PHAN TICH HIEU QUA KY THUAT TRO^lx SAN XUAT CHE AN TOAN TAI XA TAN ClJOfNG,
THANH PHO THAI NGUYEN
Bui Thj Minh Hdng
Dai hoc Kinh ti vd Qudn tri Kinh doanh - Dai hoc Thdi Nguyen Emad: [email protected]
Ngaynhan. 06/7/2019 Ngay nhan ban sira; 03/7/2019 Ngay duyet dang 05/12/2019
Tom tdt: . - ^ ,u' u Sie dung sd lieu diiu tra ddi vm 191 ho ddn sdn xudt che an todn tgi xa Tan Cucmg thanh phd Thdi Nguyen, nghien ciia lap trung phdn lich hieu qud ky thudt vd nhdn dien nguon gdc cda SIC kem hieu qud trong sdn xudt che an todn. Kit qud nghien cim cho thay hieu qua ky thudt trung binh trong sdn xudt che an todn tgi xa Tdn Cuang Id 68,47% vd bien dong trong khodng 28.10- 89,91%. Vdi viec .sudung hop ly cdc yeu Id sdn xuat va ky thuat hien cd, hieu qud ky thugt cua cdc ho sdn xudt che an todn cd khd ndng duyc cdi thien ddng ke.
Cdc yiu to thu nhdp tuoi, kmh nghUm trong che cua chu ho, lap hudn. vd tham gia cac to chiec kinh ti xd hdi ddng gdp lich cue vdo viec cdi thien hieu qud ky thugt trong sdn xuat che an todn. Viec su dung gidng che bdn dia (gidng Trung du) cd tdc ddng nguac chiiu loi hiiu qud ky ihudL Cdc ho ddn loc thieu sd cd hieu qud ky thugt thdp hon so v&i cdc hp ddn ldc Kinh.
Tu khda: Hd dan, san xudt che an toan, ham san xudt bidn ngdu nhidn, hieu qua ky thuat.
MaJEL:D13.
An analysis of technical efficiency in safe tea production in Tan Cuong commune, Thai Nguyen city
Abstract.
Using data from asurveyofl9l households producing safe tea in Tan Cuong commune in Thai Nguven cilv. this study aims lo analyze technical efficiency and identify factors affecting technical inefficiency in safe tea production. The results sho-w that the average technical efficiency of safe tea production In Tan Cuong commune is 68.47%, ranging from 28.10 to 89.91%. By using properly the current inputs and technique, there is a huge potential to improve the technical efficiency in safe tea production. Household incomes, age, experience in lea production, participation in training course and membership in organizations have contributed lo improving the technical efficiency. The adoption of the local variety (Trung du) negatively affects the technical efficiency The ethnic minority households have lower technical efficiency than the Kinh households do.
Keywords: Household, safe tea production, stochastic frontier model, technical efficiency.
JEL code: Dl3.
Sd 270 thdng 12/2019 82 m\h\*\
1. Dat van de
Che la mgt trong cac san phara xuat khau cd thd manh cua Viet Nam. Che dugc trdng tai 39 tinh, chii yeu tap trung o tinh Lam Ddng va cac tinh mien niii va trung du Bac Bg vdi tdng dien tich trdng che cua ca nudc vao nam 2017 la 129,3 nghin hec-ta (ha) (Nghia Dai Tran, 2009; Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2018).
Tdng san lugng che biip tuoi cua Viet Nam nam 2010 la 834,6 nghin tan, trong do 136,5 nghin tdn dugc xuat khau theo cac kenh rieu thu chinh thuc.
Nam 2017, tdng san lugng che biip tuoi ciia ca nirdc tang len 1.040,8 nghin tan, trong dd xuat khau dat 149 nghin tan (Tong cue Thdng ke, 2018). Mac dii dimg d vi tri thur 5 ciia thd gidi nhung xuat khau che hien tai dugc danh gia la chua tuong xung vai tiem nang. Ddng thoi, san pham che ciia Viet Nam dang gap phai nhirng rao can lign quan den van de an toan thuc phara khi xuat khau sang thi trudng cac nudc do du lugng thudc bao ve thuc vat doi vdi nhigu san pham che con d mirc cao. Chinh vi vay, phat trien che hihi co va che an toan cd the la rapt trong nhimg giai phap cho phat trien nong nghiep ben virng hudng tdi muc tidu xuat khau.
Khac vdi che huu ca (dugc hieu la che san xuat theo quy trinh hiiu ca, khdng sit dung phan Hda hpc hay thudc trir sau hda hpc), trong san xuat che an toan, ngudi ndng dan van su dung phan bdn va thudc trir sau hda hgc nhung theo lieu lugng quy dinh va dam bao thdi gian each ly tir liic bdn phan, phun thudc dgn luc thu hoach. So vai san xuat che theo phucmg phap truyen thdng, san xuat che an toan cd quy trinh phuc tap va chi tiet, can nhieu ky thuat, Ehiet bi va lao ddng hon de dau tu cho san xuat. Vd ly thuygt, nang suat trong san xuat che an toan cao hon san xuat che theo phuang phap truygn thong do ap dung nhieu ky thuat trong H-dng trgt va thu hoach tir khau chpn lua viing dat san xuat, chpn va ghep gidng, quan ly dat, cham sdc che, su dung phan bdn va thudc bao ve thuc vat ddn khau thu hoach, chg bien, bao quan, van chuyen che. Tuy nhien, thuc tg tai mdt so vimg che d Viet Nam cho thay nang suat che an toan khdng cao Hon, cd nai cdn thap ban che san xuat theo phuong phap truydn thdng.
Tinh Thai Nguyen la viing trdng che trpng diem cua midn Bdc. San phdm che cua tinh Thai Nguyen, dac biet la che trdng tai xa Tan Cuong dugc ngudi tigu diing danh gia cao. Che la cay trdng the manh,
S6 270 thdng 12/2019 ^
ddng gdp Icm vao gia tri san xuat ndng, lam nghigp va thuy san ciia tinh va gdp phdn dem lai thu nhap dn djnh cho ngudi dan. Tdng dien tich ehe toan tinh hien co la 21,649 nghin ha, trong dd dien tich che cho san phdm la 19,633 nghin ha. San lugng che bup tuai dat khoang 224,7 nghin tdn (Cue thdng kg tinh Thai Nguygn, 2018). Tinh Thai Nguyen dang ddy manh san xuat che an toan. Che an toan dugc trdng tai nhieu dia phuong nbu huyen Dai Tir, Phu Luong, Dinh Hda, V6 Nhai va thanh phd Thai Nguyen. Tuy nhidn, quy md san xudt che an toan cdn khiem tdn.
Tinh den hdt nam 2015, dien rich che da dugc cdp giay chimg nlian VietGAP tren dia ban toan tinh la 633,8 ha, san lugng che blip moi dat klioang 7,6 nghin tan (Duong Trung Kien, 2016).
Trong san xuat ndng nghiep, nang suat eac nhan td tdng hgp (Total factor productivity - TFP) dugc ddng gdp bdi nhieu yeu td nhu hieu qua ky thuat (Technical efficiency - TE), tien bp khoa hpc ky thuat (Technological progress/technical change - TP), hieu qua quy md do sir dung them cac ygu td dau vao (Scale efficiency - SE), va hieu qua phan bd cac yeu td dau vao (AUocarive efficiency - AE) (Xiao & cpng su, 2012). Trong dd, hieu qua ky thuat ddng vai trd quan trpng va nang cao hieu qua ky thuat se gdp phan nang cao nang suat, phat trien san xuat; Hon nira, hieu qua ky thuat cirng Hen quan ddn lgi nhuan va kha nang canh tranh ciia san pham tren thl tmdng (Tian & cdng su, 2015).
Muc tieu ciia bai vidt nay nham phan tich hieu qua ky thuat va cac yeu td anh hudng den hieu qua ky thuat trong san xuat che an toan tai xa Tan Cuong, thanh phd Thai Nguyen, sir dung sd Heu dieu tra tir 191 hp san xudt che an toan. Dua tren kgt qua nghign ciru, tac gia de xuat cac giai phap nham tdi da hda hieu qua san xuat trong didu kien cdng nghe va cac yeu td dau vao hien cd.
2. Co- so ly thuydt
Hieu qua ky thuat la kha nang dat nang suat Hoac san lugng tdi da dua tren cac yeu td san xuat dau vao va ky thuat hien co. Theo Farrell (1957), hieu qua ky thuat do ludng lugng yeu td dau vao cd the giam trong khi vdn dam bao lugng dau ra, hoac lugng dau ra cd thd tang trong khi vdn duy tri lugng ydu td ddu vao. Noi each khac, hieu qua ky thuat la ty le giua ddu ra thuc te va dau ra rigm nang ciia mgt don vi san xudt (hd gia dinh hoac trang trai). Hieu qua
kiiilili'iliiiltrk'n
ky thuat cd gia tri tir 0 den 1 (hoac 0 den 100%).
Farrell (1957) da thuc hien mdt trong nhGng nghien cuu thuc nghiem dau tidn ve do ludng hieu qua ky thuat bang each su dung ca phuong phap phan tich giai han phi tham sd va tat dinh. Phuong phap nay gia dinh rang ham san xuat ciia mgt don vi san xuat hoan toan hidu qua cd the dugc do lucmg bang mdt so each. Do diem chuan cua ham san xuat giai ban khdng the xac dinh dugc trong thuc Hen, Farrell da dd xudt do ludng nd tir mgt bd sd lieu mdu thdng qua viec sir dung ky thuat tuyen rinh doan phi tham sd hoac phuong phap tham sd nhu ham san xuat Cobb- Douglas.
Trong cac nghien ciru gan day, hieu qua ky thuat ed the dugc udc lupc bang phuong phap tham sd hoac phi tham sd. Mdt sd nghign cim da sir dung phuang phap bao dii lieu (Data envelopment analysis - DEA), la phuang phap phi tham sd de do lucmg hieu qua ky thuat. Chen & cdng su (2008) sii dung phuong pbap DEA de udc lugng nhirng thay ddi vg cong nghe va hieu qua ky thuat trong nganh chan nudi lgn tir nam 1991 ddn 2005 tai 20 tinh cua Trung Qudc. Sir dung ciing phuong phap Lansink
& Reinhard (2004) danb gia hieu qua ky thuat va hieu qua mdi trudng trong nganh chan nudi lgn tai Ha Lan. Trong khi dd, mgt sd nghien ciiu khac su dung phirong phap phan tich ham san xuat bien ngau nhien (Stochastic frontier producrion function analysis - SFA), la phuong phap tham sd dd phan rich hieu qua ky thuat. SFA dugc sir dung rdng rai trong cac nghign ciiu do ludng Higu qua va nang suat (Latruffe & cdng su, 2004). Phuong pbap nay do Aigner & cdng su (1977) va Meeusen & van den Broeck (1977) dd xuat, sau do dugc phat tnen va sir dung trong nhigu nghien ciiu (Battese & Coelli, 1992, 1995; Kalirajan, 1981; Rae & cdng su, 2006;
Tian & cpng su, 2015). Theo Tian & cdng su (2015), DEA la phucmg phap Hnh hoat ddi vdi cac ham san xuat, nhung lai rat nhay vdi cac sai sd do ludng, so vdi phuong phap DEA thi SFA xac dinh mgt dang ham cu thd va dang tin cay Hon trong trudng hgp cac sai sd do luong ldn.
Trong cac nghien ciiu vg hieu qua ky thuat trong Hnh vuc ndng nghiep, cac bign thudng duac su dung dg danh gia hieu qua ky thuat bao gdm lao ddng, dien rich dat ridng, sir dung phan bdn va thudc bao ve thuc vat (Nguyen Huu Dang, 2017; Phu Nguyen
Van & Nguyen To The, 2016), va vdn (Binam &
cdng sit, 2004). Cac ydu to anh hucmg den hieu qua ky thuat cd the la trinh dp hgc vdn, gidi rinh, tuoi, tidp can dich vu khuygn ndng/tham gia tap huan, he thdng tuai tigu (Tian & cgng su, 2015; Wadud &
White, 2000) kinh nghiem san xudt ndng nghiep, ngudn von, thu nhap (Phu Nguyen Van & Nguyen To The, 2016) hoac thanh vidn ciia cac td chiic (Raphael, 2008). Bravo Ureta & Pmheiro (1993) da tong hop khoang 30 nghien ciiu vg do ludng hieu qua ky thuat trong linh vuc ndng nghiep tit 14 nudc dang phat tridn. Kdt qua cho thdy trinh do giao due, kmh nghiem san xuat, tidp can ngudn vdn, riep can dich vu khuygn ndng va quy md trang trai la nhiing bien dugc su dung phd bien nhdt. Tuy nhien, tac dgng ciia mdt sd bien tdi hieu qua ky thuat nhu quy md trang trai hay tiep can dieh vu khuyen nong lai cd su khdng ddng nliat giita cac nghien ciiu.
3. Phuong phap nghidn cii-u 3.1. PhKomg phdp phdn tich
Dg phan rich hidu qua ky thuat trong san xuat che an toan d xa Tan Cuang, bai viet sii dung phuong phap SFA. Ham san xuat bign ngau nhien cd dang:
Y, = f(x„ p)exp(V, - U ) (1) Trong do: Y^ la san luang che an toan cua hg thii i, xi la ydu td san xuat dau vao thii i, p la cac He sd can udc lupng, V la sai sd thdng ke do tac dgng bdi cac ydu td ngau nhidn va dugc gia dinh cd phan phoi dgc lap va ddng nhat (i.i.d) (v ~ N(0, va ddc lap vdi x^ va U^ Ui la phdn phi hieu qua ky thuat, dugc gia dinh ldn hon hoac bang 0 va cd phan phdi nira chudn (Ui
> 0; u - N+(0,)). Khi Ui = 0, hd dat miic nang sudt tdi da vdi ngudn luc va ky thuat hien cd.
Hieu qua ky thuat dugc rinh nhu sau.
^ . /UMP)exp(V.-U,) ^ ^
" " ' ^ ~ - f e . p ) e x p ( V O - - ^ > - P ( - ^ - ) (2) Ham san xuat bien ngau nhien (1) thirong dugc uoc luong bJng mpt trong hai rao hinh la mo hinh Cobb-Douglas (Nguyen Hiru Dang, 2017; Thiam SL cong su, 2001) hoac Translog (Hossain & cong su, 2012; Vo H6ng Ti, 2015; Wadud & White, 2000).
Nghien cuu nay sir dung mo hinh Translog, uoc luong duong g,oi ban san xujt bien b5ng phuong phap uoc luong hgp ly t6i da (MLE - Maximum likelihood estimation). Ben canh do, nghien cuu su dung mo hinh h6i quy d6 phan tich cac ySu t6 anh S6 270 thing 12/2019
liiiililp.J'liiilirjfn
hudng den hieu qua ky thuat trong san xudt che an toan ciia cac hg dugc dieu tra.
De danh gia vai trd ciia timg nhan td anh hudng ddn hieu qua ky thuat, nghien cim sir dung phutmg phap phan tich thanh phan (Decomposition analysis - DA) (xem Bili Thi Minh Hdng, 2018; Fields & cpng SIT, 2003). DA dugc sir dung de tira hidu vd nhihig ygu td chinh xac dinh sir bien thien (inequality) ciia hieu qua ky thuat (bign phu thugc). Sir bidn thign ciia bign phu thugc dugc cau thanh bai cac trgng sd bien thign nhan td; theo do, nhan td (bidn giai thich) cd hpng sd mang dau duong cd gia tri cang cao thi cang giai thich nhidu hon cho su bien thien cua bign phu thudc, va cac trgng sd mang dau am ham y rang nhan td dd lam cho bien phu thupc phan bd ddng dgu hon.
Cac yeu td san xuat dau vao dugc sir dung trong md hinh danh gia hieu qua ky thuat trong san xuat che an toan bao gdm lao ddng, dien ticb dat trdng che, chi phi phan bdn va thudc bao vd thuc vat hda hpc, chl phi phan bdn hiru ca va phan GAP. Cac ydu td cd kha nang anh hudng ddn Hieu qua ky thuat gdm thn nhap cua hg, trinh dp hgc van, tudi ciia chii hg, kinh nghiem trdng che, tham gia tap huan ve san xuat che an toan, tham gia cac td chirc kinh td - xa hpi. loai gidng (Cd/Khdng sir dung gidng ban dia), dan tgc.
3.2. Sdlieu
Xa Tan Cuong hien cd dien tich san xuat che la 437ha, trong do cd khoang 400 ha che kinh doanh.
Toan xa cd 1.150 Hd san xuat che vdi tdng san lupng
che biip tuoi dat 7.210 tdn Nghien cuu su dung sd lieu dieu tra thdng qua phdng vdn true tidp bdng bang hdi cau tnic doi vdi 191 hd san xudt che an toan thupc xa Tan Cucmg. Cac hd didu tra dugc chgn mau theo phuang phap chgn mdu ngau nhign don gian. Bang hdi dugc thigt ke bao gdm cac thdng tin ve rinh hinh san xuat che (dien tich, san lugng, nang suat), viec sii dung cac ygu to ddu vao, dac didm vg ngudn lire, thu nhap va dac didm kinh td - xa hdi eua cac hd.
4. Kdt qua nghien cihi
4.1. Dgc diem cua cdc hd sdn xudt che an todn Dac didra ciia cac hg san xuat che an toan dugc trinh bay tai Bang 1. Trong sd cac hp dugc didu tra, cd 52,0% sd hg la dan tdc thidu sd (dan tdc Tay va Nimg). Do tudi tmng binh cua chu hd la 45,48 tudi.
Sd nam kinh nghiem trdng che ciia chii hd la 17,892, cho thay nghd trdng che la mdt nghe kha lau ddi tai dia phucmg. Trinh dp hgc van cua cac chii hg d miic trung binh thap (sd nam di hgc trung binh la 5,882).
Quy md hd la 4,182 ngudi va so lao dpng thudng xuydn cua hg binh quan la 2,824 ngudi, d miic trung binh so vdi cac tinh mign mii phia Bac khac. Phan ldn cac Hd dugc dieu tra da tirng thara gia cac khda tap huan ve san xuat che an toan do dia phuong td chiic (87,2%). Cac Hd dan ciing la thanh vien ciia cac td chiic kinh td xa hgi tai dia phuang nhu Hdi ndng dan, Hdi phu nii', cau lac bd khuydn ndng, hgp tac xa, ..vdi sd td chiic binh quan la 3,842. San xuat che an toan dera lai cho cac hg dan miic thu nhap kha cao, trung binh hp la 105,490 trieu ddng/hd.
Bang 1: Dac diem cua cac hd dieu tra Chi tieu
Dan tdc' Tudi ciia chu hd Sd nam di hoc cua chii hd
So nam kinh nghiem trdng che ciia chii hd Quy md hd
Sd lao ddng-
Tham gia khda tap huan vc san xuat che an toan' Tham gia vao cac td chirc kinh (g xa hdi d dia phucmg
Thu nhap ciia ho
Don vi tinh Tudi Nam Nam Nguoi Ngudi Sd td chiic Tneu ddng
T m n g binh 0,520 45,480 5,885 17,892 4,182 2,824 0.872 3.824 105,490
Do lech chuan 0,501 12,074 3,520 13,596 1,218 1,188 0,336 1,985 108,495 Ohi clii: 'Ddn ldc Kinh. 0. dan loc thieu so 1: 'Lao dmglrong dd luoi 15-60. 'Tliam gia lap liimii: L khong tham gia tap hudn. 0.
Nguon' Tinh todn ciia idc gid lit so lieu dieu tra nam 2017.
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klnlilcJIiiil Irion
Bang 2: Tinh hinh san xuat che an toan ciia cac ho dieu tra Chi Ueu
Dien tich dat trdng che an loan Tmng du Lai LDPl
Kim Tuyen, Bat Tien, ...
Nang sudt che thanh pham Tdng san lugng Gia ban che thanh pham
Su dung phan bdn va thudc bao ve thuc vat hda hoc' Su dung phan hiru co'
Sir dung phan GAP'
Ty le chi phi cho phan bdn/Dien tich trdng Ty le doanh thu/chi phi
Ghi chu: ^Co.mdung 1, khdng.wdung. II Nguon. Tinh todn ciia tdc gid tirso lieu dieu U-a nam
4.2. Tinh hinh sdn xudt che an todn Dien tich ddt trdng che an toan binh quan ciia cac hd la 0,356 ha, trong khi doi vdi san xuat che truygn thdng tai tinh la 0,11 ha/hd (Uy ban Nhan dan tinh Thai Nguydn, 2017). Nhu vay cd thd thdy trdng che an toan tai xa Tan Cuong a quy mo hd cd dien tich tuong ddi ldn. Trong cac gidng che dugc trdng, giong lai LDPl c6 dien tich Idn nhat (chiem 44,943% tdng dien tich che), tiep den la gidng Trung du (chidm 38,483%), cdn lai la cae gidng ehe khac nhu Kim Tuydn, Bat Tien . .(chidm 16,574%). Nang sudt che thanh phdm (che kho) dat 1.647,103 kg/ha, san lugng trung binh la 445,615 kg. Ket qua didu tra cho thdy 100% cac hg san xuat che an toan che ddu
Don vi tinh Trung binh Do lecjichHH ha
%
% %
kg/ha kg trieu ddng/kg
trieu ddng/ha lan
0,356 38,483 44,943 16,574 1.647,103
445,615 0,248 91,892 64,189 19,595 39,853 4,391
0,402 45,638 50,271 37,379 951,158 512,955 0,049 27,389 48,107 39,827 33,898 2,557 2017.
che bidn va ban che khd ra thi trudng qua thuang lai, dai ly va hop tac xa Gia ban cbe tbanh phdm Hung binh la 0,248 trieu ddng/kg.
Da sd cac hd san xudt che an toan vdn sir dung phan bdn va thudc bao ve thuc vat hda hgc (91,892
% so hd). Tuy nhien, 64,189% eac Hd su dung ca phan hiiu co va !9,595%> su dung phan GAP. Ty le chl phi cho phan bdn va thudc bao ve thuc vat trdn dien rich trdng d miic 39,853 trieu dong/ha. Doanh thu ban che gdp 4,391 ldn chi phi san xuat.
4.3. Hieu qud ky thugt trong sdn xudt che an todn
Ket qua udc luong ham san xuat bien bang Bang 3: Ket qua udc lugng ham san xuat bien ngau nhien
bang mo hinh Translog cho cac ho san xudt che an toan
Ten bien Dd Idch chuan
ln(Dien tich dat trong che an loan) ln(Sd lao dpng)
ln(Chi phi phan hda hgc) ln(Chi phi phan hiru ca va phan GAP) ln{Dien tich ddt trdng che an toan)x ln(Sd tao ddjig) ln(Dien tich ddt trdng che an toan)>' ln(Chi phi phan hda hgc) ln(Dien tich ddt trdng che an toan)x ln(Chi phi phan hiru co va phan GAP) ln(Sd lao ddng) >: !n(Chi phi phan hda hoc)
ln(Sd lao ddng) >= ln(Chi phi phan huu co va phan GAP) ln(Chi phi phan hda hgc) x ]n(Chi phi phan hiiu ca va phan GAP) Hang sd
Sd quan sat Wald r Prob > x~
Hieu qua ky thuat trung binh
Ghi chil. *P < 0.10. **P < 0.05. ***P < 0,01.
N<'udn • Tinh todn ciia tdc gid lir .w lieu dieu Ira ndm 2017.
0,082 0,094»*
0 , 1 1 2 "
0,035 0,046««
-0,040***
0,011 0,016*
0 , 0 0 9 * "
6 , 8 6 5 * "
191 0,054 0,039 0,119 0,035 0,019 0,011 0,008 0,009 0,003 0,221 227,f)0 0,0000 68,47%
si 270 thing 12/2019
Bang 4: Phan phoi hieu qua kj thuat trong san xudt che an toan Hieu qua ky thuat (%)
;50 50- < 60 60 - < 70 70 - <80 80 - < 90 Giatri Idn nhat Gia tn nhd nhat Gia tri trung binh
Sd lugng hd Ty le °/
18 2/
45 67 34
89,91 28,10 68,47
9,42 14,14 23,56 35,08 17,80
Nguon • Tinh todn cda tdc gid tie sd lieu dieu tra ndm 2017.
phuong phap MLE (Bang 3) cho thay dien tich ddt cd quan he cimg chigu vdi san lugng che. Nhiing hg cd dien tich dat Idn Hon c6 san lugng che Idn hon cac hg khac. Viec sii dung phan bdn hda hgc vSn anh hudng tich cue tdi san lugng che. Tuy nhien, can luu y la tac dgng ciia phan bon hoa hpc chi cd y nghia trong ngan han va viec sir dung phan hda hgc trong dai han se anh hudng tidu cue dgn chat lugng dat va san lugng cay trdng. Trong khi do, chi phi sir dung phan hiru ca va phan GAP cd y nghTa quan trpng doi vdi san lugng che Vd dai ban phan hiiu co va phan GAP se giup cai tao dat, ddng thdi dam bao chat lu'png san pham che.
Hieu qua ky thuat trong san xuat che an toan tai xa Tan Cuong la 68,47%o, d raiic cao bon so vdi san xuat che theo phuong phap truyen thdng tai cac nudc dang phat trign. Vi du tai Sri Lanka la khoang 65% (Basnayake & Gunaratae, 2002), tai mgt sd dia phuang cua Viet Nam nhu Huyen Mdc Chau, tinh San La la 60% (Saigenji & Zeller, 2009) va tai cac
tinh raidn Bac gdm Tuyen Quang, Phii Thp va Thai Nguyen la 41% (Phu Nguyen Van & Nguyen To The, 2016). Tuy nbien, higu qua ky thuat trong san xuat che an toan tai day lai thap hon nhigu so vdi san xuat che hiru co (khoang 99%) theo nghien ciiu ciia Nghia Dai Tran (2009)). Hieu qua ky thuat d miic 68,47% ham y rang vdi ngudn luc va ky thuat hien cd, san lugng che an toan cua cac hp cdn cd the tang thdm 31,53%) bang each dieu chinh cac ygu td anh hudng den hieu qua ky thuat.
Su phan bd bieu qua ky thuat d Bang 4 cho thay ty le ldn cac hg dat hieu qua ky thuat d mirc 70-80%
(35,08% so hp) va 60-70% (23,56% so hd). 17,8%
sd hd dat raiic hieu qua ky thuat trgn 80%). Ben canh dd, van cdn 23,56%o sd hp cd miic hieu qua ky thuat thap bon miic trung binh (60%o).
4.4. Cdc yeu to dnh hie&ng den hieu quaky thudt trong sdn xudt che an todn
Cac ygu td anh huong den mirc do phi hieu qua ky thuat trong san xuat che an toan cua cac hd dan dugc Bang 5: Kgt qua ud'c lugng ham phi hieu qua ky thuat Irong san xudt che an toan
Yeu to/Bien giai thich Thu nhap cua ho Tuoi cua chii ho Kinh nghiem trong che So nam di hoc ciia chu ho
Tham gia khoa tap huan ve san xuat che an toan Dan toe
Tham gia cac to chirc kinh te xii hoi Su dung giong che Tmng du Hang so
So quan sat F-statistics
Ghi chu- »P< 0.10, ttP<0.05. »t,p<O.Ol.
Nguon. Tinh lodn ciia tdc gid tic so lieu dieu tra ndm 2017.
Sd 270 thdng 12/2019 *^
He so -0.001"*
-0.004*
-0.012*
0.002 -0.093*
0.092**
-0,059**
0,026**
0,4636 191 5,35 38,05
Trong so 10,956 4,983 3,754 -7,102
4,012 8,727 5,010 7,708
nhan to
hi!lllli',J'liiilli'ii'ii
thd hien tai Bang 5. Cac he sd am ciia cac bien trong Ham phi Hieu qua ky thuat ham y la cac bien cd moi quan he ngugc chidu vdi rairc dp phi hieu qua ky thuat, nghTa la cd mdi quan he cimg chidu vdi hieu qua ky thuat va ngugc lai.
Thu nhap ciia hp la yeu td quan trpng nhat anh hudng rich cue ddn hieu qua ky thuat, ddng gdp 10,956%) vao su bien thien cua raiic do pbi hieu qua ky thuat. Nhiing hd cd thu nhap cao se cd dieu kien ddu tu vao san xuat nhu may mdc, thidt bi, hoat dpng cai tao gidng, cham sdc, chg bien, nang cao chat lupng va tang san lugng san pham cbe. Yeu to quan trpng thir hai la bidn dan tgc (trong sd la 8,727), cd quan he cimg chigu vai mirc dp phi hieu qua ky thuat, ham y rang cac hd dan tdc thieu sd cd miic hieu qua ky thuat thap Hon cac hd dan tdc Kinh.
Hien nay, tinh Thai Nguyen ndi chung va xa Tan Cuong ndi ridng dang day manh viec chuyen ddi gidng che theo Huong giam gidng che Trung du (gidng ban dja) va tang cac gidng cbe nhap ndi va cac giong che trong nuac tuyen chon, lai tao nhu LDPl, TRI 777, Phuc Van Tidn, Kim Tuyen... Ket qua nghien cim cho thay viec sir dung gidng che Trung du cd tac ddng ngugc chieu den hieu qua ky thuat trong san xuat che an toan. Yeu td nay cd trgng sd ldn thii ba (7,708). Theo ket qua thao luan nhdm, gidng cbe lai LDPl dugc ngudi dan tai xa Tan Cuong trdng ngay cang nhieu do cac dac diem nhu biip to, nang suat va san lugng che cao hon so vdi gidng cbe Trung du va dac biet la cd the diing dg che bien thanh che Dinh, radt loai che dang dugc ban vdi gia rat cao tren thi trudng (khoang 1,5-3,5 trieu ddng/kg). Tuy nhien, gidng che Trung du cd uu didra d hucmg thom dac biet va vi nggt dgng lai lau hon ngn dugc ngudi tieu diing rat ygu thich. Vi vay ma gidng Trung du van dugc trdng vdi dien Hch mong ddi ldn.
Tham gia cac khda tap huan ve san xuat che an toan cd vai trd quan trpng (thuan chidu) ddi vdi Hieu qua ky thuat, ddng gdp 4,012%i vao su bien thidn ciia mirc dd phi hieu qua ky thuat. Viec tham gia khda tap huan giiip cac hd san xuat che khdng chi nang cao kien thiic va san xuat che an toan theo dung ky thuat, quy trinh va tang nang suat ma cdn gdp phan dap irng yeu cau ciia cac dai ly thu mua. Ngoai ra, thara gia vao cac td chiic kinh td xa hgi ciing giiip cac hg dan nang cao bieu qua ky thuat bdi thdng qua
viec tham gia, cac hd dan tidp can dugc vdi nhieu nguon thdng tin, kien thiic, ddng thdi cd nhieu co hdi hon trong vide ridp can cac ngudn vdn cung nti su giiip do tii cdng ddng.
Hoat ddng san xuat che tai xa Tan Cuong chii yeu vdn dua vao kinh nghiem ban than, do vay vai tro ciia trinb dp hgc van cdn chua ro. Ket qua nghien ciiu cho thdy tae ddng ciia trinh do hgc van cua chu hd tdi hidu qua ky thuat khdng cd y nghia vd mat thdng ke nhung Uioi va kinh nghiem trdng che ciia chil bg lai cd tac dpng ciing chieu tdi hidu qua ky thuat. Nhfrng hd cd do tudi cang cao va kinh nghiem trdng che lau nam cd hieu qua ky thuat cao hon nhung hd khac.
5. Kgt luan
Kdt qua nghidn ciiu ddi vdi 191 hd san xuat che an toan tai xa Tan Cuong cho thay hieu qua ky thuat trong san xuat che an toan tai day cdn d rairc trung binh (68,47%)). Digu nay ham y rang cac yeu to dau vao chua dugc sir dung thuc su hieu qua. De nang cao hieu qua ky thuat trong san xuat che an toan, can cd nhirng tac ddng phii hgp toi cac yeu td anh hudng tich cue tdi hieu qua ky thuat.
cac ygu td nhu thu nhap, tuoi, kinh nghiera trdng che cua chii hg, tap huan, va tham gia cac to chiic kinh tg xa hdi ddng gdp tich cue vao viec cai thien hieu qua ky thuat trong san xuat che an toan ciia cac hd. Trong khi do, viec sii dung gidng chd ban dia (gidng Trung du) lai tac ddng ngugc chieu tai hieu qua ky thuat Cac hg dan tgc thieu so ciing tham gia vao san xuat che an toan. Tuy nhien, Hieu qua ky thuat cua cac Hd nay thdp hon so vdi cac hd dan tgc Kinh do nhirng dac didm bdt lgi vd trinh do, nguon luc, kha nang tiep can thdng tin, dia vi xa hpi...
Dg nang cao san lugng che va cai thien hieu qua ky thuat, chinh quyen dja phirong cdn ddu rir cho cac chuong trinh, du an khuygn ndng vg san xudt va chd bien che an toan; tang cudng dao tao, tap hudn nang cao trinh do cho dpi ngu can bp khuydn ndng va can bd quan ly ndng nghiep ciia dia phuang, dong thdi tang cudng cdng tac tap hudn cho cac hd dan riong che. Cac ndi dung tap hudn cdn thidt thuc va cu thd cho timg khau nhu danh gia va lua chpn vimg san xuat, bao dam ngudn nudc va kbdng kbi, tieu chudn vg gidng che, mat dp trdng che thich hgp, ty le bon phan hop ly a timg thdi didm, each thirc sir dune
Sd 270 thdng 12/2019 88
i^iitliWIiiilti'iM
thuoc bao ve t h u c vat va sir d u n g hda chat, thu hoach bd q u a n ly n o n g nghiep cdn nghidn ciru dg cd dinh
y a x i i l y c h e s a u k h i thu hoach va quy trinh san xudt , , , .. . . .
- , . , , ^ - n - L .*• , . , •- ,. hucmg va giai p h a p phil h o p thay the dan gidng che xuat che bup t u o i . . . Ben canh d o , chinh quyen dia r r .t- ^
phuang cdn tao c a hpi va dieu kidn thuan lgi dd cac ^ ^ " '^'^ ti^^S ^^'^ g ' o n g che nhap ngi va cac g i d n g hp san xudt che an toan thara gia vao cac td chiic che trong n u d c m y d n chgn, lai tao c6 nang sudt va kinh td xa hdi tai dia p h u a n g ; can c o nhiing thay ddi
; , . - u ™, .!,• I, - ^ - J - • 1 • s^n luong cao Hon. N g o a i ra, N h a n u d c va chinh trong to chuc va p h u o n g t h u c hoat d o n g d e cac hp ' *" ^ '
dan thay rd d u g c vai trd c u n g n h u lgi ich khi tham quydn dia p h u a n g can cd sir quan tam thich d a n g va gia vao cac to chirc d o . Ket qua nghien c i u cimg cho ^ 5 ^ ^ i m g chinh sach dac thu h6 tro cac ho dan tgc Ihay de nang eao n a n g suat va san l u p n g c h e an toan,
tir dd cai thien hieu qua ky thuat, viec thay ddi g i d n g * ' ^ " ' ^ ^™"g ^^" '^"^^ '^he an toan vd vdn, gidng, che la can thidt. Chinh quyen dja p h u o n g va can tap hudn ky thuat va cac dich vu khuygn nong khac.
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Tap chi Phdt hdnh qua mgng lu&i hmi dien l^et .\'ani
