Viec lam va thu nhap
cua lao dong sau su" co moi trUcfng tai xa Vinh Hai, huyen Phu Loc, tmh ThCra Thien Hue
riGGVlN QOANG PHgC"
Tom tat
Nghien cffu ndy ddnh gid tdc dgng cua sff cd'mdi trudng bien miin Trung den viec ldm vd thu nhgp cua lao ddng bi dnh hudng true tiip tgi xd Vinh Hdi, huyin Phii Lgc,^ tinh Thffa Thien Hui. Kit qud phdn tich chl ra rdng, su cd mdi trudng biin da ldm cho nhiiu lao dgng trong linh vffc nudi trong thuy sdn (NTTS), ddnh bdt thdy sdn (DBTS) vd kinh doanh dich vu (KDV) rai vdo cdnh thie'u viic ldm, thdt nghiip vd thu nhgp gidm. Tuy nhien, da sd lao ddng dugc hdi deu khdng mong muo'n chuyen ddi nghi nghiip, md tiip tuc duy tri sinh kieu. Vi vdy, chung toi chg rdng, chinh sdch ho tra ngUdi ddn sdm phuc hSi cdc liogt dgng sinh ki md hg dd ldm trudc ddy Id nhi/ng viec ldm cdn duac Uu tiin.
Twf khda: sU cd'mdi trudng bien, viic ldm, thu nhdp, sinh ki, Vinh Hdi Summary
The main purpose of this study is to assess impacts of the marine pollution Incident in the Central Coast Region on the employment and income of affected labourers in Vinh Hai commune, Phu Loc district, Thua Thien Hue province. The outcome indicates that the aforementioned incident has triggerd the situation gf underemployment, unemployment and declining income of many labourers in the fields of aquaculture, fishing and business services. However, most of interviewed labourers do not want to change their careers, but continue to maintain their old livelihood strategies. Therefore, we do believe that the support policies for the affected labourers to restore promptly the livelihoods activities done before is the top priority.
Keywords; marine pollution incident; employment; income; livelihoods; Vinh Hai
GlCfl THIEU De khac phuc stf cd' va nhanh chdng dn dinh ddi sd'ng cho ngtfdi dan bi dnh Thtfa Thien Hue' Id mdt trong bd'n tinh midn Trung htfdng, nhidu nhdm giai phdp ihd'ng nhd't ehiu anh htfdng nang ne bdi stf ed mdi irtfdng bien ndm ttf Trung tfdng de'n dia phtfdng dd dtfdc 2016. Hien Itfdng ea chet hdng loat da xay ra d hau het Irien khai, nhtf: ddn bii ihidl hai, midn cae dia phtfdng thude huyen Phong Dien, Quang Dien, giam hpe phi,^hd trd chuyen ddi nghe Phu Vang vd Phu Lpc. Theo ddnh gid btfdc dau cua nghidp hoac hd trd xud'l khau lao ddng.
chinh quyen dia phtfdng, tfdc linh thiet hai do linh trang Tuy nhien, cho de'n nay, viec nghien ctfu cd chd't gdy ra vao khoang 135 ly ddng. Sd tau thuydn bi tde ddng cua stf cd'mdi trtfdng bien dd ttf anh htfdng la 2.939 chie'e vdi 6.212 hd va 30.450 nhdn dd de xua'l cae^giaijihdp co iinh ddc ihil khau bi anh hifdng. So long be NTTS bi thiel hai la dia phtfdng nham on dinh ddi sd'ng lau 1.240 idng. Ben eanh nhffng ihiet hai dd'i vdi Hnh vtfe dai eho ngtfdi ddn vdn ehtfa dtfde chinh NTTS vd DBTS, stf cd' mdi Irtfdng bien cung tac dpng quydn cac ca'p quan tam dung mtfc. Dieu lieu ctfe de'n boat ddng hdu can nghe ed, KDDV du lich nay dang dat ra stf c^n thid'i phdi irien tai cdc bai bien ciing nhtf ddi sd'ng eua ngtfdi ddn (Dai khai ede nghien ctfu trtfdng hdp (case Dtfdng, 2016). studies) trong thtfc tidn.
'Trtfdng Dai hoc Kinh te, Dai hoc Hue I Email: [email protected] Ngdv nhdn bdi: 24/12/2018: Ngdy phdn bien; 06/01/2019; Ngdy duyet ddng: 16/01/2019
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Muc dieh cua nghien etfu nay la nham danh gid tac dpng cua stf cd' mdi trtfdng bien midn Trung den vide ldm va thu nhdp eua lao dpng bi anh htfdng tai xd Vinh Hai, huydn Phu Lpc, linh Thtfa Thien Hu6', ttf do dtfa ra mdl vdi giai phdp nham tao viee lam vd dn dinh ddi sd'ng Idu ddi cho ngtfdi dan dia phtfdng.
PHi;aNG PHAP NGHIEN CLTU
Phuongphap thu thdp sd'lieu Nghidn ctfu nay dtfdc thtfc hien dtfa trdn 2 ngudn so lieu sau ddy:
Dot vdi sd lieu thff cdp, tde gia da siJ dung phtfdng phap nghien ctfu tai heu dd thu thdp thdng tin vd sd' lidu thtf ed'p ttf cac van ban dffiic eung cd'p bdi chinh quyen dia phtfdng (tinh, huyen va xd) vd cdc bdi vie'l iren cde phtfdng tien thdng lin dai chung lien quan de'n stf cd' mdi irtfdng bidn d mien Trung.
Bd'i vdi sd lieu sa cdp, phtfdng phdp phdng vd'n bang bang hdi dd'i vdi lao ddng trtfc tid'p bi dnh htfdng bdi stf cd' mdi tru'dng bien da dtfdc su" dung.
Cu the, tde gia da phdng vd'n 79 lao dpng tai xd Vinh Hai. Td't ea cdc cudc phdng vd'n deu dtfde lien hdnh irong ihdi gian ttf thdng 11/2017 de'n 03/2018. Tuy nhien, vi mdl sd' ly do khaeh quan trong qud trinh phdng vd'n, nen dd ed 4 mdu khao sat khdng hdp Id. Vi vay, sd' Iao ddng hi anh htfdng bdi stf cd' mdi trtfdng bien dtfdc dtfa vao phan tich trong nghien ctfu nay Id 75.
Phuangplidp xffly vdphdn tich sd'lieu So' lieu sau khi thu thdp dd dtfdc ma hod vd phdn tich tren phan men SPSS 20.0. Phtfdng phdp tdng hdp, phtfdng phdp thd'ng ke md ta va phtfdng phdp so sdnh da dtfde su" dting de phdn tich tdc ddng eua stf cd'mdi trtfdng bidn de'n vide lam va ihu nhdp cua lao dpng bi anh htfdng, bang each so sdnh cdc chi lieu nghien etfu d hai thdi diem; Irtfde stf cd' moi trtfdng (trtfdc thdng 04/2016) va sau stf ed mdi trtfdng (sau thang 04/2016).
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfU Dac didm chung cua mSu didu tra Ke't qud dieu ira cho iha'y, so' lao ddng bi anh htfdng cua nhdm NTTS va ddnh bat thuy san DBTS la nam gidi chie'm ty le rd't cao, ttfdng tfng vdi 92,4% vd 97,6%. Trong khi dd, da so lao dpng bi anh htfdng cua nhdm KDDV
BAMG 1: THCJl GIAN LAM VIEC CGA LAO DQNG TRCfcSC VA SAG S ^ CO MOI TRCTCiMG BIEN
NTTS DBTS KDDV
Sd' thaDg/nam Tnrdc
6 7 6
Sau 5 4 4
Sd' ng^ y/thang Trtfdc
29 18 30
Sau 27 11 28
S6' gitf/ngay Trif<3c
6 7 8
Sau 7 5 7 BANG 2: TINH TRANG VIEC L A M SAU SCf CO MOI TRCTdNG BIEM (%)
Chl tigu Dii viec lam Thig"u viec lam That nghiep Tong
NTTS 15,4 84,6 0,0 100
DBTS 0,0 90,5 9,5 100
KDDV 10,0 70,0 20,0 100
BQC 5,3 84,0 10,7 100 BAMG 3: SCf THAY DOI VE QdY MO THU NHAP TRfTCiC
VA SAG Str CO MOI TRdCSNG
(Dan vi linh: Trieu dang) Chi ti@u
Binh quSn chung -NTTS -DBTS -KDDV
Trtfdc SCMT 44,9 86,4 37,6 33,3
Sau SCMT
10,9 12,6 10,5 10,7
Chenh l^ch (+/-)
-34,0 -73,8 -27,1 -22,6
(%)
-75,7 -85,4 -72,1 -67,9
T - Test Sig.
0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000
la nff gidi (ehie'm 75,1%). Hdn 2/3 sd'lao ddng bi anh htfdng cd ludi ddi ltf 30 de'n dtfdi 60 tudi. Sd' lao ddng td't nghidp tidu hpc va trung hpc cd sd chie'm ty le kha cao (66,7%) va cd de'n 84,2% lao ddng chtfa qua ddo tao. Didu ndy cho thd'y, do'i itfdng bi tac dpng trtfc tie'p bdi stf cd' mdi Irtfdng bidn Id nhffng ngtfdi dtfde xem la tru cdt eua gia dinh, nhtfng trinh dp vdn boa, chuyen mdn cdn nhieu han che', khd tham gia vdo qua trinh dao lao nghe, vi vdy ndng Itfe tim kie'm vide lam mdi la rd't han che'.
Thay ddi ve vide lam
Bang 1 cho tha'y, so vdi trtfdc sir cd'mdi trtfdng bien, Ihdi gian lam vide binh qudn cua lao dOng 3 nhdm nganh deu giam ro ret. Trong do, thdi gian Iam viec cua lao ddng trong nhdm DBTS giam manh nha't, ttf 6 thang/ndm xud'ng cdn 3 Ihang/ndm; tid'p de'n la lao ddng cua nhdm KDDV va cud'i ciing la lao dpng cua nhdmNTTS.
Ve tinh trang viec lam, sd'lieu d Bang 2 eho thd'y, Irtfde stf cd mdi trtfdng bien, 100% lao ddng cd vide lam on dinh, nhtfng sau stf cd' mdi trtfdng, thi chi ed 5,3% lao ddng cd dii viec Iam, trong klii cd tdi 84% lao ddng thid'u vide ldm va 10,7% lao ddng bi Iha't nghiep.
Trong do, lao ddng thudc nhdm ngdnh KDDV ed ly le thd't nghiep khd eao (chiem 20%). Nhtf vdy, stf eo mdi
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BIEQ DO 2: M^C DO THAY DOI THQ MHAP CCIA LAO DONG SAU scf CO MOI TRCTdNG BIEM THEO THCil GIAN
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MgEj6n- Khao sat cua tac gia
trtfdng bien dd ldm eho nhieu lao ddng tai xa Vinh Hai rdi vao tinh trang thie'u viec lam va tha't nghiep nghiem trpng; vd dieu ndy cd le se lam thay ddi dang ke quy md vd cd cd'u thu nhdp cua lao ddng.
Thay ddi vd quy md thu nhap
Bang 3 eho ihd'y, trtfdc stf cd mdi Irtfdng bien thu nhdp binh qudn Id 44,9 trieu ddng/lao dpng/nam, sau stf cd'mdi irtfdng bien giam xud'ng cdn 10,9 trieu ddng/lao dpng/nam. Nbtf vdy, stf ed' mdi trtfdng bien dd lam eho thu nhdp binh qudn/lao ddng/ndm tai xa Vinh Hai giam 34,0 trieu ddng, ttfdng tfng giam 75,7% thu nhdp. Khl so sdnh quy md thu nhap giffa ede nhdm nganh nghe, sd' lieu khao sal da chi ra rang thu nhdp cua lao ddng ihudc nhdm NTTS ed mtfc dp giam cao nhd'l (85,4%), tie'p de'n la lao ddng thupc nhdm DBTS (72,1%) va cud'i ciing la nhdm KDDV (67,9%).
Thay doi vd cd c3'u thu nh&p
Bieu dd 1 cho thd'y, ngudn thu nhdp ltf NTTS vd DBTS giam rapt each dang ke. Nguyen nhdn cua vd'n de nay la do stf co^ mdi trtfdng bidn dd lam cho ntfde bien vd ntfde dim phd bi nhidm ddc, nen mdl sd Itfdng ldn cdc con gid'ng bi chd't, ngtfdi lieu diing ngtfng si( dung cdc loai thuy, hai san, lau thuyen DBTS phai ngtfng hoai ddng, nen lam cho ngudn thu nhap eua lao ddng bi giam siit. Vi vdy, ngtfdc vdi xu htfdng giam ngudn thu iff NTTS vd DBTS, thu nhap tff cdc nganh nghe
phi ndng nghiep (Ihd xay va niay cong nghiep) cua lao ddng khao sd; ; -iig len ra't manh, ttf 23%> trtfdc stf cd nwi irtfdng bien len 39% sau stf ed' mdi irtfdng bidn.
Ttfdng ttf, ngudn thu ltf nong trpt (lua va rau mau), ttf chdn nudi (ldn, gd, vii) vd ttf vifc Iam thud trong san xud't ndng nghiep cung cd xu htfdng lang len rd ret.
Nghidn ctfu nay eung dat ra mdt cau hdi rdng lieu mtfc dp ihay ddi cua thu nhdp theo thdi gian ed stf khae nhau khdng? Bieu dd 2 eho iha'y, thu nhap cua lao dpng giam khdng ddng kd sau stf cd' mdi trtfdng bien khoang mdl tuan, sau do thu nhdp bat dau giam manh sau sif cd' mdi trtfdng bien 1 thdng cho den 6 thdng.
Thu nhdp cua lao ddng cd xu htfdng phuc hdi d^n dan sau stf cd' mdi Irtfdng bidn 9 thang cho dd'n sau mdt ndm. Xu htfdng nay co the gidi thich la do trong giai doan dau, nhidu ngtfdi ddn vdn chtfa bie't ro vd hau qua cua sit cd'mdi trtfdng bien, nen lieu thu hai san hay du lich bidn vdn dien ra binh ihtfdng. Sau 3 thdng, eac hoat ddng NTTS, DBTS vd KDDV thtfc stf bi lac dpng lieu etfc khi Chinh phu cdng bd' cac chi sd' mdl Irtfdng vd ngtfdi ddn nhdn thtfe dtfdc hdu qua eua d nhiem mdi trtfdng bidn. Tmh hinh dtfde eai thien hdn ke tff khi Chinh phu va cdng ty Formosa dp dung cac giai phdp khac phuc hdu qua.
Dd dinh va nidm tin vao tifijng lai cua lao ddng
Nghe ddnh bdt va nudi trdng thuy san dtfdc xem nhtf nhffng boat ddng sinh ke truyen Ihd'ng cda nhffng ngtfdi lao dpng xa Vinh Hai. Tuy nhien, sinh ke' cua hp da vd dang bi tdn thtfdng do tdc ddng lieu ctfe cua stf ed' mdi trtfdng bien.
Lieu nhffng ngtfdi lao ddng bi anh htfdng cd tie'p luc duy tri sinh ke' truyen ihd'ng khdng hay ed nhtfng dtf dinh khac? Hp cd niem lin gi ve mdi irtfdng bien va cudc sdng trong ttfdng lai? Day Id nhffng edu hdi quan trpng ddi hdi chinh quyen dia phtfdng can quan tdm de tim kie'm nhffng giai phap phti hdp.
Kel qua khao sdt Bang 4 cho ihd'y, chi cd 12,0% so' lao ddng khdo sdt cd y dinh chuydn ddi nghd nghidp, irong khi dd ed de'n 88,0% sd lao ddng ira ldi rdng, hp se khdng chuyen ddi nghe nghiep trong Itfdng lai. Vay ho se lam gi? Tie'p tuc dau ttf vao eac hoat ddng sinh ke' ma ho dang thtfc hidn (84,0%) vd duy in cudc sd'ng tren que htfdng Id stf ltfa chon cda 90,7% sd' lao ddng khao sat, Nguyen
38
nhan ldn nhd't Id hp da quen cudc sdng bam bien, cho du da cd chinh sach hd trd chuydn ddi nghd nghidp cua Nha ntfde.
Hdn ntfa, nhieu ngtfdi cho rdng tudi ciia hp da ldn va cd trinh dd hpc va'n tha'p, nen viec chuyen ddi nghe nghiep gap ra't nhieu khd khan. Vi vdy, da sd' lao ddng da sil dung so' tidn bdi thtfdng vao viec su'a chffa bode mua sam dung cu vd thie't bi mdi. Ndi ve niera tin vao Itfdng lai cua ho, thi da sd'lao ddng lin ttfdng rdng, mdi Irtfdng bien se phue hdi sdm vd euOc sd'ng cua ngtfdi ddn rdi se kha len trong ttfdng lai.
MOT Sp GIAI PHAP TAO VIEC LAM VA ON DINH DC(I SONG CHO NGIidl DAN VINH HAI
Thff nhd't, nang cao nang Itfe ddnh bat va NTTS nham duy tri sinh kd truydn thd'ng cua ngtfdi ddn dia phtfdng.
Dieu nay xua't phat tff viec ngtfdi dan tin rang, mdi Irtfdng bidn rdi se phue hdi, eude sd'ng cua hp rdi se td't len va hp khdng cd y dinh ehuyen ddi nghd nghiep. Vi vay, tang ctfdng ddng vien vd tinh Ih^n, hd Ird vd vd'n vd ky Ihudt, va tang ctfdng lien ke't gitfa cac hd la thtfc stf cin Ihie't.
Thff hai, huy ddng stf tham gia cua chinh quyen dia phtfdng, nhd khoa hpc, cde td chtfc chinh phu, phi chinh phu va doanh nghiep trong viee htfdng ddn va gidm sdt linh hinh sff dung tien bdi Ihtfdng, hd trd cua ngtfdi dan. Chinh phu can khang dinh rang, ddy la trdch nhiem xd hpi cua cac ben Hdn quan dd'i vdi ngtfdi ddn bi anh htfdng bdi stf ed' mdi irtfdng bien.
Thff ba, tdng ctfdng dau ttf dieh vu khuye'n ndng eho hoat dpng irdng Irpt
BANG 4: Dd DIMH VA NIEM TIN VAo TtfOMG LAJ CUA LAO DONG
Chl ti@u
Chuyen S6i ngh^ nghiep Dau tu" vao nghe cu Dicir
Moi trifdng bien ,se phuc hoi Cupc so'ng roi se kha len
Co SL Ngir6i
9 63 4 37 40
CC
12,0 84,0 5,3 56,3 53,3
Kh3ng SL Ngir6i
66 8 6S 19 18
CC
(%)
88,0 10,7 90,7 25,3 24,0
K. tra lcfi SL Ngtfcfi
0 4 3 19 17
CC
0 5,3 4,0 18,4 22,7
va chan nudi. Sau stf ed' mdi irtfdng bien, ihu nhdp tff ndng nghidp dd tang ttf 3% len 14,2%. Didu nay cho tha'y, ndng nghiep ludn la "effu cdnh" hay la "bao hidm rui ro sinh ke'" cho ngtfdi dan ede vung ven bien. Vi vay, chinh quyen dia phtfdng can khuye'n khieh ngtfdi ddn da dang hod hoai ddng ndng nghiep va quan lam hdn de'n gidi phdp thi trtfdng tidu thu, dac bidt Id cdc san pham chdn nudi.
Thff tu, giai phap dao tao nghe va xua'l khau lao ddng, Kd'l qua nghidn ctfu cho Ihd'y, cd dd'n 35% lao dpng cd dp tudi dtfdi 45 tudi - dp tuoi cd kha nang tham gia cdc khod ddo tao nghe vd xud'l khd'u lao ddng.
Ngoai ra, khoang 12% lao dpng khao sdt cd y dinh ehuyen doi nghe nghidp trong ttfdng lai. Vi vdy, giai phdp dao lao nghe hodc xud't khau Iao ddng nen dtfdc quan tdm. Trong dd, xud't khau lao ddng la mdt trong nhiing giai phdp mang lai hieu qua kinh td' cao cho ca ngtfdi lao ddng vd Nhd nffdc.
Thff ndm, tren ta't ca, doanh nghidp kinh doanh phai cd trdch nhidm xd hdi; Chinh phu va chinh quyen dia phtfdng phai cd Irach nhiem vd Ihtfdng xuyen thtfc hien vide quan trac chd't Itfdng mdi Irtfdng bien vd thdng bdo kip thdi tren cdc phtfdng lien thdng tin dai c h u n g . •
J ' A I L I E U THAMKHAO— _ ___ _ — 1. UBND huyen Phu Ldc (2016). Bdo cdo long hgp tinh hinh thiit hgi vd cdng tdc khde phuc sU cd mdi trudng bien tren dia bdn huyen Phu Lgc
2. Chu Thi Hien (2011). BSi thudng thiet hgi do ldm 6 nhiim mdi trudng theo phdp ludt ddn sff Viet Nam, Luan van thac sy, chuyen nganh Luai Ddn stf, Trtfdng Dai hpc Luat Ha Npi
3. Dinh Thi Hai Van (2015). Anh htfdng ciia 6 nhidm ntfde ldi hoat ddng san xud'l ndng nghiep, Tgp chi Mdl trudng, sd5
4.B-^\Dffiing{20\6).135tyd6ngldsdtienHuibithiithgibandaudocdchit,\iuyc%^X!^\hi^^^^
vn/xa-hoi/135-ly-dong-la-so-lien-hue-bi-thiet-hai-ban-dau-do-ca-chel-20160705202946313.htm 5. Chinh phu (2016). Bdo cdo tinh hinh, nguyin nhdn, hdu qua vd gidi phdp khac phuc sU cd mdi trudng gdy hai sdn chit bdt thudng tai cdc tinh Hd Tinh din Thffa Thiin Hui, truy cap lai http://vielnamfinance.vn/ho-so-vnf/bao-eao-eua-chinh-phu-ve-viec-khae-phuc-moi-truong-mien- trung-20160728235028004.htm
