Tu- tudng cua Jean Jacques Rousseau vl giao due
Pham Vao Chung'
' Tmdng Dai hpe Khoa hpe x5 hpi vd Nhan vSn, Dgi hpc QuIc gia Hd Npi.
Email: [email protected]
Nhdn ngdy 5 thang 9 ndm 2017. Chdp nhdn dang ngay 11 thang 9 nam 2017.
Tom t^t: J. Rousseau la mgt nhd tu tudng Idn ve giao dye. Trong tac pham Emile hay Id ve gido diic, J. Rousseau cho rdng hieu ngudi bgc la mpt nguyen ly giao due. Theo do, dl hilu ngudi hpc cdn hilu con ngudi va ban chit con ngudi noi chung, can hieu nha giao dye; bilu ngudi hge la hilu nhung gi da, dang dien ra vd tat nhien se trd thanh d ngudi bgc, la hieu qua trinh diia tre ty ttd thanh mpt con ngudi. Tu tudng nay c6 y nghTa thdi sy Idn va sau sac doi vdi gido dye nhan logi hien nay; phii hgp vdi triet ly doi mdi gido due theo phuong chdm "lay ngudi bgc ldm trung tam".
Tu kh6a: Giao dye, ttilt hge giao dye, J. Rousseau.
Phan logi nganh: Giao dye hge
Abstract: J. J. Rousseau was a great thinker of education. In his work "Emile, or On Education", J.
J. Rousseau believes that understanding learners is a principle of education. Accordingly, so as to understand the learners, one needs to understand humans and the human nature in general, and also the educator. Understanding learners means understanding what has occurred, and is occuring in them, and how they will surely become, as well as understanding the process of a child becoming a human being. The thought bears topical and profound significance to mankind's education today, and is in line with the philosophy of education renovation under the motto of "putting the learner at the centre".
Keywords: Education, philosophy of education, J. J. Rousseau, Subject classification: Educational science
l.Mddiu ndm 1762. Ddy Id mgt tac phim d^ic sdc, dugc xem nhu tac phdm quan ttgng va hay J. Rousseau (1724-1804) Id mpt ttong nhit trong sd nhihig horde tdc cua J.
nhGng nhd tu tudng tieu bidu ciia Phdp thdi Rousseau, trong dd chiia dyng nhiing npi ky Khai sdng. Mgt trong nhdng tac pham dung tu tudng thugc nhidu lihh vye (nhu ndi tiing cua dng Id Emile hay Id vi trilt hge, gido due hge, dgo ddc, xa hgi,...).
gido due. Tdc phim nay dugc cdng bd vdo Dudi hinh thdc the hidn ddc sac, mang ddng
Phgm Van Chung dap mpt tilu thuylt, J. Rousseau da bu edu
nhan vat Emile dugc smh ra vd Idn len trong mgt dieu kipn gido dye d§c biet, Tuy nhien, todn bg cau ehuypn vl Emile, ciing vdi nhieu doan binh ludn rit hay dugc neu len d ddy dd till hipn tu tudng trilt hge giao dye sdu sdc cda J, Rousseau, Tu tudng cua J. Rousseau v l giao dye bao ham tu tudng vd tinh chdt, ddc tnmg, npi dimg, ddi tugng, muc tidu, phuong thdc gido dye; tu tudng vd tinh tat yeu, vai ttd cda giao due; tu tiidng v l todn bp boat dpng gido dye,,.
Trong bai "imile hay la vi gido d{ic - mpt triet 1^ gido dye nhan ban: dgy va bgc lam ngudi" [5, tt.7-23] cua Bdi Vdn Nam Son (bdi gidi tiiipu cho cuon sdch Emile hay Id vi gido dt/ic cua J, Rousseau), dng dd tilp cpn tu tudng gido dye cua J. Rousseau vdi tu edch mpt triet I^ gido dye. Bai vilt gdy in tugng sdu sdc cho ngudi dgc v l npi dung, gid tri nhan ban cda tu tudng giao dye ciia J. Rousseau. Triet 1^ gido dye md Biii Vdn Nam Son chi ra d ddy Id trilt ly v l myc tieu va phuong thdc gido dye. Theo dng, day la mpt bode mpt trong nhiing npi dung quan trgng trong tu tudng gido dye ciia J. Rousseau. Triet ly eiia J. Rousseau v l muc tidu va phuong tiitic gido dye tuy cd vi tri quan trgng, nhung khdng phdi la cdn ban, Trilt ly ciia J. Rousseau v l ngudi hoc mdi la cdn bdn, Npi dung cda trilt ly dd cd thi ndi tdm tdt la "hilu ngudi hpc", Bdi vilt ndy gidi thipu tu tudng cua J, Rousseau trong tdc phim Emile hay Id vi gido d^ic ve gido dye, ttong dd tgp tnmg phan ti'ch tu tudng v l ngudi hge
2. Npi dung ta tirdng ciia J. Rousseau v l gido due
J. Rousseau cho ring, ttong gido dye cin phai hilu ngudi bgc, nhit Id ttd tho. Theo
dng, cd mdt sy that rat ddi^ len dn, do la khdng h i hilu bilt tudi tho, hodc hilu sai ldm v l tudi tha. 6 n g vilt: "Chiing ta khdng bao gid bilt dgt minh vdo dia vi tie em, chung ta khdng tham nhgp eae y tudng ciia chiing, chiing ta gdn cho chiing cdc y tudng cua minh; va bang each ludn di theo nhimg suy ludn cua minh, vdi nhung ehudi chdn ly ndi tiep, chung ta ehi chdng chit vdo dau dc chiing toan nbung didu ngdng cudng vd ly va sai lim md tiidi" [5, tt,221], "nhiing bdc hidn minh nhdt chuydn chii vdo nhiing dilu con ngudi cdn biet, md khdng eoi ttgng nhimg didu tte eon cd thi bgc dugc, Hg ludn tim kiem ngudi Idn ttong dda tte, ma khdng nghi vd hipn ttang eua dua tte trudc khi nd la ngudi Idn" [5, tt.26], J. Rousseau coi nhipm vy Idn lao eua minh la quan tdm sdu sde, "chuydn tam nghidn ciiu" ve ngudi hge, nhdt Id ttd tho, 6 n g khdng dinh rdng:
"Ndu nhu toan bp phuong phdp tdi d l xuat ed sai Idm va hao huydn, thi mgi ngudi vin cd thd Igi dyng dugc cac quan sat ciia tdi, Tdi cd thd nhin rdt kem nbiing dieu can lam, nhung tdi cho ring nunh dd nhin r5 chu the md ttdn do ta can thao tdc. Vgy xin cdc vi bdy bit ddu bdng vide nghidn cuu k5' cdc hge trb cua minh; bdi chic chdn rang cac vi khdng h i hilu chung; ma nlu eae vi dgc cudn sach ndy vdi y dd, thi tdi ngM cudn sdch chdng phdi vd ieh vdi ede vi" [5, tt,26], Vi sao J. Rousseau quan tam ddi vdi tre tha, ngudi bgc? Vd van dd ndy, dng 1^
giai nhu sau: "Ngudi ta phan nan vd trgng thai cua tuli tha, i^udi ta khdng biet ring loai ngudi se tidu vong, neu nhu con ngudi khdng khdi diu bdng vipc la tre tho [5, tt,32], Theo J. Rousseau, gido due phai hudng quan tam d ^ bipt den vigc hilu trd tha, ngudi bgc, vi chinh tre tha Id khdi diu, chuan bi cho su tdn vong, hung thinh.
85
Kboa hge xa hpi Vipt Nam, so 1 - 2018 tuong lai cua mgi qu6c gia, ddn tpc va cd lodi ngudi. Quan dilm dd rit cdn bdn, chinh xac, the hipn ttach nhipm het sdc Idn lao cua J. Rousseau ddi vdi sy nghigp gido dye, Khi cho rang ttong giao dye can phdi bleu ngudi bgc, J, Rousseau ciing ehi ra npi dung cy thi cua tu tudng hilu ngudi hpe.
Theo dng ngi dung dd gdm 3 didm sau, Thie nhdt, dk bilu ngudi hpe trudc hit cin hilu con ngudi vd bdn chit con ngudi ndi chung. J. Rousseau vilt: "Con ngudi ta xet ve bdn chat chdng phdi Id vua chua, chdng phdi vi nhdn, chdng phdi dinh than, ching phdi phu hao, mgi ngudi ddu sinh ra ti^ tryi vd ngheo khd, mgi ngudi dlu cd the lam vao tinh trgng co cyc eua cugc ddi, cluu dyng nhiing n l i budn lo, cde tai uong, cac nhu cau vd eac nSi dau ddn dd kilu; r l t cupc ai cung phdi chet, Dd la thyc trang cua eon ngudi; dd Id cdi ma khdng cd ai dugc miln trd. V$y cdc vi bdy bdt diu nghidn ciiu v l ban chat con ngudi xem cdi gi Id gdn bd chat che nhat vdi ban chat ay, cai gi tao ndn nhan tinh nhilu nhit [5, tt.297]. 6 n g eho ring, dilu thipn tbi hipn ro rdng nhan tinh eda con ngudi, vi ring con ngudi tit nhidn phdi Idm dilu thidn, phdi sing tdt vdi nhau; dilu thipn la cdi d ddy Idng chdng ta va nd cd the phu hgp ho$c khdng phd hgp vdi bdn chat con ngudi; neu ttong dao due
• nd phd hgp vdi bdn chit cda con ngudi, tiu con ngudi chi cd thi lanh manh ve tinh thin vd cd the ttang tdt chimg nao ngudi do cd thipn tam [5, tt.396]. 6 n g cihig cho ring, thyc te khdng thiy didu thipn tin tgi giiia con ngudi vd con ngudi. 6 n g vilt: "Toan bg sy khdn ngoan cda chdng ta gom nhung thanh kien nd Ip; todn bg cdc tap qudn eua chiing ta chi la sy Ip thupe, ngugng ngimg, biit rut va cdu thdc. Con ngudi dan su ra ddi, sdng va chet di trong sy nd Ip"; "chimg
ndo cdn giii bp mat ngudi, nd cdn bi xieng xich bdi cac thi cbl cua chung ta" [5, tt.31, 40]; "Ngudi ta sinh ra tu do, nhimg roi ddu ddu con ngudi ciing sing trong xieng xich, Cd kd tudng minh Id dng chd, ma thdt ra edn nd Id hon cd tdi td cua hg" [4, tt.52]. Td thyc ttang eua xd hgi nhu thi, J. Rousseau cho ring, can phdi di tun nguIn glc cua didu thipn, phdi tta Idi dugc tai sao dieu thipn lai bi mit di ttong xa hpi, do dd, phdi thdy ra eon dudng khdi phyc Igi dilu thidn.
J. Rousseau cho ring, xua nay cac khuynh hudng trilt hge v l con ngudi Id sai lam, khdng gidi quylt duge vin d l ban chit con ngudi do xuit phdt ehi td mpt mdt cua
"mdi quan bg co bdn gitia ed nhdn vd xa hpi (cpng ddng)" hay diing hon, cua "mdu thuan giiia con ngudi cd nhdn vd con ngudi xa hpi". Ong phe phan cai trilt hge d l cao tinh ed nhdn cua con ngudi [5, tt.36, 395, 402]. 6 n g vilt: " D I phdng nhiing nha thi gidi chii nghia, hg tim kilm xa xdi ttong sdch vd nhiing bdn phgn ma hg chdng budn ldm ttpn nhiing gi d xung quanh hp.,, bp quen ring, hg phai ydu quy ddn tpc - qude gia cda minh trudc hit" [5, tt.34-35].
J. Rousseau m u l n di tim cdi ca sd dich thyc cho phdp ed tbi gidi thich vd didu thipn (cai bieu hipn ro nhit bdn chit con ngudi). Ong da "tim thdy" (theo quan diem cua dng) cdi CO sd iy, dd la ban tinh hay ban chit tu nhien cua con ngudi. J. Rousseau viet:
"Mgi thd tir bdn tay Tgo boa ma ra deu tdt;
mgi thd dlu suy doi biln chit ttong bdn tay eon ngudi"; "cac Ihanh kien, uy quyen, sy c ^ tiiilt, tim guong, mgi thi ehl xd hpi" "bop nghgt ban ti'nh ty nhidn va chdng d l gi tiiay till vdo dd dugc" [5, tt.31].
J, Rousseau ndi din mgt d ^ tinmg cda con ngudi, dd Id luong tdm. Ong vilt: "Luong tam! Luong tam! Bdn ndng thien phd va bit
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Phgm van Chung tir, tieng ndi cua ttdi, vidn hudng dao chic
chdn cho mot eon ngudi ddt ndt vd thd thien, nhung cd tri nang vd ty do; vi thim phan khdng bao gid ldm lan eua edi thipn vd cdi dc vd Idm eho eon ngudi giong nhu Thugng de, chinh luong tdm dd Idm cho bdn chat con ngudi tuypt dipu vd cdc hdnh dpng ciia con ngudi cd tinh dao dire; khdng cd ngirdi, ta khdng cam tiiiy ed gi trong ta ndng dugc ta Idn tren cac lodi vdt, ngoai cdc ddc dn ddng budn Id hi Igc loi bit sai lim ndy den sai lim khac do tri tup khdng quy cii vd I^ til khdng ed nguydn phdt ndn ching theo nguydn tic ndo" [5, tt. 402], J.
Rousseau quan lupm rang, luong tdm la cdi yeu td bdn chit ty nhidn nhit cua eon ngudi, chinh nd Idm ndn dilu thipn cua con ngudi vd Idm cho cac hdnh dpng cda con ngudi trd ndn cd tinh d ^ ddc, Luong tdm la cdi bam smh, do Thugng d l ban cho con ngudi. Day Id mdt tu tudng quan ttpng, khdng chi la quan dilm dgo ddc, ma hon the cdn Id tu tudng mang tinh "xac Igp co sd cho dao ddc" [1], [3]. Dd Id tu tudng cua J. Rousseau v l ban chit (ban tinh) ty nhien cua con ngudi. Vdi vide hieu bdn chit ty nhien cda con ngudi nhu thi, J. Rousseau \^
giai tgi sao con ngudi dugc sinh ra tir ty nhidn vdn thipn, tdt lanh, nhung khi budc vao ddi sdng xa hgi lgi ttd nen xau xa, danh mit ban chit i y ciia minh. 6 n g khdng dinh:
"Cin phai quy tat ca mgi dieu v l khuynh hudng nguyen so dd" va "mpt khi dd bilt dugc cdn nguyen, chiing ta thiy rd nai ngudi ta rdi khdi con dudng cua ty nhien"
[5, tt,33, 75], Ong cho ring, con dudng khdc phuc tinh trang nay chi cd thi Id gido dye, mgt nin giao dye mdi.
Tdi khdng hoan todn ding tinh vdi tu tudng cda J, Rousseau v l con ngudi vd bdn chit con ngudi, nhung khdng till khdng
ddng thih vdi each dgt vdn d l eua dng ring, d l hilu ngudi bgc, trudc hit phdi hilu bdn chat con ngudi. Trong truyin thing cda nhiing nude phuang Tay, sy hilu bilt v l bat cd ddi tugng ndo ciing phdi dat den chilu sdu nhit, nghia Id phdi dgt din nhdn thuc triet bgc, ddng thdi lay nhgn thdc i y lam nin tang, Theo truydn thong dd, khi bdn vd ngudi bgc, J. Rousseau khdng thi khdng bdn ve eon ngudi, J. Rousseau Id ngudi rdt viing vdng ttong ddng ehay truyen thing tuypt vdi ndy.
TTiii- hai, de hieu ngudi hge thi cin hieu nhd gido dye. De hilu tu tudng ndy cua J, Rousseau, can hidu quan didm cua dng v l giao dye, nhat Id ve vai tro cua ngudi thay vd ve myc dich ciia gido dye. V l ngudi thiy vd nha gido dye, J. Rousseau cho ring, moi ngudi ttong chiing ta dugc dao tao bdi ba loai ngudi thiy, thd nhit Id sy gido dye den tir ty nhien, thd bai la sy gido dye ciia chinh con ngudi, thii ba Id sy gido dye ciia sy vat (do kinh nghipm cua chinh chiing ta v l cdc ddi tugng dnh hudng den ta) [5, tt.33]. Ong cho ring, cbi cd sy giao dye ciia eon ngudi Id quan ttgng nhit va dieu duy nhit ma chung ta thye su Idm ehu. Ong xac dinh:
"Chiing ta bit diu hge hdi khi bdt diu sing;
sy giao dye cua chiing ta bit diu cung vdi chiing ta; gia su diu tien cua ehiing ta Id vii nudi cua chiing ta"; "vigc gido dudng, sy dgy do, sy giao dye Id ba dilu khdc nhau ttong myc dich cung nhu cd gido dgy ttd, gia su va dng thiy. Nhimg nhChig sy phan bipt ndy khdng duac hieu diing; vd, d l dugc dSn ddt tit, dda tte ehi dugc di tiJeo mpt ngudi hudng din md tiidi [5, tt,38-39]. Vdi quan nipm trdn, J, Rousseau mudn ngudi giao d}^c phdi Id sy cpng ciia cd ba ngudi:
cd giao day tte, gia su va dng thiy. Vl myc dich cua gido dye - hpc tgp, J. Rousseau cho
Khoa hge xa hpi Vipt Nam, sd 1 - 2018 ring, hpc tap dieh thye ciia chiing ta la "hge tlip vl thdn phan con ngudi", "chi cd mdt khoa hge can dgy cho tie em: do la khoa hge vd bin phdn cua con ngudi" [5, tt.38- 39, 52]. Ddc bipt, vdi tu tudng vl bdn chat con ngudi va vdi todn bp npi dung tac pham Emile hay Id vi gido dyic, dng tbi hien ro tu tudng quan ttgng cho rdng, giao dye (bay hge tap) Id dl ldm ngudi.
Td quan nipm chung ttdn day, J, Rousseau cho rdng, nhd gido dye (ngudi thiy) edn Idm tit ca nhiing gi tdt dgp nhit cho dda tte, phdi khiln cho minh dugc tdt ca mgi ngudi tdn trpng, phdi khiln cho mgi ngudi yeu min minh; phdi Id thdy cda tdt ed nhung gi bao quanh dda tte; uy quyln cua ngudi thiy phdi dya tten niem quy ttgng doi vdi ddc hgnh; ngudi thiy khdng ndn keo kidt vd khde ngbipt. Ngudi thay cd the tha hd md ruong hdm, nhung phdi md cd tim long minh; thu md ngudi tbiy can dem cho la thdi gian, Id nhiing sy cbdm lo. Id nilm thuong min. Ngudi thiy cin bilt rdng kd bit hanh, ngudi dau om can dugc an lii ban la bl thi, kd bi dp biic cin dugc ehe chd va giup dd hon la cd tien bac. Ngudi thiy bdy hda giai nhiing ngudi dang bat hda vdi nhau; hay phdng ttanh nhiing vy kipn cdo; hay hudng nhiing dda con den bon phan, hudng nhiing dng bd den sy khoan dung; hdy ung hp nhiing cugc hdn nhan hgnh phuc; hay ngan can nhiing vipc gdy phien nhieu; hdy sd dyng rpng rai tin nhipm cua phy buynh bgc ttd cua muih de giup cho ke ylu, bi ngudi ta tii chdi sy cdng bdng, bj ke quyln the day dga; hdy dudng hoang tuydn bl minh Id ngudi bdo vp nhihig kd bat hgnh; hay cdng binh, nhan di, nghia hipp; dimg chi bo thi; hdy lam phuc;
hdy lam tir thipn; hdy ydu min nhiing ngudi khac (va se dugc hg yeu men); hay phuc vy
hg (vd sd dugc hg phuc vu); hay Id anh em cua hg (vd sd dugc hg eoi Id cha mg ciia hp). Nhung tren tit ed nhiing dilu ay, J.
Rousseau ddi hdi ngudi thiy "hdy nhd ring trude klii dam bat tay vdo dao tao mpt con ngudi, ban thdn minh phdi ty lam ngudi da"
[5,tt.Ill-I12].
Cd thd thdy, d day J. Rousseau ndi den rat nhilu cdng vipc, edch thdc tich cyc, tdt dgp ma ngudi thdy (nhd giao dye) cd the ldm eho tre em, eho ngudi hpe. Khia cgnh ttgng tam la d cho, ngudi thay "trudc khi dam bit tay vao ddo tao mpt con ngudi, ban thdn minh phdi ty ldm ngudi da". Day la ydu ciu thi hien tap trung todn bp phdm chat ciia ngudi thay. Nd khdng phai la mpt ydu cau "khdt khe" hodc "qua khd" doi vdi ngudi thiy, ma la ydu ciu tit nhidn eiia ngudi thay. Duong nhidn, ngudi thay phdi bilu minh, trude hit phdi hilu bdn chit con ngudi ndi chung ttong minh; dd Id cai bdn chat thipn ty nhien, la luong tdm va dugc till hidn cu thi qua tim guang ngudi tbiy, Ngudi thay phdi tbiy ra cdi hinh dnh ma ngudi bgc se ttd thdnh ttong tuong lai. Ndi each khac, ngudi thiy cin bieu minh, hidu cai bdn chit con ngudi ciia minh, hieu bin phan, ttach nhipm cua minh de giup eho ngudi hge cd khd ndng budc di vd tiirdng thdnh viing chdc ttong vipc giii ^n, bdo ton vd ddo luypn cdi bdn chit tu nhien, luong tdm bim sinh vIn ed noi con ngudi, ldm cho ngudi hge cd thi phdt huy tdt nhat, manh me nhit trong mdi trudng, dilu kipn xd hpi,
Thti ba, hilu ngudi hpe Id hilu nhthig gi da, dang dien ra vd tit nhidn sS ttd thanh d hp. 6 ddy, hilu ngudi bgc Id hilu tryc tilp, chinh dipn ttd em. Trong Emile hay la vi gido d^c, J. Rousseau quan tam nhilu va sdu sic den khia cgnh ndy. Theo dng, hilu
Pham Vdn Chung ngudi thiy chinh la hilu cdi tuong lai, edi
tit ydu md dda ttd cd thi trd thdnh; vai trd cua ngudi thiy chu ylu la hudng dan cho ngudi bgc, chii khdng phdi la dp ddt cho trd em sy hidu biet, tu tudng, kd ea tam guong eua minh. J, Rousseau vilt: "Hdy ddi xii vdi hge ttd ciia cac vi theo liia tuoi cua nd, Trudc het hay ddt nd vdo cho cua nd, vd bay giii nd d dd thgt viing, sao cho nd chdng dinh tim edch ra khdi dd, Nhu vdy trude khi bidt thd ndo la hien minh dde dp, no se thye hdnh bdi hge quan ttpng nhit ve sy bidn minh ddc dp", "ddng day bgc ttd minh bat cii logi bai hge ndo bdng Idi le; nd chi dugc nhan bdi hge td ttdi nghipm: ddng bit nd chiu dung bit ed logi binh phgt gi, vi no khdng biet the ndo la mie loi; dung bao gid bao nd phdi xin tha thii, vi nd khdng bidt xuc pham cdc v;. Do ching cd mgt khai nipm dgo ddc nao ttong eac hanh dgng, nd khdng thi lam ^ sai ve m^t dgo due, ndn ching dang phgt hay dang qud ttach" [5, tt.l06-I07], "mSi tri de cd huih thai d^c bipt rieng ciia nd, vd can dugc duong dye theo hinh thdi iy; va dilu quan ttgng dl nhung sy cbdm sdc eiia ta thdnh cdng Id nd dugc dudng dye bdng hinh thai ay chd khdng phdi mpt hinh thai khac. Hdi eon ngudi than ttpng, xin hdy dd xet lau dai ty nhidn, hay quan sdt ky hge ttd trudc khi ndi vdi nd tiing diu tidn; thogt tidn bdy dl cho mam mong tinh each ciia nd phd bay hoan todn ty do, diing bd bugc nd ttong bit cd dilu gi, ddng thiy dugc r3 ban todn bp con ngudi nd" [5, tt.IlO], Nhu thi, tiieo J.
Rousseau phdi d§t dua trd vao diing moi giai doan tdm Iy liia tuoi cda nd; phdi tbiy dugc nhihig ddc diem vl ndng lyc tam - sinh ly^ cua no; phdi hilu nd nhu till de cd nhGng npi dung, hinh thdc gido dye tuong ling, thich hgp, M^c dii cd tbi dng hilu nhiing dilu vl tam Iy, tii tup, ndng lyc
cua trd em chua that khoa hge, todn dipn, nhung tu tudng tten Id sy trdi nghipm cda chinh dng.
3. Y nghia tv tirdng cua J. Rousseau ve gido dye
Thic nhdt, tu tudng hidu ngudi hge eua J.
Rousseau la tu tudng dac sdc vl gido dye. J, Rousseau nhgn thdy lau nay ngudi ta dd khdng bilt dgt minh vdo dia vj trd em;
khdng tham nhgp cac f tudng ciia chdng;
ttai Igi gan eho chiing ede y tudng ciia minh; vd bdng each ludn di theo nhihig suy lugn cua bdn than minh, vdi nhihig chuoi chan ly nli tilp, ngudi ta chi ching chit vdo diu dc chung todn nhung dilu ngdng cuing vd ly va sai lim. Ong vilt; "Trong nhiing nin gido dye edn thgn chu ddo nhit, dng thay ra Ipnb va tudng ntinh dilu khiln;
thyc ra chinh dda tte dilu khiln, Nd sd dyng dilu cdc vi ddi hdi d nd dd dgt dugc d cdc vi dilu nd thich, vd bao gid nd ciing biet lam cdc vi ttd mpt gid sieng ndng ciia nd bdng tam ngay chieu ehupng, Cd mli liic Igi phdi dieu fflnh vdi nd", "thuong thudng, diia tte doan bilt dugc tdm tri dng thiy hon la dng thiy doan bilt dugc Idng dda ttd. Vd dilu ndy dt phdi nhu vgy; vi todn bp sy minh man md le ra diia tte ty lo liy thdn sd su dyng dl bdo tin con ngudi minh, tlii nd sd dyng dl cdu sy ty do thien phu cua nd khdi nhihig xieng xich cda nha chuydn che; ttong khi ngudi nay, ching cd mgt lgi Ich cip bach din nhu thi dl phai thiu suit kd kia, ddi khi dugc lgi ban nlu cd dl cho hdn ludi nbac hodc ty phy" [5, tt.l47],
Dieu J. Rousseau neu len d ddy cd ve nhu mpt "nghich Iy" trong giao dye: chinh 89
Khoa bgc xa hgi Vipt Nam, so 1 - 2018 diia ttd "dilu kbiln" dng thiy chii khdng phdi ngugc lgi. Qud thyc, day Id dilu ta khdng d l tilp thu, nhung dd la mpt sy thdt.
J. Rousseau ddi hdi ta phdi nam dugc, thira nhpn sy thgt iy. Qng ddi hdi ngudi thiy dimg "ra Ipnh" cho dda tte vd khdng duge ngg nhgn minh Id kd "dilu khiln", ma trai lgi phdi thdy chinh dua tre "dieu khien" dng tbiy theo nbiing gi ma nd thich: Day la tu tudng gido due rit sdu sde ciia J, Rousseau, Duong nhidn, J. Rousseau khdng nham lan
"dieu khien" vdi hudng dan. Ong cho rdng phdi hilu dugc, thira nhan sy thgt ndi tten thi ngudi thiy mdi cd thi thyc hipn duge cdng vipc hudng din, Vi the, dng vilt: "Xin cdc vi hay di mgt con dudng ngugc lgi vdi eon dudng cua hge ttd minh; sao cho nd tudng nd ludn lam chu, song thyc ra chinh eac vi dang lam chu. Khdng c6 sy chd ngu hodn bdo nao bang sy che ngy vin duy tii ve b l ngodi ty do; nhu thd ngudi ta ndm giii dugc ngay cd '^ chi, Dda tte tpi n ^ e p khdng bilt p. hit, khdng lam dugc gi het, khdng bilu gi bet, nd ehdi^ phdi phd m | c eho cac vi dd sao? Cde vi ching tiiy y sd dyng dli vdi nd mgi thii xung quanh nd hay sao? Cdc vi chdng Idm chu ttong vipc huy dgng nd theo y thich ciia cdc v} hay sao?
Cdc vipc lam ciia nd, cac ttd choi cua nd, cdc thd vui, cac noi buon khd eua nd, tat ca chdng d ttong tay cdc vi ma nd khdng biet hay sao? Hdn nd ehi phdi Idm nhihig gl nd muon md thdi; nhung nd dt chi muln nhiing
^ cdc vi mudn nd ldm ma thdi; nd i t khdng muon nbac mgt budc chan ma cac v) chdng timg doan trude; nd khdng dt md mipng md cdc vi chdng bilt nd sip ndi gi" [5, tt,147],
"hdy sdm chuan bi cho tre quen ty do va sd dyng sdc lyc cua nd, bdng each d l tiidn the nd cd thdi quen ty nhidn, bing cdeh d^t nd ttong ttgng thai ludn dugc ty chii, dugv lam
mgi didu theo y mudn eiia nd, mpt khi nd cd
^ muon nao dd" [5, tt,68], Nhu vdy, theo dng, ngudi hge phai la ngudi chii, chu the ciia qua trinh gido dye; ngudi bgc phdi hge t|lp mpt each ti'ch cyc, chu dgng; ngudi tbiy phdi thay ro cdng vipc hudng dan cua minh nhu mgt "nghg thugt". Day qua thyc Id dieu rat d|ic sic ciia tu tudng giao dye J.
Rousseau.
Thic hai, tu tudng cua J, Rousseau v l hieu ngudi bgc cho phep ta hilu rdng, hilu ngudi hge cd ngbia Id phdi ddt ngudi bgc vdo trung tam cua sy quan tdm cua chiing ta, ey thi Id cda nhiing ngudi thiy, cd ttong xay dyng tu tudng, ly thuylt vd thyc tien gido dye. Nhu thi, xet cd ve Iy thuylt vd thyc t l , tu tudng cda J, Rousseau rit phii hgp, bay ndi diing hon, la mpt ttong nhttng tiln d l CO ban cda tu tudng coi ngudi bgc Id tnmg tdm ttong todn b$ cdng vipc gjao dye.
Dieu do ciing cd ngbia la, tu tudng hieu ngudi bgc cua dng chi ra yeu td mang tinh bdn chat hay thugc ve nguydn ly eua gido dye. Bdi vi, n l u thilu sy hilu bilt v l ngudi bgc, tiu mpt n i n gido dye khdng the vgn hanh; chi khi hilu ngudi hpe thi ngudi thiy mdi xac dinh dugc myc dich chung co bdn ciing nhu nhiing myc tieu cy thi eda gido dye; khi hilu ngudi bgc, ngudi tfiiy mdi cd till thiy ra, lya chgn nhiing didu kipn, mdi trudng phu hgp, mdi ed thi xay dyng, t l chdc giao dye theo nhiing phuong thiic, hinh thdc thich hgp.
Thu ba, mpt ttong nhihig dilu ta khdng thi khdng quan tam d ddy Id tu tudng ciia J.
Rousseau cho ring, ngudi thiy phdi Id mpt con ngudi ly tudng. D l i vdi dng, nguW thdy khdng till khdng cd tu tudng gido dye.
D6 la hmh miu ngudi thiy I^ tudng. Trong mpt nin gido dye cin cd nhiing ngudi thiy nhu thi. Chi cd nhu v|iy, ngudi thiy mdi
90
Phgm Vdn Chung bieu dugc bdn chat, npi dung, chdc ndng,
mye tidu, phuang phdp gido dye; mdi bidu duac ngudi hge; mdi hilu dugc nhiing yeu cau thyc sy cua ddi sing; mdi cd thi binh dung duge cdi sdn phim gido dye cua minh;
mdi khdng dem cdi y kiln, tu tudng, tudng tugng chu quan cua minh chyp len diia trd.
Thic tu, tu tudng hilu ngudi hge ciia J, Rousseau khdng thi tach rdi vipc hieu con i^ydi, ban chat eon ngudi ndi chung, Ong da eho ta mgt y nghia gia tri rat Idn lao dya tren truyen thdng phuang Tay vd td chinh kmh nghidm cua dng. Ong eho tiiiy rdng, khdng the hieu ngudi hge, kl cd ttd tho, nlu khdng hidu con ngudi vd ban chit con ngudi ndi chung. Ong cho thiy ring, nhiing tu tudng giao dye ndi chung vd todn bp tiiyc tien gido due cin phdi dugc xay dyng ttdn nin tdng triet hpc xdc dinh, Chdc ndng rdt quan ttgng eua triet hoc Id chdc ndng tu tudng. Tu tudng triet hge la su din dudng chung cho mgi hogt dpng nhgn thuc cua con ngudi, Nhung tu tudng gido dye cimg nhu todn bp cdng vipc to chdc thyc tien gido dye phdi dugc thyc hipn mdt edch rdt cdn ban, khdng the tuy tipn; khdng duge Idm ngau hdng theo sy tudng tugng ciia ngudi ldm cdng vide giao dye hogc ngudi dugc '^han cdng" lam cdng vipc giao dye, Neu doi hdi ngudi thiy trudc hit phdi hidu eon ngudi vd bdn chit eon ngudi thi ngudi thdy phai hilu cai tit ylu eda ngudi thiy, cai md ngudi thay nhat dinh can ed. Ngudi thiy phai Idm mgt con ngudi trudc khi nhan trach nhipm giao dye dua tre ttd thdnh mpt con ngudi. Nhu till, hilu bilt trilt hpc vl con ngudi vd bdn chat con ngudi sd din dit todn bp hogt ddng gido dye eua ngudi thiy ed ttong xay dung Iy thuylt ciing nhu todn bp thye tien gido dye. Diy Id y nghia ddc bipt quan ttpng tu tudng hilu ngudi hge ndi tten cua J. Rousseau.
4. Ket lugn
Tu tudng cda J, Rousseau vl gido due cd gid tii lau bin. Theo do, ngudi thiy c ^ hilu dugc nhiing edi dang hdy sinh, dang dien ra nhu nhftng phdi mdm, nhiing tiln dl bdn ttong dda tte; ngudi thiy phdi nhin nh§n ra ca nhung dilu kipn, mdi trudng bdn ngodi, ma tir dd nhung phdi mim, tiln dl iy nay smh, phdt tiiln; ngudi tiiiy phdi bilu nhOng dde dilm, ciu tnic tdm - smh ly, ndng lyc cua dda tie, hidu nhGng gi chiing dd c6, dang ed vd cd thd cd, nhd thd ed the hudng dan, gidp chung tu diing Idn, mgnh len vd ty trd thdnh bdn than minh, ty ttd thanh mpt con ngudi. Vdi npi dung nhu vay, tu tudng hilu ngudi hge cua J. Rousseau dudng nhu vin cdn "mdi nguyen", vin ed y nghia sau sde vd to Idn.
Tdi lipu tham khao
[1] Phgm van Chung (2013), "Tu fiidng Nho gido v l bdn chdt con ngudi", Tgp chf lUioa hge xd hgi ViitNam,s62.
[2] Phgm Van Chung (2016), "Tu hidng ciia L.Tolstoi v l gido due", T ^ ehf Khoa hge xd hdi Viit Nam, so 6.
[3] Francois Jullien (2000), Xdc ldp eosd cho dgo die. Ddi thogi cua Mgnh Td vdi mdt nhd triit hge Khai sdng, Nxb Dd Ndng, Da Nang.
[4] Jean Jacques Rousseau (2004), Bdn ve khi udc xd hdi, Nxb LJ lu^n chfnh trj, Ha Npi.
[5] Jean Jacques Rousseau (2010), tmile hay Id ve gido due, Nxb Tri thiic, Ha Npi.
[6] John Dewey (2010), Ddn chu vd gido djfc, Nxb Tri thee, Hd NPi.
[7] T§p thi tde gid (2015), Bdn vi gido dye, Nxb Tri thiic, HdNpi.
