quANiRi-quANiy
NGHIEN CLTU CAC YEU TO ANH Hl/dNG CHI TIEU CHO GIAO DUC :UA CAC HO GIA DINH TAI TINH AN GIANG
• LE THI NGOC TIEN - CAO TIEN SI
TOM TAT:
Bai vid'l sff dung phtfdng phap nghidn cffu dinh Itfdng dtfa tren bd so' lidu didu tra mffc sdng hd gia dinh (HOD) Viet Nam (Vietnam Households Living Standard Survey - VHLSS) tff nam 2008 - 2016, nham nghien cffu cac ye'u td'anh hffdng chi lieu cho giao due cua cac HGD tai tinh An Giang. Ket qua cho thS'y ed 5 nhan td anh hffdng dd'n chi lieu giao due ciia HGD lai tinh An Giang, la: (1) Sd' nam di hpc, (2) So nif di hpc, (3) Trinh dp hpc van cua chii bd, (4) Khu vffc, (5) Tudi ciia chii hd. Tff do dd xua't kie'n nghi can cd nhffng can thidp bang chinh sach ciia cd quan nha nffdc dd thffc day chi tidu cho giao due d nhffng nhdm khu vifc ndng thdn, cai thidn nhan thffc ciia chu hd, giam thilu ba't binh dang trong giao due d nam va nff va chi tieu cho giao due bac cao nhieu hdn.
Tuf khoa: Chi tieu giao due, yd'u to anh hffdng, tinh An Giang, hp gia dinh.
1. Gidi thidu
Giao due ludn la van de quan tSm hang dau ciia mdi qud'c gia va sff phat tridn chung eiia loan nhan loai, Viet Nam cung ludn dat phat trie'n giao due va dao tao la muc tidu hang dau de phat trien kinh te' tri thffc. Theo bao cao qud'c gia ve Phat trien giao due cho mpi ngffdi nam 2015 tai Viet Nam cua Bd Giao due va Dao tao, ke'l hdp vdi van phdng UNESSCO Ha Ndi va Ngan hang The' gidi thffc hien da danh gia va chi rd Viet Nam da dat dffde thanh tffu Idn trong giao due, nhff: mien giam hpc phi, ca'p hoe bdng, tridn khai gdi cho vay hpc phi dd'i vdi hoc sinh, sinh vien mang lai hidu qua thie't thffc trong phat trien, nang cao cha't Iffdng va trinh dp giao due.
Tuy nhien, cha't Itfdng giao due va nhan Itfc chtfa dap ffng dtfdc nhu can cua ngtfdi dan va ddi hdi ciia thi trtfdng lao ddng.
Dd'i vdi tinh An Giang, phat huy the'manh d^u ttf cho stf nghiep giao due va dao tao dia phtfdng nham thtfc hidn chii trtfdng giao due la qud'c sach hang dau. Trong do, tap trung kien cd' hda trtfdng Idp va xay dtfng trtfdng chuan qud'e gia gan vdi Chtfdng trinh muc lieu qud'c gia xSy dtfng ndng thdn mdi da dat dtfdc mdt sd'thanh tffu, dil cdn tdn tai nhffng ban chd' trong viec phat trien nhan Itfc tai An Giang. Theo sd' lieu Tong cue Thd'ng ke (2010 - 2016), ty Id lao ddng qua dao tao kha tha'p, thay ddi tff khoang 7,2 dd'n 10,1%, so vdi ca nffdc tff 14,6 de'n 20,6%. Bdn canh do, d An Giang, so' Iffdng hpc sinh tff b§c tid'u hpc cho dd'n phd thdng dffng dau so vdi cae tinh khac khu vffc ddng bang sdng Cffu Long trong nam 2016, nhffng Idn eac bae cao hdn thi sd'Iffdng giam xud'ng kha nhieu tff mffc 192.524 hpe sinh d bac tieu hpc cdn 45.393 hpc sinh d bSc phd thdng.
l A P CHi CONG IHIllfNG
Vi vay, bai vidt tap trung nghien cffu tim hieu cac nguyen nhan thdng qua lac ddng chi lieu eiia cac HGD cho viec giao due lai tinh An Giang. Tff dd chi rd cac ye'u id' anh hffdng dd'n chi lieu cho giao due cua cac HGD va de xua't cac khuye'n nghi nham nang cao cha't Itfdng va trinh dp cho ngtfdi dan tinh An Giang.
2. Tong quan tai lieu va phffdng phap nghien cffu
2.1. Tong quan cdc nghien cdu cd liin quan Nghien cffu ciia Huy (2012) sff dung bd sd'lidu VHLSS ve eac ye'u td' anh hffdng de'n chi lieu ciia HGD ddl vdi giao due tre em bang md hinh Tobit, cho Iha'y thu nhap HGD ed tae ddng dang kd dd'n chi phi giao due theo htfdng ciing tang len; cac HGD cd trinh dp hpc van cao hdn, thi kha nang ehi lidu giao due tang; chi tidu giao due cho tre em trong dp tudi di hpc lieu hpc hoac trung hpc trd len nhidu hdn, ngtfde lai tre em d Iffa tuoi trtfde tuoi di hpc hoac dai hpc thi chi lieu it hdn. Ngoai ra, nghien cffu ciia Dang, H. A (2007) ve day kem cho tha'y yeu td'dan tdc tac ddng de'n viec chi tieu cho giao due.
Ttfdng Iff, Khdng Tie'n Dung va Pham Le Thdng (2014) nghidn cffu ve cac ye'u to' anh hffdng dd'n chi lidu cho giao due cua ngtfdi dan d DBSCL dtfa tren sd lieu VHLSS 2010 cho tha'y rang, ngtfdi dan DBSCL ed mffe chi tidu cho giao due cdn kha tha'p so vdi cac khoan muc khac, tdn lai stf khac bidt giffa thanh thi va ndng thdn nhtfng khdng cd sff khac biet giffa cac linh, thanh cd mffc thu nhap trung binh khac nhau. Trong dd, cac yd'u Id'quan trpng tae ddng dd'n mffc chi tieu cho giao due nhff long thu nhap cua gia dinh, trd ca'p ciia chinh phu, mien giam hpc phi, trinh dp hpe va'n va tuoi ciia ehii hd, eac yd'u Id'hpc them, so' nam nff di hpc trong gia dinh gdp phan lam tang ehi tidu cho giao due.
Nghien cffu khac ciia Hashimoto va Heath (1995) ve chi tieu giao due cua eac HGD Nhat Ban cung chi ra rang, thu nhap c6 anh hffdng nhieu dd'n chi tieu giao due, theo do nhffng HGD ed thu nhap cao thi chi lieu cho giao due eang nhieu va nhffng HGD cd thu nhap cao nha't cd thd' cho con di du hpc nffdc ngoai.
Nghidn cffu ciia Tansel va Birean (2006) ve chi lieu giao due tai Thd NhT Ky va Andreou (2012) nghien cffu chi lieu cho giao due tai Cdng hda Sip,
cho thay td'ng chi tidu trong HGD va trinh dp hpc van ciia cha me cd anh htfdng Idn dd'n chi lidu cho giao due, vi eha me hpe cang cao cang cd y thffc coi trpng viec hpc va d^u ttf viec hoc cho cac con nhieu hdn.
2.2. PhUdng phdp nghien cdu 2.2.1. PhUdng phdp nghien cdu
Nghidn effu chii ye'u phSn tich cac yd'u td' tac ddng dd'n ehi tieu cho giao due eiia cac HGD d tinh An Giang dtfdc Ipc ra tff bd dff lieu cua Tdng cue Thd'ng ke giai doan 2008 - 2016.
Nghidn cffu sff dung md hinh Tobit theo Wooldridge (2012), md hinh kinh te' Itfdng dtfdc md la dffdi dang toan hoc nhtf sau:
y:- = P, + Xfi+s, (1)
Trong do, EjiX, - Normal (0, a-), y' la bid'n phu ihudc bi gidi han, thoa man cac gia dinh cua mo hinh tuye'n tinh cd did'n dffde do Iffdng bang cong thffc: . _{y' khiy' > z (2)
^'' ~\Tykhiy'< T
Nhffng thtfc te' irong md hinh Tobit thi gia tri i dffde gia dinh bang 0, hay gia tri dff lieu bi gidi han nhd nha't tai 0. Vi vay, md hinh Tobit dffde vid'l lai:
_{y'khiy'>0 (3)
^'~\0 khiy' <0
Ngoai ra, theo Wooldridge (2012), vi P(y > Olx) d>(xp/o), nen tinh anh hffdng rieng phIn nhif sau: d ^ ^ lx§_\ ^4^
Trong phffdng trinh (4) he sd didu chinh ^ l,^ j tie'n dd'n 1 khi P(y > Olx) tie'n de'n 1, va trong trtfdng hdp dac biet khi yj > 0 ihi md hinh Tobit va OLS cho he sd tfdc Itfdng nhff nhau.
Dffa vao cac nghien cffu trffdc da Itfdc khao, cac bie'n so'dtfdc diin giaicu the qua Bang 1.
2.2.2. Thdng ke mo ta cdc bien trong mo hinh Kd't qua d Bdng 2 chi ra "trinh dp hpc va'n c5a chuhd"cdgia tn trung binh la 5,63 va da sd chu ho hoan thanh cac Idp hpc d ca'p hpe tha'p. Trong khi dd, "tudi chu hd " trung binh la 49,47 tudi, vdi mffc chenh lech ra't Idn. Bid'n "gidi tinh chu hd " dat hung binh la 0,82, chffng minh da phan chii hd la nam, dieu nay phu hdp vdi xu hffdng ehung cac gia dinh d Viet Nam. Ke'l qua nay eung cho thay vai trd cda ngtfdi phu nff cdn rat tha'p, anh htfdng den vide ra quye't dinh trong gia dinh ludn thien ve nam gidi.
Ke'l qua edn cho thay thu nhap trung binh cua HGD d An Giang la 195,3 trieu ddng/nam, dSy
QUAN TRI-QUAN LV
Bang 1. DiSn giai cac bien so ttong mo hinii nghien cCtu de xudt Matloa
bi€n Giai thich bien Dan VI tinh Ngudn b-ich dan Ky vpng
dau Bien ptiu ttiuOc
Y Chi tieu cho giao due cua
HGD Nghin ddng/nam
Huy (2012); Khdng Tien Dung va Pham Le Thong (2014);
Hashimoto va Heath (1995);
Tansel va Birean (2006);
Andreou (2012) Bien d$c l$p
X,
X2 X,' X3 X, X5
XB
X7 Xa X9 X10 El
Trinh dd hpc van cua chu hd
Tuoi ciJa chu hg Tuoi cua chij hp binh phiiong Gidi tinh cua chu ho So nam di hpc trong gia dinh Sd nO di hpc trong gia dinh
Thu nhap cua HGD
Hoc them Trd cap Khu vuc Dan tdc (bien gia) Sai sd
Sdnam (cac Idp tren 12 nhu 13:
giao due nghe nghiep hay bang cap khac, 14' cao dang, 15: dai
hoc, 16: sau dai hoc) nam nam 1: nam, 0: nO
Ngirdi Ngudi
Nghin dong/nam
1. cd, 0: khdng 1:cdnhan, 0: khdng nhan
1: thanh thi, 0: ndng thdn 1: Kmh, 0: Hoa, Khmer, Cham, .
Huy (2012); Khdng Tien Dung va Pham Le Thong (2014);
Tansel va Birean (2006), An- dreou (2012)
Khdng Tie'n Dung va Pham Le Thong (2014)
Huy (2012), Khdng Tien Dung va Pham Le Thdng (2014);
Hashimoto va Heath (1995) Khdng Tien Dung va Pham Le Thdng (2014)
Dang (2007)
*
+
•f
+ +
*
+
+ +
Ngudn: Nhdm tdc gid tdng hop
la mffc gia tri kha tai Viet Nam, tuy nhidn cd stf phan hda gi^u ngheo khi mffc dp chdnh Idch thu nhSp tha'p nha't va cao nha't lan Itfdt la 1,81 trieu va 4,18 ty ddng. Ve bie'n "hpc thdm" cd gia tri trung binh =0,13, cho tha'y cd rat It ngtfdi di hpe them tai linh. Gia tri trung binh ciia bie'n "trd ca'p" cdn qua tha'p, chi dat ty le 0,08. Bie'n "khu vtfe" cd gia tri trung binh = 0,29 cho tha'y ngffdi dan sd'ng chu yd'u d ndng thdn, dieu nay phan anh dung thffc te' cd ca'u dan sd' tai An Giang. Theo
Tong euc Thd'ng ke, (2017), ndng thdn la dia ban chie'n Itfdc ciia tinh An Giang vdi dan sd' khu vtfe ndng thdn chie'm 69,2%.
Chdnh Idch giffa sd' ngtfdi la nam va nff di hpc gid'ng nhau, cao nha't la 3 ngffdi va tha'p nhat la 0 ngffdi. Tuy nhien, trung binh nff di hpc la 0,74 cao hdn nam gidi di hpc trong gia dinh la 0,68, cho tha'y quan diem ve vide cho nff gidi di hpe da khac trffdc day, khi cho rang phu nff khdng nen hoc nhieu, chi nen d nha phu giiip edng vide gia dinh. Bid'n "dan
TAP CHi CONG THtrONG
Bang 2. Thong ke mo ta cac bien trong m6 hinh Bien so
Trinli dp hoc van cua chu hp Tuoi cua chu ho Gidi tinh cua chu ho So nam di hoc So nQ dl hoc Thu nhap ciia HGD Hoc them Tro cap Khu VUC Dan t6c (biS'n gia)
Oon v| tfnh
nam Nam 1:Nam, 0.1^0
Ngudi Ngudi Nghin ddng/nam
I.Cd.O: Khong 1' Cd nhan, 0' Khdng nhan
I.Thanh thi, 0. Ndng thdn 1 • Kinh, 0' Hoa, Khmer,
Cham ..
ScTquan sat
487
478 183
487 Tmng
binti 5,63 49,47 0,82 0,68 0,74 195.343,50
0,13 0,08 0.29 0,96
ctluan 4,07 13,78 0,39 0,66 0,67 522 755,90
0,60 0,27 0,45 0,21
Nhd nhat 0 23 0 0 0 1.810
-4 0 0 0
Ldn 2 nhSt 1
15 92 1 3 3 4.18O.O00
1 1 1 1
Nguon- Sdheu tinh todn tU VHLSS (2008 - 2016)
tdc" cho thay da phan ngffdi dan d An Giang la ngffdi Kinh, cae dan tdc khac nhff Cham, Hoa, Khmer,... chie'm rat it.
3. Kd't qua nghien c^u va thao luan Kel quS hdi quy khi loai bd trtfc tie'p cac bidn trong md hinh bang phffdng phap Stepwise vdi alpha 10% va tinh gia tri tac ddng bidn tai An Giang dffde trinh bay tai Bang 3.
Kd't qua cho ihS'y bid'n "thu nhap" khdng tac ddng den chi tieu cho giao due. Bie'n "trinh dp hpc va'n eiia chii hd" cd y nghia thd'ng ke d mffc ^ nghia 1%, tac ddng dffdng ldn ehi tidu cho giao due, vi khi chu HGD cd trinh do hoc vS'n cao hdn thi chi lidu cho giao due tang them, trong dieu kidn cac ye'u id'khac khdng ddi.
Hai bie'n "sd nam di hoc" va "sd' nff di hpc"
Bang 3. Ket qua phan tich ho! quy adc lUdng mo hinh cac yeu to anh huffing den chi tieu cho gido due cua HGD tinh An Giang
Bien so Hang sd Xi - Hpc van cua chu hd X4 - So nam di hoc X5 - Sd nO di hpc X2 • Tuci ciJa chu hp Xj^ - Binh phuong cija X2 Xg - Khu VUC Log pseudoiikeiihpod
HI so -15.556,190"*
404,736*"
3098.590*"
1.904,775"*
453,882***
-3,803"
1.600,393"
-4.836,400
Sai 50 chuan 3.433,246
107.3634 772.0233 517.7976 126.2662 1 204523 712.6288 Prob > F
Gia trip 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,002 0,025 0,0000
Dy/Dx
298,981 2.288,952 1.407,072 57,167
1.182,222
Ghichij:\ " ,'" lan luat bieu difn cac mdc y nghJa 10%, 5%va 1%
'guon: Sd lieu duac tinh todn tif Vtl L:'. i 2008-2016)
90 So 7-Thdng 4/2019
QUAN TR!-QUAN LY
cd tac ddng de'n mffc chi lidu cho giao dtic. Gia dinh cd nam di hpc chi nhieu hdn gia dinh ed nff di hpc, trong dieu kien cac ye'u id' khac khdng doi.
Dieu nay eho tha'y, mffe ehi tieu cho nam eao hdn nff, do dd eac hd can can bang chi lidu cho ca nam va nff trong khoan muc ddu tit cho giao due.
Bien "tudi eua chu HGD" cd tac ddng de'n chi lieu cho giao due, vdi mffc y nghia 1%, vi khi tudi cua chu HGD lang thi mffc chi cho giao due cung tang them, trong diiu kien cac yd'u to'khac khdng ddi. Tuy nhien, tuoi tac ddng de'n chi lieu cd xu htfdng giam dan, tuoi chu hd cang ldn ed xu htfdng ehi lidu it lai.
Cud'i cung, bid'n "khu vtfe" cung cd tac ddng de'n chi tidu cho giao due. Bdi cac HGD thudc khu vtfe thanh thi se cd mffe chi tieu cho giao due cao hdn khu vtfe ndng thdn.
Kd't qua cung eho thay HGD cd sd nam di hpc tang thdm mdt, ehi tidu trung binh cho giao due tang khodng 2,3 trieu ddng/nam; dd'i vdi nff, con sd nay tha'p hdn va nam trong khoang 1,4 tridu ddng/nam. Ben canh dd, khu vffc thanh thi cd chi tidu trung binh cho giao due cao hdn khu vffc ndng thdn khoang 1,2 tridu ddng/nam. Ngoai ra, trinh dp hoc va'n ciia chii hd tang len thi chi lieu trung binh cho giao due tang gan 300 nghin ddng/nam. Va khi chu hd tang thdm 1 tudi, chi tidu trung binh eho giao due lang hdn 57 nghin ddng/nam, vdi xu hffdng tac ddng bidn giam dan.
4. Ke't Iu3n va khuye'n nghi 4.1. Ket lu4n
Kd't qua nghien cffu eho thay quyd't dinh chi tidu giao due cho nff cdn tha'p hdn nam gidi trong gia dinh, chffng td mffc dd binh dang gidi trong viec cho eon chau la nff di hpe cdn chffa can bang. Chi tidu
eho giao due tai An Giang cdn ma't can dd'i khu vtfe thanh ihi hay ndng thdn, nhffng gia dinh d thanh thi va chu hp cd trinh dp hpc vS'n cao hdn se cho xu hu'dng chi tidu cho giao due nhiiu hdn. Mdt yeu id' dtfdc nhieu nghien cffu tim tha'y cd anh htfdng de'n chi tidu cho giao due, dd la ye'u td tudi cua chu hd, tudi eang eao thi chi lieu giao due se cang nhieu nhffng cd xu htfdng tac ddng bidn giam dan.
4.2. Khuyen nghi
Dffa tren eac ke't qua nghidn cffu cd the tha'y cd sff phan hda gidi tinh trong chi tidu cho giao due eua eac HGD. Ba't binh ding trong chi tieu giao due, lam ddng lu'c phat trien ed thd kem hdn tiem nang, vi vay, can phai thay ddi tff duy trong vide dao tao eho giao due d ca nam va nff.
Ke't qua nghidn cffu cdn cung cap bang chffng ve va'n de chi tieu cho giao due khae bidt d thanh thi va ndng thdn, mdt va'n de xay ra trong nhieu nam. Vide thiic day chi lieu cho gi^o due se gdp phan eiSi thidn trinh dd cho ngffdi dan vilng ndng thdn, cung nhff dap ffng qua trinh phat trid'n va loan e3u hda hidn nay.
Nghien cffu cho tha'y trinh dp hoc vKn va do tudi tac ddng dtfdng ldn chi lidu eho giao due, nhtfng da phan ngffdi dan An Giang hien nay cd trinh dp chffa cao va tae ddng bidn eua tudi dd'n chi tieu giao due cd hffdng giam dan. Do do, can sff can thidp giiip dd tff chinh sach eua Nha nffdc, de thuc day nhan thffc va hieu bie't ve giao due, iff do, chi tidu va dau tff cho giao due d nhffng nhdm nay nhieu, dung htfdng va hidu qua hdn nffa. Bdn canh dd, Nha nffdc can cd nhffng chinh sach thuc day cac hd chi tieu nhieu hdn d bac giao diic cao hdn, de dap ffng dffde nhu cau lao ddng d thdi dai loan cau hda hidn nay •
TAI LBPU THAM KHAO:
1. Andreou, S.N (2012) Analysis of household expenditure on education in Cyprus. Cyprus Economic Policy Review, 6,17-38.
2. Dang, H. A (2007). The determinants and impact of private tutoring classes in Vietnam. Economics of Education Review, 26, 683 - 698.
3. Hashimoto, K, & Heath, J. A (1995). Income elasticities of educational expenditure by income class: The ca.^e of Japanese households. Economics of Education Review, 63 - 71.
TAP CHi CONG THIfdNfi
4. Huy, V.Q (2012). Determinants of educational expenditure in Vietnam. International Journal of Applied Economics, 9, 59 - 72.
5. Khong Tien Dung & Pham Le Thong (2014). Cdc yeu td anh hudng den chi tieu cho gido due c&ci ngudi dan d dong bdng song CUu Long Tgp chi Khoa hgc - Trudng Dai hoc Can Tho, 31,81- 90.
6. Mooch, P.R., Patrinos. H.A., & Venkataraman. M (2003). Education and eanings in a transition economy The case of Vietnam. Economics of Education Review, 22, 503 - 510.
7. Tansel. A, & Birean, F (2006). Denmndfor education in Turkey. A tobu analysis of private tutoring expenditures.
Economics of Education Review, 25,303 - 313. DOI- 10.1016/j.econedurev 2005.02 003.
8. Wooldridge, J.M (2012). Inlroductoiy econometrics: A modem approach (5ed). Canada: Cengage Learning
Ngay nhan bai: 10/4/2019
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va su'a chfia: 20/4/2019 Ngay chap nh§n dang bai: 2/5/2019
Thong tm tdc gid:
1. ThS. LE THI NGOC TIEN 2. ThS. CAO TIEN SI
Khoa Kinh te - Quan tri Kinh doanh, Trrfc/ng Dai hpc An Giang
FACTORS IMPACTING THE EDUCATION EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLS IN AN GIANG PROVINCE
• Master. LE THI NGOC TIEN
• Master. CAO TIEN SI
Faculty of Economics - Business Manogement, An Giang University
ABSTRACT:
This study was carried out by using the quantitative research method and data from Vietnam Households Living Standard Survey from 2008 to 2016 in order lo analyze factors impacting the education expenditure of households in An Giang province. The results point out that there are five factors impacting the education expenditure of household in An Giang province, namely (1) the number of males at school, (2) the number of females at school, (3) the education level of the householder, (4) hving area and (5) the age of the householder.
Based on the results, this study provides some suggesuons about the government's policies to increase the education expenditure at rural areas, improve the awareness of households about the importance of education, reduce the gender gap in education and allocate more financial resources for higher education.
Keywords: Education expenditure, deierminents. An Giang province, households
