DE X U A T A P D U N G PHU ONG P H A P D A N H G I A RUI RO NHAM GIAM THIEU TAI N A N LAO DONG
trong nganli kliai thac than
Risk assessment method can be applied widely in coal mining industry, oil and petroleum, manufacture, finance, constructio, etc. On over the world, risk assessment method has been used in safety management. It is also the oobllgation In Occupational Health and Safety Management System. However, this method is still new for Vietnam coal industry. This paper will introduce risk assessment method in order to prevent the accident in advanced in coal mines.
TS. PHUNG QU6C HUY KS. DINH DUC QUANG ThS. BUI VIET HUNG
Vien Khoa hgc Cdng nghe Md- Vinacomin
1. Dat van de
Phuang phap danh gia riii ro e6 t h i ap dung trong nhilu ITnh vue nhu khai thac mo, d i u khi, san x u i t va che biln, tai chinh, xay dung va kinh doanh b i t dpng san.
Tren t h i gidi, phuang phap danh gia riii ro dugc sir dung p h i biln trong cong tac quan ly an toan la mpt nhiem vu b i t bupc trong he thing quan ly an toan va sire khoe n g h i nghiep (Occupational Health and Safety Management System). Ban chit cua phuong phap nay la tim ra cac nguy co t i l m i n eo t h i d i n d i n tai nan, qua do d l ra cac bien phap phong ngira, loai trir tai nan, su c l ,
Nganh khai thae than, dac biet la khai thac than h i m 16 la mpt nganh cong nghiep t i l m i n nhilu rui ro, phai d i i mat vdi nhilu hilm hoa tir I6ng d i t . Mae du da eo r i t nhilu c l gang trong cong tac an toan nhung trong nhirng nam qua, s l vu tai nan va s l nguoi c h i t trong khai thac than h i m 16 v i n eon Ion. Nam 2009 da co 23 vu tai nan nghiem trpng
lam chit 26 ngudi, nam 2010 da xay ra 28 vu lam c h i t 35 nguoi [1].
K i t qua nghien ciru eiia d l tai v l an toan lao dpng do Vien Khoa hpc Cong nghe Mo thuc hien [2] cho thiy, 95% s l vu tai nan xay ra trong nganh khai thac than h i m 16 la do nguyen nhan chii quan cua ngudi lao dpng, chi co 0,6%
s l vu tai nan do nguyen nhan khach quan, con lai 4,4% do
nguyen khach quan va chii quan, Chinh vi t h i , chung ta hoan toan c6 t h i kilm scat va giam t h i l u cac vu tai nan nguyen nhan do chu quan gay ra thong qua hanh lang phap ly, dao tao va huin luyen,
Nham nang cao cong tac an toan, giam thilu tai nan iao dpng trong khai thac than, cac tac gia d l xuit ap dung phuong phap danh gia rui ro vao t i t ea cae khau san xuit trong khai thae mo, Ngoai
1, 5fic dinli xoOi nguy
I
2, SLrc6di&ilun]i
_L
3, Tmi. tcan hau qui 4, T M L toan rin. suit
Giii phip giim. thifiu
hSu qui 5. Tjiihrosnruiro G i ^ phsp giain. thi^u
rin SU4T
Hinh 1. Sa do khii quy trinh dinh gii riii ro
KHCN^I s o 3 2011* .A.N T0.\N MO
nhu'ng Igi ich ve mat kinh t l , giam t h i l u tai nan lao dpng ed y nghTa xa hpi to Idn giiip ngudi lao dong yen tam edng tac va g i n bo vdi nghe nghiep han.
Danh gia rui ro dugc thuc hien trudc khi thue hien mot cong viec nao dd, mpt d u an nao d6. Vi du: khi ehuin bj di chuyin mpt e l e nude tir ban nay sang ban khac, e i n phai xem xet d i l u gi ed t h i xay ra trong qua trinh van chuyin (ele nude c6 n6ng khong? vj tri tay c i m c6. s i c canh kh6ng? ele nude cd qua d i y d l di chuyin khdng? co vat gi vudng trong qua trinh di chuyin khong?). Danh gia, kilm scat va ludng trudc dugc cae riii ro se gdp p h i n cai thien mire dp an toan trong khai thac than.
2. Gidi thieu phifcng phap danh gia rui ro
Qua trinh danh gia riii ro dugc thuc hien theo 5 budc, t h i hien bang sa d l khii nhu tren hinh 1.
+ Bw&c 1: Xac djnh m l i nguy hilm.
B i t cir cai gi, d i l u gi ed t h i gay thuang tich cho eon ngudi, lam hu hdng tai san va huy hoai moi trudng d i u la nhu'ng m l i nguy h i l m . Cac m l i nguy h i l m co t h i hien hiru hoac khdng hien hu'u.
Trong budc nay, phai xac djnh dugc danh sach cac m l i nguy h i l m cd the xay ra trong mpt edng doan san x u i t nhit djnh.
+ Bu^ 2: Xac djnh s u c l dien hinh.
Trong so cac m l i nguy hilm da dugc neu d tren, lua ehon cac su e l d i l n hinh, cac s u c l se gay thiet hai Idn. Tir
Bang 1. Quy luat dinh gii muc do riii ro Rui ro
Mire dp nguy hiem
Kha nang xay ra
C C 0
C TB
C C C TB
TB TB TB
TB 0 T
TB T C
TB TB T
TB T TB
T T T Muc do cao (C); Mire do trung binh (TB); Mire do thap (T) do tien hanh tinh toan t i n suat
va hau qua.
+ Bw&c 3: Tinh toan hau qua
Xac djnh thiet hai v l con ngudi: U'dc tinh s l ngudi bj thiet mang, bj thugng tich.
Phai k l d i n eae ehi phi y t l , sa ciru ban d i u , ehi phi chu'a tri n g i n han va lau dai, t i i n cong nghi om, che do...
Xac djnh thiet hai v l tai san:
U'de tinh thiet hai v l tai san bj hu hdng khi xay ra tai nan.
Xac djnh thiet hai v l mdi trudng: Phai danh gia nhu'ng tac ddng va thiet hai n l u vu tai nan dd gay anh hudng d i n mdi trudng.
+ Bw&c 4: Tinh toan t i n s u i t (kha nang xay ra)
Trong budc nay c i n danh gia dugc kha nang xay ra s u e l , tai nan cho tirng m l i nguy h i l m . Vi du: Bao nhieu lau xay ra mot lin? Thdi gian keo dai?
+ Bw&c 5: Danh gia riii ro Danh gia riii ro dugc t i i n hanh dua tren t i n suit (kha nang) xay ra rui ro va mire dp nguy hilm eiia tirng cong doan. Nhu vay, rui ro dugc tinh toan theo cdng thire sau:
Rui ro = iViu'c do nguy hiem * Kha nang xay ra
Cae thong s l tren deu dugc danh gia theo 3 mire do dd la: T h i p (T), Trung binh (TB) va Cao (C). Mire dp riii ro dugc danh gia dua tren quy luat uu tien mire do nguy h i l m
cao. Quy luat dugc the hien tren bang 1.
Tren ea s d k i t qua mire do riii ro, cac nha quan ly se dua ra cac bien phap, giai phap d l ngan chan kha nang xay ra cung nhu ngan chan s u e l , tai nan xay ra.
3. Ap dung phu'ong phap danh gia rui ro trong khai thac md
Trong nganh khai thae than, dac biet la khai thac than h i m Id, eae rui ro luon t i l m i n trong t i t ca cac khau, cac quy trinh san x u i t eua md. De thuc hien viec danh gia rui ro dugc t i t , nen chia nhd cac quy trinh, cdng doan san xuit ra thanh nhu'ng budc nhd han.
Vi du: Trong khai thac h i m Id ed quy trinh khai thac Id chg.
Tuy nhien, tuy thuoc vao each thire khai thac va ehIng giir lai chia ra cac cong nghe khai thac khac nhau. Vi the, can phan loai cu t h i la cdng nghe khai thac nao? ChIng giii' bang cdng nghe nao? Pha v g d i t da b i n g phugng phap nao? Dieu khiln da vach b i n g phuang phap nao? Tir dd ed the dua xay dung quy trinh danh gia rui ro cho cong nghe khai thae n h i t djnh.
Trong khuon k h i bai bao nay, cac tac gia trinh bay vi du minh hoa ve danh gia riii ro trong khi dao 16 chuin bj trong than bang phuang phap khoan, n l min, ehIng giii' b i n g vi s i t dang vom.
KHCNM s o 3/2011* AN TOAN MO
Khi dao 16 ehuin bj trong than, ed mpt s l nguy h i l m cd t h i phat sinh trong cae edng doan sau: k i l m tra, ciing c l ; khoan lo min; nap min; no min; tai than; van chuyin vi chIng; dung cpt chlng.
a. Cong doan kilm tra, cung cd
Chi tiet edng viec:
Trudc khi lam viec, can bo phan xudng va e6ng nhan lam viec tai 16 chuin bj phai k i l m tra hoac xac nhan dugc tinh trang thong gi6, khi md, nhiet do tai khu vue guong Id.
Ham lugng khi d luIng gid thai trong guong 16 cue bo kh6ng dugc vugt qua 1 % . T i c dp gi6 (V) phai dam bao n i m trong gidi han t i e do gi6 t l i thilu va t i c dp gid t l i da (0,25 m/s < V < 4 m/s). Luu lugng gid phai dam bao luu lugng gid yeu c i u theo cac tieu chi nhu s l ngudi lam viec d i n g thdi Idn nhit, lugng thulc no d i n g thdi Idn nhit, san lugng than, theo y l u t l bui.
Phan tich rui ro:
Cdng doan nay t i l m i n nhilu riii ro nhu xay ra chay n l khi metan, ngat khi. Vao d i u ca san suit, cong nhan kh6ng chii y d i n viec k i l m tra ham lugng khi va luu lugng gio trong khu vue guang 16 d i n d i n tinh trang khi metan tich tu trong guang 16. Khi tac nghiep, cd nhilu nguyen nhan tao ra nguIn lira nhu khi khoan 16 min, do may khoan khong dam bao tinh phong n l , gay ra tia lu'a dien lam b i t chay khi metan va gay n l ; do va dap eae dung cu kim loai vdi nhau gay ra tia lira; do cdng nhan vd y sir dung nguIn lira hd trong 16; do tTnh dien tich tu tren Ing thong gio... N l u xay
ra n l khi trong e6ng doan nay, mire do thiet hai ve ngudi va tai san se rit cao. Nhu vay mire dp nguy hilm d mire cao (C) va kha nang xay ra tai nan tir cdng doan nay cung d mire dp eao (C).
b. Cdng doan khoan Id min
Chi tiet cong viec:
Trudc khi t i i n hanh cong tac khoan 16 min, to trudng true t i l p xem xet, k i l m tra toan bd tinh trang trong guong. Xac dinh cac vj tri c i n khoan theo diing hp chilu da duae duyet. Sau do cong nhan se t i i n hanh khoan theo diing thir tu, vj tri da dugc xac djnh.
Phan tich rui ro:
Khi thuc hien cdng tac nay, mpt so m l i nguy hilm c6 the xay ra nhu bj dien giat; b| bua khoan roi vao chan, bj chodng khoan kep vao tay, cho6ng khoan dam vao ngudi khac, than hoac d i t da roi vao d i u . N l u eae tai nan nay xay ra, mire do thiet hai chi d mire trung binh. Nhu vay, mire do nguy hilm d cong doan nay d mire trung binh (TB). Do cd nhilu m l i nguy hilm t i l m tang nen kha nang xay ra tai nan se d mire cao (C).
c. Cdng doan nap min Chi tiet cong viec:
Trudc khi^ nap min, cdng nhan phai k i l m tra tinh trang v l thong gid, ham lugng khi.
N l u ning dp khi metan d guang 16 nhd han 1 % thi mdi dugc nap min. D l thue hien viec nap min e i n ed 2 ngudi, mpt ngudi nap min va ngudi kia chuin bj bua d l trao cho ngudi nap min. Cac 16 min dugc nap theo thir t u tir tren
xuIng dudi. Trong mpt 16 min, sau khi nap thulc, t i i n hanh nap bua. Bua phai dugc nap chat va co chilu dai Idn han 0,5m, Trudc khi dua kip vao trong thdi thulc n l , thg min phai n l i chap 2 d i u kip vdi nhau d l dam bao an toan, Sau khi nap min, nap kip, thg min phai k i l m tra ham lugng khi metan. N l u ham lugng khi metan nhd hon 1 % mdi dugc d i u n l i mang n l min.
Phan tich rui ro:
Khi thuc hien cong tac nay, mpt s l m l i nguy hilm e l t h i xay ra nhu thulc min n l trong khi nap gay thuang tich cho ngudi nap min va thg xung quanh hien tugng min cam.
Trong cong doan nay, n l u xay ra tai nan thi mire do nguy h i l m se cao (C) nhung kha nang xay ra t h i p (T).
d. Cdng doan dung khung chdng
Chi tiet cong viec:
Sau khi n l min, thong gi6, tien hanh k i l m tra va ciing e l guang 16 trudc khi dung khung chlng; Tai than d nhirng vj tri can thilt dam bao thuan tien cho viec dung khung chlng.
Phan tieh rui ro:
Trong cdng doan nay, c6 t h i xay ra mot s l riii ro d6 la d l cot chlng, tut noc, xa hoac chen roi vao ngudi. Mire dp nguy h i l m la trung binh (TB) va kha nang xay ra cung d mire trung binh (TB).
e. Cdng doan tai than Chi tiSt cong viec:
Sau khi dung khung chlng giir tam nde, t i i n hanh tai than ra mang cao hoac xuc len
KHCNM s o 3/2011* AN TOAN MO
go6ng n l u van tai b i n g tau dien, nhirng cue than to e i n phai dap nhd d l phu hgp vdi mang cao.
Phan tich rui ro:
Trong cong doan nay, tai nan e6 t h i xay ra la than rai, cac cue than to va cham vao ngudi lam bj thuang, khi tai than vo tinh g i i m vao mang cao, cham vao doan godng.
Mire do nguy hiem d edng doan nay la t h i p (T) va kha nang xay ra cung t h i p (T).
Tir eae phan tich mire dp nguy hilm va kha nang xay ra tai nan trong tirng cong doan khi dao Id ehuin bj trong than bang phuang phap khoan, no min, chlng Id bing vi sat dang vdm, danh gia rui ro dugc xay dung nhu sau
(bang 2):
v l ca ban, bang 2 da t h i hien mire dp rui ro trong tirng cdng doan san x u i t khi dao Id ehuin bj trong than bang phuang phap khoan n l min, chlng Id b i n g vi s i t dang vdm. Tuy nhien, d l t h i hien cu t h i cac m l i nguy hilm cung nhu cac bien phap ngan ngira, han che cac riii ro, cae tac gia da t i n g hgp chi t i l t Bang 2. Bang dinh gii rui ro khi dio Id chuin bi trong than
Cong doan san xuat Kiem tra, cung c l Khoan 16 min Nap no min Dung khung ch6ng Tai than
Mii'C do nguy hilm
^ ^ ^ ^ $ ^ ^ $ ^ $ ^ $ $ ^ $ $ ; T
Kha nang c6 t h i xay ra | Rui ro j
T
$^$$$^$$$$$^$$$$$$$^^^^M^
T T
Mire dd cao
m
Mire do trung binh Miic do thap Bing 3. Bing tong hg'p chi tiet cic mil nguy hiem vi bien phip han che rui ro Cong doansan xult Kiem tra, cung c l
Khoan 16 min
Nap no min
Dung khung chlng
Mdi nguy hiem Mire do nguy hilm
Kha nang co the xay ra
Rui ro
Bien phap han ch§
Ngat khi Chay no khi Dien giat
Biia khoan roi vao chan Cho6ng khoan va cham vao nguai
Than va da roi vao dau Phat n l khi nap min Min cam
Do cpt chlng Tut n6c
Tuan thu quy trinh do khi
Lam giam ham luong nlu ham luong >1%
Lap dat Role r6 Sir dung bao hp lao dpng dat tieu chuin
Kiem tra noc trudc khi tac nghiep Kh6ng dung dung cu kim loai khi nap mm Kilm soat chit luong thulc min, kip min
C6 du nhan luc cin thilt d l tac nghiep
Kiem tra noc trudc khi tac nghiep Than roi
Tai than
Va cham vao mang cao, doan goong
Kiem tra, quan sat trudc khi tac nghiep
Quan sat cin than
KHCNM SO 3/2011* AN TOAN MO
cac m l i nguy hiem va bien phap han e h l rui ro (bang 3).
4. K i t luan
Phuang phap danh gia riii ro da dugc cac tac gia nghien ciru va trinh bay. D l trien khai sau rdng phuang phap nay n h i m danh gia mire dp riii ro, loai trir eae m l i nguy h i l m t i l m an phat sinh, giam thieu tai nan lao dpng trong khai thae than, eae tac gia ed mpt s l de xuit sau:
1. Xay dung cac van ban phap quy d l dua phuang phap danh gia riii ro vao ap dung rpng rai trong thue t l , dua viec danh gia va kiem soat rui ro vao quy pham Ky
thuat an toan trong khai thac h i m 16 than va diep thach.
2. Xay dung quy trinh h u i n luyen, dao tao chuyen nghiep d l nang eao nhan thire cho ngudi lao ddng va ngudi sir dung lao ddng ve v i n d l "An toan va Sire khoe nghe nghiep" trong nganh cong nghiep than.
3. Triln khai viec danh gia, k i l m seat rui ro trong t i t ca cac khau san x u i t md, cac quy trinh van hanh may mdc, thilt bj, treo cae bang danh gia rui ro ed t h i hien mire dp nguy hilm cua tirng cong doan tai vj tri tac nghiep cung nhu tai khu vuc dat thilt bj. /.
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. Thdng ke, tong hap eae vu tai nan lao dong tir nam 2009- 2010 trong Tap doan Cong nghiep Than - Khoang san Viet Nam (TKV). Ban An toan.
2. Nguyin Anh T u i n , T r i n Til Ba, Phung Q u I c Huy va nnk "Khao sat, danh gia hien trang tai nan lao dong do nguyen nhan nguai lao dong vi pham quy trinh, quy pham trong khai thae than ham Id, xay dyng eae giai phap nham giam thieu tai nan lao dong trong khai thae than ham Id (ap dung thi diem cho mot s6 don vi)". 20W.
3. Vu Nhu Van, Occupational Safety in Mining in Vietnam, MOLISA/ISSA Conference, Hanoi, 2007.
Tiet kiem nang lirang trong lie tiiong quat tlidnggioliamld..
bao tuang irng cho eae ddng CO quat sir dung biln t i n va quat khong sit- dung biln t i n trong cac dudng Id ed chieu dai khac nhau. Mire tieu thu dien nang eua quat sii' dung biln t i n va khong sir dung biln t i n trong cae dudng 16 nay duae the hien l i n lugt trong bang 1 va 2, edn bang 3 t h i hien su so sanh mire tieu thu dien nang eua hai quat hoat ddng trong qua trinh dao 16. Tir day, ed t h i nhan t h i y rang, hoat ddng eiia quat ed sit' dung biln t i n trong qua trinh dao Id chi ed chi phi 280.000 NDT so vdi 543.000 NDT cho loai quat khong sii' dung biln t i n , t i l t kiem ehi phi 263.000 NDT, hieu qua t i l t kiem dien nang la 48,8%.
(Tiep theo trang 47) 5. Ket luan
Muc tieu nghien ciru eiia cac tac gia trong bai bao nay nham chi rd hieu qua tilt kiem dien nang cho eae quat gid sir dung biln t i n de thong gid trong cac dudng 16. Ngoai ra, viec sir dung bp bien t i n cho dong ca quat cdn giam dugc ddng khdi dpng eua quat, han e h l anh hudng d i n mang c i p dien va cung tranh dugc va dap ea khi do ed mdmen khdi ddng Idn, tranh cho cac dng gid bj hu hai do ap suit eao dot ngpt khi khdi dpng ddng ea./.
Tai lieu tham khao:
1. R.J. He: "The current situation and reconstruction of fans for coal mine", J. Fan Techno!., 2007, 1 5 - 2 0 p
2.M.R.Zhou:
"Hydrodynamics pumps and fans" 323 - 325; 1994, Beijing, China Architecture and Building Press.
3. Y. F. Ding and C. P, Jiang:
"Analysis on energy consumption of variable frequency drive pump", J. Fluid Mach., 2001, 25 -26p.
4. Y. H. Yang and H. Y. Wang;
"Analysis of energy saving of frequency convertible governors", J. Electr Power, 2006, 377 - 378p
5. Z. K, Hu and Y. Zhang:
"Application of frequency control in mine ventilator energy saving", Min. Process. Equip., 2008, 21 - 26p.
6. M. A. Bermier and B.
Bourret: "Pumping energy and variable frequency drives", ASHRAE J., 1999, 3 7 - 4 0 p
7. G. S. Zhang: "Ventilation and safety", 123 - 124p, 2007, China University of Mining and technology Press,
Nguyen Quoc Trung djch theo "Mining Technology"
Volume 119, 2010"
KHCNM SO 3/2011* AN TOAN MO
