HCHI£N ciiti - TMO D6I
QUY DINH VE CAN CU KHOI TO VU AN, KHOI TO Bj CAN TRONG BO LUAT TO TUNG HJNH SU NAM 2015
LUtJ THANH HUNG*
1. Khdi td vy dn Id giai dogn md dau cua td tyng hinh sy (TTHS) trong dd cdc chu tfal cd thim quyln tiieo quy djnfa ciia Bd lugt TTHS kilm tt-a tiidng tin, tdi lifu tiiu dupc, xdc djnfa cd faay khdng cd dau hieu tpi phgm dl ra quyet djnh kfadi td faoac quylt dinh khdng khdi td vy dn. Kfadi td bj can la faogt dfng dp dyng pfaap ludt TTHS cua CO quan cd tham quyen ttong dd xac djnfa mpt ngudi, phdp nhan da tfayc hifn tdi pfagm de bit dau tign fadnfa digu tra, dp dyng cac bifn phap cudng chg theo trinh ty, thii tyc cua TTHS.
Can eii khdi td vy dn, kfadi td bj can cd vai trd quan trpng trong giai dogn kfadi td.
Vifc tien hdnh khdi td chi dupc khdi ddng neu xdc dinfa cd can cur kfadi td. Can cii khdi td vy dn, khdi td bj can la cdt ldi cua tiln dl kfadi td tt-ong TTHS. Vifc khdi to
(1) Vi^n nghien cijni Nhk nudc vk Phdp M t (1995), Tgi phgm hpc. Lu^t hinh syt va Lugt TTHS Vi^t Nam, Nxb Chinli tri qu^c gia, H4 NOi, tr 76.
(2) V i ^ thong tin khoa h^c xS hpi (1981), Sim tgp chuyen de nhimg van de iy lugn vi lugt hinh s^, lugt to mng hinh s\t va tgi phgm hpc, H^Ngi, tr 154
(3) Vi?n khoa hgc phdp ly (1999;, Binh lugn khoa hpc Bp lugt TTHS. Nxb Thinh ph6 H^ Chi Minh, tr.463
(4) Vi?n khoa hgc phip ly (2005), Binh lugn khoa hpc Bp lugt TTHS. Nxb Tir phdp. Hi N^i, tr 347
diing pfadp ludt faay khdng phu thudc vdo can cii khdi td.
2. Can cii khdi td vy an dupc quy dinh tai Dilu 143 Bp lugt TTHS nam 2015. Tit quy djnfa cua dieu lugt tren cd the khang dinh vl mat pfadp ly, can cii kfadi td vu ai hinh sy da dupc xde djnh Id "dau hifu ciia tdi phgm" nghia la chi dupc khdi td kfai da xac djnh cd dau hifu ciia tpi pfaara.
Mgc du da dupc quy dinh cu the trong Bd lugt TTHS nam 2015 nhung nfadn tfaiic vd gidi tfaicfa vl can cii khdi td vy an fainfa sy hifn dang cd nhieu y kien khac nhau: C6 dupc nfaiing tiidng tin thuc te kfaach quan ve fadnh vi phgm tf iO), cd sy vifc xdy ra vd sy vifc dd cd dau hifu tpi pfaam(2); can cii de xdc djnfa dau hifu cua tpi phamt^); cd dupc nfaiing thdng tin thuc te kfadch quan vl fadnh vi pham tfif'*).
Theo tdc gid, cdc nfad ngfaien ciiu deu xuat pfadt tii ly lugn triet fapc vg cap pfagm tni npi dung - hinfa tfaite de phan ticfa, ly giai can cit kfadi to, nfaung do dat trong mdi quan faf khdc nhau vd phuomg difn tiep cihi khac nhau nen dan din sy gidi thich khdc
Trung ti, Th^c sT, Truing D^ihgcAn ninh nhan din.
Tap chi
281 KIEMSAT- /So18(thang9/2016)
NGHlfiHClit; - TRAO p 6 l
nfaau. Tren eo sd ly lugn cfaiing cii vd dgt can cii kfadi td trong mdi quan hf vdi ngudn tai lifu cfaiia dyng pfadn dnfa nd (theo quy djnfa tii khodn 1 d i n khodn 6 D i l u 143 Bd lugt TTHS nam 2015) tiii can cii khdi td dupe gidi tfaich la chimg cir chiing minfa (xac djnh) cd d i u hifu tpi phgm. Dgt trong mdi quan faf giua Ludt Hinh sy va Ludt TTHS thi can cit khdi td dupc giai tiiich la d i u hifu Clia tpi phgm. Ngu dgt trong mdi quan hf giua cfaiing cir vdi ddi tupng cfaung minfa tfai npi dung quy djnfa tai Dilu 143 BLTTHS nam 2015 cfao thiy ring ca sd kfadi td la ngudn cfaiing cii, do do cai dupc nit ra tu ngudn chimg cii phai Id chiing cii; d i u hifu tdi phgm (can cii kfadi td) la ddi tupng chiing minfa. Id v i n de md cfaung cur ed nhiem vu phdi ldm ro.
Nhirng quan diem vd cdch gidi thich tiren chi cd y nghTa ve ly lugn, hpc thugt.
Trong tfayc tien, ddi vdi faogt ddng dp dyng phdp lugt hai edch gidi tfaicfa tren deu cd the chap nhgn vi deu Idm rd dupc npi dung, bdn chat cua quy pfagm phdp lugt ve can cit khdi td vd deu tao c a sd eho vifc dp dyng dung phdp luat. D i u hifu tdi phgm dupc cfaiing cii cfaung minfa (xac djnh) hay ndi ngupc lai cd cfaiing cir xdc djnh dau hifu tpi phgm, vg ban chit dupe hiSu gidng nfaau. Trong quy djnfa cua lugt v l can cii kfadi td, ndi d i n cfaiing cii kfadng t h i khdng ndi d i n ddi tupng cfaiing minh Clia nd (Id d i u hifu tpi pfaam) vi n l u khdng cd ddi tupng chimg minh thi se khdng cd ehiing cii; ngupc lgi ndi den d i u faifu tpi pfagm ciing khdng the khdng dg cap dgn chiing cii xac djnh nd, vi dau faifu tfi phgm khdng ty bpc Id ma pfadi dupc xdc
djnfa bdng cfaiing cii. Khi gidi tfaicfa ve can cit khdi td n l u tacfa d i u faifu tfi pfagm ra khdi m i i quan he vdi chiing cu xac djnh nd se sieu fainfa, phien difn.
Trong quy djnfa ve can cii khdi td bj ean, kfaodn 1 Dilu 179 BLTTHS nam 2015 da gfai rd: "Kfai cd du can cii d l xdc djnh mpt ngudi hoac pfadp nfadn da thyc hifn fadnh vi ma Bf ludt Hmh sy (BLHS) quy djnh la tpi phgm thi Ca quan dilu tra ra quyet djnfa khdi td bj can". Quy djnfa ttgn pfadn anh ro hai kfaia cgnfa cua can cii kfadi td va mdi quan hf giiia chimg, dd la chiing cii (can cii de xde djnfa ddi tupng cfaimg minh...) va vdn d l c i n ldm ro (ddi tupng cfaung minfa - fadnfa vi pham tpi).
Khi gidi tfaich ve can cii khdi td vu dn thi v i n d l cd y nghTa dgc bift quan trpng Id faieu dimg ndi dung, phgm vi ciia quy djnfa
"diu hifu tdi phgm". Theo tdc gia, ddu faifu tdi pfaam trong can cir kfadi td vu dn quy djnh tai Dilu 143 BLTTHS nam 2015 dupc hilu khdng hoan toan gidng ede dau faifu cua tfi pham trong khdi nifm tdi pham vd d i u faifu Clia cac yeu td cdu tfadnfa tdi pfagm trong I;^ luan ve cau thanfa tpi pfagm.
Cdc ddu faifu cua tpi pfagm dupc nit ra tu kfadi niem tpi phgm (tinh nguy faiem cfao xa fapi, tinh cd loi, tinh trdi phdp lugt hinh sy, tinh chju hinfa phat...) Id nfaiing thufc tinh cua tdi phgm. Cdc ddu faifu cua tfi phgm dupc rut ra tii kfadi nifm tdi phgm thi mpt faanfa vi chi bi eoi Id tfi pfagm kfai c6 du cde d i u hifu, thupc tinh ndy neu tfaieu mpt d i u hifu nao dd khdng pfadi Id tpi pfagm. Ddu hifu trong cdu thdnh tdi phgm dupc hieu la mft bigu hifn, mdt npi dung Clia cdc yeu td cau thsmfa tfi pfagm (nhu
Sd18(thng 9/2016) \
Tap chi -KIEM SAT I 2 9
HcmfiH c d v - TRAO P6E
ddu hieu hanh vi, diu faifu hgu qua... ttong mat khdch quan; diu faifu ldi, ddu faifu ddng CO, diu hieu myc dich... trong mat cfau quan cua tpi pfagm...). Trong ly ludn vl ciu tfadnfa tdi pfagra ciing phdi diy du cdc ddu hieu trong cau thdnh tpi pham khdng the cfai dya vdo mpt vdi dau hifu trong cdu thanh tpi pham de ket ludn mpt chu tfal da tfayc hifn tdi pfaam va pfadi cfaju tracfa nfaifm hinh su.
Theo tac gia, "Diu faifu tdi pfagm" trong can cii khdi td vy an quy dinfa tai Dieu 143 BLTTHS nam 2015 khdc cde diu faifu ciia tdi pfagm trong kfaai nifra tpi pfaam va dau hifu cua cac yeu td cau thdnh tdi pfagm trong ly luan ve cau tfaanh tdi pfaam. Ddi vdi dau faifu tdi phgm vdi y ngfaTa Id can cii khdi td vy dn pfadi dupc faigu tfaeo nghTa cfaung, kfaai quat. Dd Id nfaimg bieu faien, nhung "kfaia canfa" eiia tdi pfaam dupe cfaung minh, xdc djnfa bang cfadng cu cu tfae. Sy khac nhau ve dau faieu tpi pfagm trong can cii khdi td vu an fainfa sy vdi diu faieu tdi phgm trong khai nifm tdi phgm va dau hifu cua cac yeu td cdu tfadnh tpi pfagm trong ly luan ve cau thanfa tdi pfagm la d tinfa day du chii khdng phdi tinfa khach quan. Khi khdi td vu dn chi cin xac djnh bieu hifn tdi phgm, cfaua cin thilt phdi xdc djnfa day dii cac ddu faieu cua tdi pfagra dupc nit ra tir khai nifra tdi pham va cdc diu hieu trong ciu thdnh tdi phgm. Tgi tfadi digm ra quygt djnfa kfadi td vy dn chua yeu cau xdc djtih ngay ngudi thyc hifn tdi phgm la ai, hanfa vi tfayc hifn tpi pfaam diln ra nfau tfal ndo. Mgt kfade, nhung bilu hifn cua tdi pfagm trong can cu kfadi td la ed that, tdn tai khdch quan vd da dupc xde
djnh (chiing minfa). Can cii kfadi to vu an tra ldi cau fadi dat ra la dya vdo ddu, vdo cdi gi de quyet djnh md cupc dilu tra tfaeo tiinfa tir, tiiu tyc TTHS. Do dd, can cir khdi td vy dn khdng the cung npi dung vdi can cu xac djnh cd tdi trong kfaai nifm tfi pfagm (xdc dinh mft fadnfa vi Id tdi pfagm) vd trong cdu tfaanh tdi pfaam.
Can cii kfadi td vu an va can cii kfadi td hi can cd mdi lign he chat che. Vife xac dinh dung can cii khdi td bj can, ttong nfaieu tmdng fapp Id ygu td gdp pfaan khac pfauc nfairng thigu sdt kfai khdi td vu an hogc gdp phan Idra cho nhifm vy ciia khdi td dupc thuc hifn day du (tturdng hpp tiiay ddi quyet djnh khdi td, khdi td bd sung).
Khoan 1 Dilu 179 BLTTHS nam 2015 quy djnh "Khi cd du can cd dd xac djnfa mdt ngudi faoac pfadp nfadn da tfayc hien fadnfa vi md BLHS quy dinfa Id tpi phgm tfai Co quan dieu tra ra quyet dinh kfadi td hi can".
Nfau vgy, khdi td vy dn vd khdi td bj can cd diem gidng nhau, deu la quyet dinh bat dau dieu tra cdng khai tfaeo trinfa ty tfau tyc TTHS nfaung khdc nhau ve thdi diem, yeu cdu vd can ed kfadi to. Ngu nfau tgi thdi diem ra quyet dinh kfadi td vy dn chua yeu cau xac djnfa ngay ngudi tfayc faifn tfi phgm la ai, phdp nhan ndo; hanfa vi tfayc hien tdi phgra diln ra nfau the nao thi khi quyet djnh khdi td bi can phdi xac djnfa cfainfa xdc mpt ngudi faoac phdp nfaan cy thi da thyc faifn hditii vi pham tpi. Kfadi td bj can kfadng cfai dupc tiln hdnh d giai doan kfadi td vy dn rad cdn duoc thyc hifn trong giai dogn dilu tta hay trong giai dogn tmy td nlu pfadt hifn cd ngudi tfaue hifn tpi pfaam.
I Tap chi
3 0 I KIEM SAT- / S o 18{thang 9/2016)
NamfiNCOtl-TRAOE
3 . Dg cd can cii kfadi td tfai Ca quan dieu tt-a, Vifn k i l m sat pfaai tiidng qua cdc faogt ddng kidm tra, xdc minfa thu thgp chiing cii, ddnfa gia so bd d l xdc djnfa cd faay khdng cd mdt tpi pham tuomg img vdi mdt tpi danfa da dupc quy dinfa trong BLTTHS xay ra tt-en tfaue t l . Kfai ra quylt dinh khdi td vy dn hinfa su thi khdng bat bude phai chiing minh d i y du cdc y l u td c i u thanh tdi pham.
Tfadng thudng, chi can lam rd khdch the tryc tiep cua tpi phgm, cdc d i u faieu b i t budc trong mat kfadcfa quan vd chu quan Clia tdi phgm. Vi tfag khi xdc dinh cd d i u faifu cua tdi pfagm du cfaua ro ngudi tfayc faifn hdnh vi phara tdi la ai, pfadp nfaan nao... tfai vifc ra quygt dinh khdi td vy dn hinh sy vdn dupc tiln hanh.
Mat khdc, khdng phdi tat ca cac vu viec sau kfai da xdc djnh cd dau faieu cua tdi phgra thi bat budc d i u phdi khdi td vu an fainfa sy. Tdi pfagm Id mdt faifn tupng xa fapi ludn gan vdi mdt thdi diem, rapt hoan canh cy the, do dd viec kfadi td faay kfadng kfadi td pfadi gan vdi rat nfaieu cac yeu td nhu;
Cfainfa sdch hinfa su cua nha nudc, yeu cau cua cdng tac pfadng ngiia, dau traitii cfadng tpi phgm. Do vgy, khi kfadi td vy dn fainh sy ngodi viec xdc dinfa cac d i u faieu cua tfi phgm, cdn phai ket hop vdi mpt sd dieu kifn nhu: Ca sd ciia trdeh nfaifm hinh su (Dilu 3); nguyen tic xit ly (Dieu 3); thdi faieu tmy ciiu trach nhifm hinfa sy (Dieu 27); railn tracfa nfaifra fainh sy (Dieu 29);
tudi chju trdcfa nfaifm fainh sy (Dieu 12) va mpt sd quy djnfa kfade d mdt sd tdi danh a tiing thdi diem cy the theo quy djnh ciia BLHS nam 2015.
De xdc dinh can cii khdi td dupc chinh xdc, kfadch quan, co quan cd tfaam quyen khdi td can thdn trpng cdn nhac, ddi cfaieu cdc dau faifu eua tfi pham vdi cdc quy djnfa cua BLHS nam 2015 de xdc djnh chinh xdc tpi danh, faanfa vi phgm tpi can khdi td de ra quygt djnfa kfadi td vy an fainfa su. De kfaSc phye tinfa trgng kfadi to vy dn fainfa sy kfadng c6 can cii phdp Ij-, vifc kfadi td keo ddi khdng cfaiing minfa dupc tpi pfagm vd ngudi pfaara tpi ddn d i n vifc bat oan, bat sai faogc bd Ipt tdi pfagm, ngudi phgm tdi, ldm gidm uy tin cua co quan cd tfadm quyen khdi td vdi cdng dan, tfai cdc CO quan cd thdm quygn kfadi to phdi quan triet nguygn tdc pfadp c h l xa fadi cfaii ngfaTa trong vifc khdi td. Vifc kfadi td pfaai dam bao cd can cit tfaeo ludt dinfa, cac quygt djnfa kfadi td pfaai gdi d i n Vien kiem sat dg kiera sdt vifc kfadi td.
Ngoai ra, vifc xac djnfa can cir kfadi to vy an, khdi td bj can phdi dua tren cdc ngudn theo quy djnh tai D i l u 143 BLTTHS nam 2015, cy the; Td giac cua ca nhan; Tin bao cua c a quan, to chiic, cd nfadn; Tin bdo trgn pfauang tifn tfadng tin dgi cfaung;
Kien nghj khdi td cua co quan nfad nudc;
Co quan cd tham quygn tiln fadnfa td tung tryc tigp pfadt faifn ddu faifu tdi pfagm;
Ngudi pfaam tdi ty tfaii.
Can cii kfadi td vu an, kfadi td bi can Id van de quan trpng ttong pfadp lugt TTHS.
Vifc nhdn tfaiic sau sac can cu khdi td vy dn, khdi td bj can la tien dg d l triln kfaai vd dp dung ed faifu qud ttong tfayc t l cfal dinh kfadi td vu an, kfadi td bj can. Tac gid xin dupc neu ra de ciing trao ddi, lugn bdn.*
Sd18(thdng 9/2016) \
Tap chi _KIEM SAT I 3 1
