudc tu do ciia cao nguyen.
Ngoai ra, do viec tudi vira dit nudc ma khdng rira trdi phan bdn vao dat, giam dugc lupng pban bi bdc hoi va qua do giam dugc su d nhiem mdi trudng do sir dyng it phan bdn hon.
K i t luan
Mac dit be thdng cdng nghe hrdi tiet kiem nudc cd the tiet kiem dugc 80%) cdng lao ddng va tiet kiem dugc tdi thieu 20% lupng nudc cho mdi lan tudi, nhung tren toan vting Tay Nguyen mdi cd 0,05%) dien tich ca phe ap
dyng phuang phap tudi nay (Quang Huy, 2017). Nguyen nhan chu y l u la do gia thanh ciia thiet bi tudi kha cao, eac hd gia dinh ndng dan khd cd thi dau tu neu khdng cd sy ho trg v l mat tin dyng tir phia chinh quyen.
Do gia thanh ciia he thdng tudi tiet kiem cao, cSn phai cung cap cbo ndng dan cac thong tin chi tilt ve tudi thp va gia thanh cho cac he thdng cdng nghe tudi hien dai khac nhau ciing nhu hieu qua cita cdng nghe tudi nay trong viec gdp phan tiet kiem nudc va lam giau dp phi nhieu ciia dat. Tinh hieu qua kinh te, mpt khi dugc chung minh se hd trg cho ngudi nong dan manh dan hon trong dau tu vao cdng nghe tudi.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Amarasinghe, U. A., Hoanh, C. T, D'Haeze, D., Hung, T. Q. (2015). Towards Sustainable Coffee Production in Vietnam: Addressing Irrigation Issues. https://wTVW.researchgate.net/publication /273790736_Toward_sustainablc_coffee_production_in_Vietnam_More_coffee_with_less_water/https:
//cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/71215.
2. Clark, G.A., Stanley, CD., Maynard, D.N., Hochmuth, G. J., Hanlon, E.A. and Raman, D.Z. (1991).
Water and fertilizer management of microirrigated fresh market tomatoes. Am. Soc. Agr. Engin.
34:429-435.
3. ClAT and World Bank (2017). Climate-Smart Agriculture in VietNam. CSA Country Profiles for Asia Series. International Center for Tropical Agriculture (ClAT). The World Bank. Washington, D.C.
4. DaMatta, F.M., Ronchi, C.P., Maestri, M., Barros, R.S. (2007). Ecophysiology of coffee growth and production. Braz J Plant Phys (Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology)l9{4): 483-510.
5. Haggar, J. va Schepp, K. (2011). Nghien cu-u Cd phe vd bien doi khi hdu: Tdc dgng cua bien doi khi hdu tgi bon quoc gia thi diem, Sdng kien cdphe vd khi hgu. Cong ty E.D.E Consulting, Hamburg, Diic.
6. Papadopoulos, M. C , and Seraphides,N. (2011). Fertigation recipes for selected crops in the Mediterranean region. https://www.haifa-group.com/sites/default/files/article/Deliverable_2_0.pdf 7. Le Ngoc Bau (2014). Nghien cicu Ky thudt tu&i tiet kiem nudc kit hap bon phdn qua nu&c cho cay cd
phi & Gia Lai. De tai cap tinh. Ngay dang 6-102016, https://gialai.gov.vn/lists/
khoahoccongnghe/detail.aspx?itemid=45
8. Hoang Huyen {2Q{9).Hi tlwtig tu&i phun mua lu dgng: Gid ed. Chi phi vd cdc lap ddi.
https://www. trieuphunongdan. com/he-thong-tuo i -phun-mua/
9. Nguyen Lap Dan, Nguyen Trpng Hieu va Vii Thj Thu Lan (2013). Han han, hoang mac hoa lanh tho Tay nguyen gan vdi kjch ban bien doi khi hau. Tgp chi Cdc Khoa hgc vi Trdi ddt. S6 35(4), tr. 310- 317.
10. Pham My Lien (2013). Viet Nam co the san xuat nhilu ca phe hem vdi lupng nudc tudi it ban. T6ng hop tir nguon tai lieu t\x hpi thao "Viet Nam co the sdn xudt nhiiu cd phe han v&i luang nuac it hon "
duac to chiic ngay 10/10/2013 tai Vien Khoa hpc ky thuat Nong Lam nghiep Tay Nguyen.
110 PHAT TRIEN BtN VCfNG VUNG QUY^N 9, SO 2 (6/2019)
Khuc Thj Thanh Van - Nguyin Thi Thanh Hinrng j / n g dung cong nghe...
http://iasvn.org/tin-tuc/Viet-Nam-co-the-san-xuat-nhieu-ca-phe-hon-voi-luong-nuoc-tuoi-it-hon- 417a.html
11. Phan Viet Ha (2016). Cdc phuang phdp tu&i pho biin trong sdn xudt cd phi. http://wasi.org.vn/cac- phuong-phap-tuoi-pho-bien-trong-san-xuat-ca-phe/
12. Quang Huy (2017). Nhdn rdng cdc mo hinh tuoi tiit kiim cho cay cd phi a Tdy Nguyen.
https://dantocmiennui.vti/moi-tmong-va-ve-sinh-thuc-pham/nhan-rong-cac-mo-hiiih-tuoi-tiet-kiem-cho- cay-ca-phe-o-tay-nguyen/153623.html
13. Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC) and Nestle Corporation (2016). Vietnam to produce more coffee with less water. https://wvAV.rural21.com/english/news/detail/article/vietnam-to- produce-more-coffee-with-less-water-00001868/
14. Thanh Thiiy (2016). Tiet kiem nuac di phdt trien bin vieng cay cd phi. http://baochinhphu.vn/Chu- dong-ung-pho-thoi-tiet-cuc-doan/Tiet-kiem-nuoc-de-phat-trien-ben-vung-cay-ca-phe/251556.vgp.
15. Nguyin Diic Dung, Nguyin Xuan Lai, Nguyin Quang Hai, Nguyen Duy Phuang, Nguyen Dinh Thong, Vu Dinh Hoan, Ho Cong True, Luang Diic Tri va cong tac vien (2016). Nghien ciiu ky thuat tudi nudc tiet kiem va dang phan bon sir dung qua nudc tudi cho ca phe viing Tay Nguyen. Hpi thao Quoc gia ve Khoa hgc Cay trong ldn thic hai. Can Tha, 11-12/8/2016.
16. Tolla,T.D. (2004). Effects of moisture conditions and management on producting cashew: A casa study in the Lowar Limpopo basin, Mozambic. Intemational Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation.
17. Tran Vinh (2019). Gidiphdp icng pho v&i Bien doi khi hdu de ddm bdo sdn xudt nong nghiep ben vung a Tdy Nguyin. http://wasi.org.vn/giair-phap-ung-pho-voi-bien-doi-khi-hau-de-dam-bao-san-xuat-nong- nghiep-ben-vung-o-tay-nguyen/
18. Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Gia Lai (2017). Bao cao Danh gia tinh hinh img dung tien bp khoa hpc ky thuat vao san xuat nong nghiep, san xuat nong nghiep img dung cong nghe cao tren dia ban tinh Gia Lai trong thdi gian qua va nhiem vu, giai phap giai doan 2017-2020.
19. Vien Khoa hpc Ky thuat Nong Lam nghiep Tay Nguyen (2013). Bdo cdo tong hgp Kit qud Khoa hgc Cong nghi di tdi Nghien ciru Ky thudt tu&i Hit kiem nu&c kit hgp bon phdn qua Nuac cho cay cd phe a Gia Lai.
20. Vii Thao (2019). Sdn xudt cd phe 4C eho hiiu qud cao. https://baogialai.com.vn /channel/8208/201904/san-xuat-ca-phe-4c-cho-hieu-qua-cao-627673/index.htm.
Thong tin tac gia:
L Khiic Thi Thanh Van, TS Ngay nhan bai: 1/3/2019 - Don vi cong tac: Vien Nghien ciru Phat Iricn Ngay nhan ban sira: 12/4/2019 bin vtxng Viing, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi f^g^y j^ygj jg^g: 17/5/2019 Viet Nam
- Dia chi email: [email protected] 2, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hirong, TS
- Dan vi cong tac: Vien Nghien ciiu Phat trien ben viing Vitng, Vien Han lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Viet Nam
P H A T T R I E N B E N V I J N G VUNG Q U Y E N 9, S 6 2 (6/2019) X l l
