^^ dttiKg. phdp lu4t
8 6 6 ( 2 7 9 ) - 2 0 1 5HOUN I H I E N CAC OUT BjNH VE TOI PHAM Hjil LO TRONG DJr THAO Bfi LUAT H I N H SIT S D A B ^ I
I ThS. TRAN HA BAO KHUYDN *
1. Mpt s6 v i n de chung vl h6i lp
Theo Dgi tii diin tiSng Vi^t dinh nghia, hfli lp lupc hieu Id hdnh vi len liit dua tifln cua de nhd ke :6 quyen ldm dieu trdi vdi phdp luat nhung cfl Ipi
;ho minh'.
Dufli gflc dp chinh tii, hoi 10 Id mpt h^ng nhiing logi bflng Ipc cua quyen lye vd Id m$t hinh ttiuc ttao loi chung giua quyen lye vd sy gidu cfl2. Day chinh Id mpt logi hdnh vi tham nhung, gay dnh huong nghiem ttpng den sy phat tiien cua xd h$i, Idm mdt [flng tin cua ngufli ddn doi vfli sy nghigm minh cua phdp lu^it, dfli vfli uy tin cua bO mdy nhd nudc.
Cdc dau hi^u cua hoi lp bao gom: Lpi dyng dnh liuong de tii^c lpi; de nghi hogc chap nhgn nhimg nfln qua, tien thudng, on hu$ hay hoa hong khflng :hinh ddng; hoi 10 de tton ttdnh nghia vy nOp thue lay cdc chi phi khde; hoi lp de hS ttp 1 ^ ddo; hoi 0 d l tr6n ttdnh ti^ch nhipm hlnh sy; h6i Ip de ho rp cho nhung hdnh vi cgnh ti'anh khflng ldnh mgnh;
i6i 10 trong khu vyc tu; h6i 10 d l cfl thong tin bi ngt hay 'iipi bp"...^.
2. Cdc quy dinh ve tpi pham hoi 1$ theo BO u | t Hinh s\r ndm 1999
Bp Iudt Hinh sy ndm 1999 (BLHS nam 1999) didng dua ra khdi ni^m the ndo Id hfli lp, ma chi luy djnh ba tOi danh lien quan den hoi 10, dfl la: Tpi ih$n hoi 10 (Dieu 279); tOi dua hoi lfl (Diiu 289) vd Oi mfli gifli hoi 10 ( D i k 290). Tuy nhien, BLHS
nam 1999 mdi chi mfl td hdnh vi nhgn hoi lp md chua cfl quy dinh the nao Id hanh vi dua hfli lp, mfli gioi hoi lp. Hai hdnh vi dua hoi 16 va mfli gioi hfli lp chi dupc hieu mpt each gidn tiep qua hanh vi nhgn hoi lp.
Theo Dieu 279 quy dinh: Nhgn hfli lp Id hdnh vi
"lpi dyng chiic vy, quyen hgn, tryc tiep hogc qua trung gian da nhan hogc se nhgn tien, tai san hogc lpi ich vgt chat khde duoi bat ky hinh thuc nao... de Iam hogc khflng ldm mpt vi?c vi lpi ich hoac theo yeu cdu cua ngufli dua hoi 10"-
MOt sfl dau hi^u nhdn biet tpi pham hfli lp, cy till:
Thi/ nhdt, chu the cua tpi hoi lp: Chu the cua tOi nhgn hfli lfl Id ngudi cfl chiic vy, quyen han*, con chu the cua tpi dua hoi 10 vd tfli mfli gidi hdi lp cfl the Id bat ky ngudi ndo (do cfl the la nguoi cfl chiic vy, quyen hgn hogc ciing cfl thl la ngudi khflng cfl chuc vy, quyen hgn).
Thic hai, khdch the cua tOi pham hfli 10: Khach the cua tpi phgm, hanh vi nhan hoi lp, dua hfli 10 vd Idm mfli gioi hfli 10 dflu xdm hgi mpt loai khdch thi dfl la nhung quan hO xa hOi bao ddm cho boat dpng bmh tiiuong cua ca quan ho^c tfl chuc. TOi phgm v i hfli 10 ldm dnh huflng nghigm trpng din hieu qud hoat dpng cua ca quan, tfl chuc; Idm gidm uy tin cua cdc ca quan ndy.
Dau hiOu phdp ly dac trung tiip tfieo tiiupc mat
' Pho Phong Ngi chinh Phdp che.
Van phong Uy ban nhdn ddn tinh Bgc Lieu
Ddn chCi & Phdp tu^t I
GfiAg dutig phdp, Ut^i S6 6 (279) - 2016
khdch quan cda tpi dua hoi 16 vd lam mfli gifli hoi 10 Id "cua" hfli 10. Trong cdc tOi phgm ndy, "cua"
hoi 10 dupc xem nhu mpt dgng cong cy, phucmg tien de pham tOi^. "Ciia" hoi 10 phdi Id cac lpi ich v|lt chat, tiic Id nhung lpi ich cfl tinh hien huu vd xdc dinh dupc gid tri. Ngodi tien, tdi san, con cfl the Id bat ky lpi ich tri gia dupc thdnh tiin nhu: Giiy td cfl gid tri thanh todn (cfl tdc, ch phiiu...), quyen mua tdi sdn, hdng hoa voi gid re hon thyc te...;
"cua" hfli lp phdi co gid tri hai trieu dong ttd len. Neu "cua" hoi lp cfl gia tri dudi hai trieu dong, thi hdnh vi dua hoi 10 hoac lam mfli gidi hoi lp phai gay hgu qud nghiflm trpng hoac (^ bi xu ly ky Iuat ve hdnh vi ndy, chua dupc xfla dn tich ma cfln vi phgm hogc da bi ket an ve mOt ttong cdc tOi quy dinh tgi Myc A - Cdc tfli pham ve tiiam nhiing thupc Chuong XXI - Cdc tpi pham v i chiic vu. Cdc Iai ich phi vgt chat (cdc lpi ich tmh than) khflng dupc cdc nhd ldm ludt nudc ta coi la cua hfli 10 (Vi du: Cho quan he tmh dye; thdnh tich khen thudng...).
3. So sdnh cac quy dinh ve 1$! danh hoi lp trong BQ I u | t Hlnh sy nam 1999 vfli cdc quy dmh tuxmg irng trong Cdng irdc LiSn Hpp Quoc ve chong tham nhung
Cflng udc cua Lien Hop Quflc ve chflng tham nhung (gpi tdt Id UNCAC) Id mOt van bdn phdp 1^
quflc te quan ttpng, tao co sd phdp ly cho viec hpp tdc cfl hieu qua ttong phflng ngua vd chflng tham nhiing giua cdc quflc gia. Viet Nam da gia nhgp Cong udc vdo ngdy 10/12/2003, UNCAC cfl hieu lye d6i vdi Viet Nam k i tii ngdy 18/9/2009.
So sdnh giua BLHS nam 1999 vd UNCAC, cfl tiii tfidy cfln cfl nhiing diim khde biet giira hai van bdn ti^. Vi?c nghien ciiu, hodn tiiien BLHS nam 1999 sao cho tuang thich vfli quy dinh ciia UNCAC d khufln khfl quoc gia Id mOt yeu cdu cdn tfiiit, ddc bi?t ttong giai doan xdy dyng Du thdo BO
E l Ddn chCi & Phdp lu$t
luat Hinh su sua d6i hifln nay.
Nhu da neu, BLHS ndm 1999 quy dinh tOi phao hfli 10 tai ba dieu, gflm: Tfli nhan hfli 10 (Diiu 279), Tfli dua hhl 16 (Diiu 289) va Tpi mfli gifli hfli Ip ODiiu 290). Trong khi dfl, UNCAC chi quy dinh hai tOi danh lien quan din van de hoi lp. Dfl Id hanh vi dua hfli lp va hanh vi nhdn hfli 10, cy tfie Id cac hinh vi hfli 16 cflng chiic quoc gia (Dieu 15); hfli lp cong chiic nudc ngodi hodc cflng chiic quoc te ciia to chiic cong (Diiu 16); hfli lp ttong khu vuc tu (Di6u 21).
Nghien cdu UNCAC vd BLHS nam 1999, chiing ta cfl the thdy, cdc quy djnh cua BLHS nam 1999 vi tOi dua hoi 10, tOi lam mfli gidi hoi lp nhimg diem khde biet voi quy dinh cua Cflng udc Lien Hpp Quflc v i tOi pham hoi lp, cy the:
Thu nhdt. BLHS nam 1999 chi quy dinh vi tqi danh Idm mfli gifli mOt cdch dpc lap, ttong khi dd UNCAC coi hdnh vi lam moi gifli h6i 10 Id hjlnhvi dflng pham, theo dung quy djnh tgi Dieu 27 UNCAC: "Phu hap vfli phap ludt nudc minh, moi qu6c gia tfidnh vien se dp dyng cdc bien phdp 1?|
phap vd cac bien phdp can thiet khac d6 quy djnh \i tpi pham, hdnh vi tham gia voi bit kj' Ur cdch nio vao vice phgm nhung t6i duoc quy djnh tfieo Cong udc ndy, nhu d6ng pham, ngudi giup siic hay ngufii xui giyc". Nhu vdy, hdnh vi ldm mfli gidi hii 1$
dupc hieu Id hanh vi tham gia vdo vice pham tpi hoi 10 vfli tu cdch ngudi dflng phgm.
Thu hai, BLHS nam 1999 khflng mfl td hinh vi phgm tOi dua hfli 16 va ldm mfli gidi hfli 10, cic hdnh vi nay chi dupc n h ^ biit gidn tiep qua sy mo ta cua hanh vi nh§n hfli lp, cfln tfieo UNCAC, h ^ vi dua hfli 16 dupc quy dinh mOt cdch cy the va rieng biet vfli hdnh vi nhgn h6i 16^. Nhu vgy, theo diim a Diiu 15, Diiu 16 va Diiu 21 cUa UNCAC, ta cfl tfli dua ra khdi niem chung ve hanh vi dua hoi 10 la: Hua hen, chdo moi hay cho, hire tiip hay giSa
^^gdtptg phdp. luM 86 6(279)-2015
iep, ngudi c6 chdc vy (ttong lmh vyc cflng hodc tu,
;ua quoc gia, cua nudc ngodi hodc quflc te) bat ky nOt lpi ich khflng chinh ddng cho chinh bdn than igudi cd chiic vy ay hay cho mOt ngudi hoac mpt d chuc khac, de ngudi cfl chdc vy ndy ldm hodc diong ldm mflt vipc ttong qud trinh tfii hdnh cong /y.
Thu ba. hdnh vi thupc mgt khdch quan cua tfli lua hfli 10 tiieo quy djnh cua BLHS nam 1999 chi gom hdnh vi "dua" ciia h6i 10. Trong khi dfl, hdnh vi tiiupc mgt khdch quan cua vipc n h ^ h6i 10 1^
/iOc "da nhgn hoac se nhgn". Vfli each quy djnh tgi liai dieu lugt nay, cfl the thay chiing khflng co sy thong nhat vfli nhau. Trong khi dfl, UNCAC xdc Ijnh cac hdnh vi "hiia hpn, chdo mdi hay cho" diu Id dua hoi lp. Cdch quy djnh nay khien thdi diem iiodn thanh tOi dua h6i 10 ttong Cflng udc khde vin BLHS ndm 1999. Theo BLHS nam 1999, tfii tOi 3ua hfli 10 chi hodn thdnh khi n g i ^ dua hfli lfl dfl :d hdnh vi dua ciia hoi lp, cfln theo Cong udc tOi lua hoi 10 hodn thdnh khi ngudi dua hoi 10 cfl mpt trong cdc hdnh vi neu tten.
Thu tu, quan diim v i "cua" h6i 10 giua BLHS ldm 1999 vdi UNCAC ciing khde nhau. BLHS ldm 1999 quy dinh "cua" hoi lp chi bao gflm cdc gid trj vgt chat nhu: Tien, tdi san vd cdc lpi ich vat :hat khac, cfln UNCAC lai xdc djnh ciia hfli 10 Id
"bit ky mOt Ipi ich khong chinh dang", nghia la tat :d cdc lpi ich vdt chat hay tmh tfiin thi hi^n dudi bat ky mOt dgng tfiuc ndo, cfl thi tri gid bdng tien, :fl the khflng.
Thu nam. v i doi tirpng h6i 10, BLHS nam 1999 vk UNCAC cfl cdch nhm nhgn khflng giong nhau,
;V tfli: Theo BLHS ndm 1999 quy djnh, tiii dii upng dupc hoi 10 Id cdc cdn bO, cflng chuc Nhd ludc hay nhimg ngudi dupc giao thyc hipn cflng /y, dgi diOn cho quyen lye cong. Diiu ndy cfl ighla, dhi tupng hii 10 gflm nhimg ngudi cfl quyin
han, anh hudng nhat djnh ttong lmh vyc cong quyen. Trong khi dfl, tai cdc Dieu 15, Dieu 16 va Diiu 21 cua UNCAC quy djnh dfli tupng dupc hfli 10 gflm: Cflng chdc quic gia; cflng chdc nudc ngodi hoac cflng chuc cua tfl chuc quflc te cflng; nguoi dieu hdnh hay Idm viec, d bat ky cuong vi nao, cho tfl chdc thuOc khu vuc tu. Dieu do co nghia la, UNCAC xdc dinh dfli tupng dupc hfli 10 Id nhimg ngudi cfl chdc vy, quyen han d cd khu vyc cflng vd khu vyc tu.
4. Mpt so kien nghi, de xuat hodn thi^n cdc quy djnh ve tpi pham h i i 1$ trong Du- thdo BO Iuat Hinh sv sda d§i
Mgt Id, cdn co su mo td trong dieu lugt ve hdnh vi dua hqi 16. ldm moi giai hoi lg
Hipn nay, di trdnh su tinng lap, thi cac nhd lam lugt da "coi nhu" mfl ta hdnh vi dua hoi Ifl, ldm moi gifli h i i 10 mOt cdch gidn tiep thflng qua hanh vi nhgn hoi lfl. Tuy nhien, vipc hieu mflt each gidn tiep ndy khflng mieu td dupc mpt each chinh xdc hanh vi phgm tOi. Do vdy, viec mieu td cy the cdc hdnh vi ndy Id can thiit. Dy thdo BLHS sda dfli vdn chua cfl nhijng budc tien mfli so vdi BLHS hien hdnh, cdc dieu luat sua doi ve van de ndy cung chua cfl sy mieu td cy the doi vdi nhimg hanh vi pham tpi hfli lp, vdn de cho cdc hdnh vi ndy dupc hieu mpt cdch gian tiip thong qua hanh vi nhan hoi 10, cu the nhu sau:
"Dieu 359. TOi nhdn h i i 10 (sda dii, bo sung) 1. Ngudi ndo lpi dyng chuc vu, quyen han, tryc tiip hodc qua trung gian da nhan hodc se nhan duoi bat ky hinh thdc nao bat ky Ipi ich nao sau day de lam hoac khflng Idm mOt vipc vi lpi ich hogc theo yeu cau cda nguoi dua hoi 10, tfii bj phat cdi tgo khflng giam giu tii mpt den ba nam hogc phgt tu tu hai nam den bdy nam:
a) Tien, tai sdn, lpi ich vgt chat khac co gia tii tii nam tripu dflng den dufli ndm muoi trieu dong hoac
Ddn ChO & Phdp tu$t B l
Qui&g dtfttg phdp. itt4i
S t f 6 ( 2 7 9 ) - 201S dufli nam trieu dflng nhung gdy hgu qud nghiemttpng hodc da bj xu ly' 1^ luat ve hdnh vi nay md cfln vi phgm hoac da bj kit dn ve mOt ttong cac tOi quy dinh tgi Myc A Chuong ndy, chua dupc xod dn tich md con vi pham.
b) Lpi ich phi vgt chaL
Dieu 369. TOi dua h i i ip (sira dii, b i sung) 1. Ngudi ndo dua hoac se dua hfli 10 mpt cdch tiTic tiip hay gian tiip cho ngudi cfl chdc vy, quyin hgn bit ky lpi ich nao sau day, thi bi phgt cai tao khong giam giu td mflt nam din ba ndm hogc phgt tii td mOt nam din sdu nam.
a) Tiin, tdi sdn, Ipi ich vgt chdt khde cfl gid tri tii hai tripu dflng din duoi nam muoi tiieu dflng hoac dudi hai tii^u dflng nhung gdy hau qua nghi6m ttpng hogc vi phgm nhieu ldn;
b) Lpi ich phi vat chat.
Dilu 370. TOi ldm mfli gioi hoi Ip (sda doi, bo sung)
1. Ngudi ndo ldm mfli gioi hii 10 md cua hoi lp thuOc mpt ttong cdc truong hpp sau day, thi bj phat cdi tao khflng giam giu tii mOt den ba nam hogc phgt tii tu sdu tfidng den nam nam.
a) Tiin, tdi sdn hoac lpi ich vdt chat cfl gid tii td hai trieu dflng din duoi nam muoi tripu dflng ho|ic dudi hai trieu dflng nhung gay hgu qud nghiem ttpng hogc vi phgm nhieu lan...".
Theo chung tfli, viec Dy tiido BO ludt Hinh sy sda dfli can ghi nhgn tiioi diem hodn thdnh ciia tpi dua hfli 16 kh6ng chi "dua" md con cd "se" dua cho tuang ung vfli thfli diem hodn thdnh ciia tpi nhgn hii 10 ("da" nhgn va "se" nhgn) Id hodn todn phd hpp. Tuy nhien, vi?c tiep tyc giir nguyen quan diem hieu cac hdnh vi dua hfli lp, ldm mfli gioi hoi 10 mOt cdch gian tiep tiiflng qua hdnh vi nhan hoi 10 Id khflng cfln phd hpp, ddc biet frong qud tiinh npi luat hfla cdc quy djnh cho phu hpp vfli UNCAC. Do vgy, can cfl sy mfl ta cy the hanh vi pham tOi tten.
Khi mfl td cy thi hdnh vi cdn md rpng pham vi dfii vdi cac hanh vi "gpi y", "hda hen" hfli lp chil khong chi vfli hdnh vi dua hfli 10 nhu hien nay
Hai Id, cdn ma rgng doi tuang co chOc VR quyen hgn cho cd khu vuc tir, chu khong chi qa^
dink nguai co chiec vu, quyin hgn chi thuoc lAu vtfc cong nhu hien nay
Thyc t i cho thdy, d mOt sfl doanh nghi?p tirci' mpt s6 ngudi dupc bo nhiem giii mpt chdc vu nao do vd cfl mpt sfl quyen hgn nhat djnh ttong viec quan ly tiin vd tdi sdn ciia doanh nghiflp til vd da lgi.
dung chuc vy, quyen han dupc giao de chiem do{il sfl tiin vd tdi sdn duac giao dfl. Xet ve bdn chSt, d^
Id hdnh vi tham 6 tai sdn cua doanh nghiep. X£t trSs;
phuong difln phdp luat hinh sy, thi day Id nhirng' hdnh vi nguy hiim cho xa hpi, xam pham den l^i ich hop phdp ciia tap the vd c6ng dan, nen can phai xu ly nghiem minh bang cdc bien phap hlnh sy. Do' vdy, viec md rOng dfli tupng cfl chdc vy, quySn hjii ra cd khu vuc tu la ddp dng dupc yeu ciu cila UNCAC vd ddm bao cho cong cuflc diu tranh phflng chflng tOi pham tham nhung dat ket qu^.
Hipn nay, Dy tfido BO ludt Hinh sy sda doi dua ra khai niem tOi phgm ve chdc vy tai Dieu 357, Theo dfl, Du tfido dua ra hai phuong an nhu sau:
"Dieu 357. Khai niem tOi pham vi chdc Vf (sua doi, bo sung)
- Phuang dn 1:
1. Cdc tOi phgm ve chdc vy Id nhdng hdnh vi xam phgm hogt dOng diing dan cua ca quan, to chuc.
TOi phgm chdc vu bao gflm cac tpi pham than nhung vd cdc tOi phgm v i chdc vy khac quy dinh t|i Chuong nay.
2. Cdc tOi pham v i tham nhfing Id nhung hdnh vi xam pham boat dOng dung ddn ciia co quan, tfl chfe do ngudi cfl chdc vy thyc hien ttong khi tfiyc hien nhiem vy vi myc dich vy lpi.
I Ddn ChCi & Phdp lu$t
'M^j. dtfng phdp, lu4t Stf 6 (279)-2015
3. Ngudi cfl chuc vy quy dinh tgi khoan 2 Dieu ndy Id ngudi do bo nhiOm, do biu cd, do hpp dflng ho$c do mOt hlnh tiiuc khac, cfl hudng luang hoac khflng hudng luong, dupc giao thyc hipn mpt nhipm vy nhit dinh vd cfl quyin hgn nhit djnh tronfe khi time hipn nhipm vy.
4. Cdc tOi pham ve chdc vy ttong khu vuc ngoai Nhd nudc tgi Chuong ndy bao gom: Tfli tfiam fl tai sdn, Tpi nhgn hoi 10, TOi dua hfli 10 vd Tfli mfli gidi hii 10-
- Phuang dn 2:
1. Cac tOi phgm ve chuc vy Id nhiing hdnh vi xdm pham hogt dOng dung din cua ca quan nha nudc, t i chuc chinh tii, tfl chdc chinh tii - xa hOi, don vi vu ti^g nhan dan, don vi sy nghipp, doanh nghipp nhd nudc, doanh nghipp cfl phan vfln gflp sd hiiu nhd nudc hogc ca quan, t i chuc khde dupc Nha nudc cip, hfl ttp kinh phi hoat dOng td ngdn sdch nhd nudc.
TOi phgm chdc vy bao g i m cdc tOi pham tiiam nhung vd cac tOi phgm v i chuc vy khde quy djnh tgi Chuong ndy.
2. Cdc tOi pham v i tiiam nhiing Id nhiing hdnh vi xdm pham ho^t dOng dung ddn cda ca quan nhd nudc, t i chdc chinh trj, t i chdc chuih tri - xa hOi, don vj vu ttang nhan dan, don vj sy nghipp, doanh nghipp nhd nudc, doanh nghiep cfl phan vfln gflp nhd nudc ho^c ca quan, to chdc khde dupc Nhd nudc cap, ho ttp kinh phi hoat dOng td ngan sach
nha nudc do ngudi cfl chdc vy tfiyc hi^n ttong khi thuc hipn cflng vy vi myc dich vu Ipi.
3. Nguoi cfl chdc vy quy dinh tai khodn 2 Dieu nay la ngudi do bfl nhipm, do bau cd, do hpp dong hoac do mOt hinh thdc khde, cfl hudng lucmg hogc khflng huong luong, dupc giao thyc hipn mOt cflng vu nhat djnh vd cfl quyen han nhat djnh frong khi thyc hipn cflng vy".
Qua hai phuong an dua ra, chiing ta cfl the nhgn thay, theo phuong dn thd nhdt quy djnh, thi nhung ngudi cfl chdc vy, quyin han la nhung nguoi ldm vipc frong khu vyc cflng vd ca khu vyc tir nhdn. Trdi lgi, theo phucmg dn tiiu hai, thi nhiing ngudi cfl chuc vy, quyin hgn Id nhihig ngufli ldm ttong khu vuc cong. Vfli tu tudng md nhu da phan tich d tten, theo chung tfli, vipc lya chpn phuang dn thu nhat la hoan todn phu hpp, ddp dng cdc yeu ciu dfli hfli ciia UNCAC nfli chung vd cua qua tiinh phflng, chflng tpi phgm tham nhung d Vipt Nam nfli rieng.
Hipn nay, chung ta dang frong qua tiinh xay dyng Dy thdo Bp ludt Huih sy sda dii, cdc quy djnh ve tOi phgm hoi 10 cung dang dupc nghien cuu sua doi, hodn thipn de phii hpp vdi tinh than vd nOi dung ciia Hiin phap nam 2013 vd ddp dng cdc yeu cau dfli hfli ciia UNCAC. Vipc hoan thipn cac quy djnh ndy cung se giiip Vipt Nam nang cao hieu qua cflng tdc dau ti'anh phflng, chong tfiam nhiing, nang cao uy tin khflng chi doi voi nguoi dan Vipt Nam md cfln cd voi cdc quflc gia khac fren tfii gioi Q 1. Nguyen Nhu Y (Chu bien), Dgi tic dien tieng yi$t, Nxb. Dgi hgc Quoc gia thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh, tdi bdn lan thu 9, sUa chua vd bo sung, 2010, tr. 736.
2. Reisman, W. M., Folded lies - Bribery, Crusades, and Reforms, New York: The Free Press - A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, 1979, p.39.
3. PGS. TSKH. Phan Xudn San, ThS. Phgm Thi Lyre (Dong chti bien), Nhgn diin tham nhiing vd cdc gidi phdp phong, chdng tham nhiing a VietNam hi$nnay,Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc g}a, Hd Ngi, 2008, tr.l9.
4. Xem: Dieu 279 Bg ludt Hinh su nam 1999.
5. Xem: Cdc Diiu 279. Dieu 289 vd Dieu 290 Bg lugt Wnh su nam 1999.
6. Xem: Diem a Diiu 15, diem a Dieu 16 vd diem a Diiu 21, Cdng udc cua Liin Hgp Quoc vi chdng tham nhiing.
