Doanh nghiep nho va vufa Viet Nam trong chuoi cung ufrig toan cau
nganh cong nghiep dien tuf
NGUYIN TH! MINH THCf Tom t^t
Doanh nghiep nhd vd vUa (DNNW) Viet Nam cd nhffng ddng gdp quan trgng tdi ldng trudng kinhje, cung nhu xda ddi, gidm ngheo. Tuy nhien, su tham gia cua DNNW Viel Nam trong chuoi cung Ung todn cdu cdn tUang dd'i khiim tdn. Bdi viet phdn tich thuc trgng sU tham gia cua cdc DNNW Viet Nam trong chudi cung ffng todn cdu ngdnh cdng nghiep dien iff - mdl ngdnh cd nhieu ddng gop not bdt cho nen kinh te Viet Nam nhffng ndm gdn ddy. Phdn tich dinh luang cho thd'y nhffng dnh hudng tich cUc cua quy md doanh nghiep (DN), cung nhu trinh dd cdng nghi tdi khd ndng DNNW Viet Nam tham gia chudi cung Ung todn cdu ngdnh cdng nghiep dien tff, trong khi khd khdn tdi chinh cdn trd khd ndng nay cua DN.
TH khoa: doanh nghiep nhd vd vUa, chudi cung ffng lodn cdu, cdng nghiip diin tff
Summary
Vietnamese SMEs play an important role in economic growth as well as poverty reduction and hunger eradication. However, their participation in global supply chain remains modest. In this paper, the author aims at analyzing the current situtation ofVietnamses SMEs' participation in global supply chain of electronics industry - the significant contributor to Vietnam's economy in recent years. The quantitative analysis reveals that firm size and technological capacity have positive impacts on SMEs' ability to join the aforementioned chain, while financial constrainst makes il harder for them to integrate in that chain.
Keywords: SMEs, global supply chain, electronics industry
Gldi THIf U chinh, eung nhtf eae ngudn Itfc chien Itfdc (ADB 2015, OECD-UNIDO 2019). Do dd, cac chinli phu va cdc td Cdc D N N W dtfdc cdng nhan la chtfc qud'c td' ngdy cdng danh nhieu stf quan tdm, ho xtfdng sd'ng cua nen kinh te', chie'm ty Id trd, cung nhtf cd cdc chtfdng trinh, chinh sdch nham ddng dao ve so Itfdng trong edng ddng dd'y manh stf hien dien cua cdc D N N W trdn thi trtfdng DN cdc qud'c gia, ddng gdp quan trong qud'c te'thdng qua eae chudi cung tfng toan cau.
tdi tdng trtfdng kinh te' va tao cdng an Cung vdi ngdnh may mac, edng nghiep dien tuf la vide lam, ciing nhtf edng cudc xda ddi ngdnh cd td'c do toan eau hda dien ra manh me. Trong giam nghdo. Tai Viet Nam, D N N W nhffng nam gan day, cdng nghidp didn tif dtfdc ghi chiem ty trpng 97% tdng sdDN trdn toan nhan Id nganh cdng nghiep mui nhgn cua Viet Nam, qud'c, ddng gdp 45% vao GDP, 31% vao nam 2017 ddng gdp 28,9% tdng kim ngach xud't khau tdng thu ngan sach nha ntfde va thu hut trong vd 14% cho GDP (Tractus, 2019). Tuy nhidn, hdn 5 tridu lao ddng (Mai Phtfdng, 2019). nhffng thdnh tich ndy ehu ye'u tff ddng gdp cua cac DN Tuy nhien, thtfc tidn khdng ehi d dau ttf trtfc tid'p ntfdc ngoai (FDI), nhtf: Samsung, LG, Viet Nam, ma nhidu qud'c gia trdn the' Cannon, Panasonic. Do vay, nghien ctfu nay nham muc gidi deu cho thd'y, stf tham gia vao cac dich lam rd thtfc trang va danh gia anh htfdng cua cdc chuSi cung u^g toan cau cua D N N W nhan to tdi kha ndng tham gia chudi cung tfng loan cau cdn khd md nhat, ttfdng dd'i khiem td'n nganh cdng nghiep didn tij" cua D N N W Viet Nam.
so vdi cdc DN ldn. Dieu nay xua't phdt Trdn cd sd dd, tdc gia dtfa ra edc ham y ehinh sach ttf khd khdn ddc tnftig cua D N N W ve nham khuye'n khich stf tham gia cua D N N W trong trinh do cong nghd, kha ndng tid'p can tai chudi eung tfng toan cau.
'ThS., Khoa Kinh te Qudc te, TrUdng Dai hpc Ngoai thtfdng Ngdy nhdn bdi: 27/7/202Q; Ngay phdn bi$n: 08/8/2020: Ngdy duyet ddng: 21/8/2020
Econoniy and Forecast Review
25
c a sd LY THUYET VA PHl/ONG PHAP NGHIEN Cl/U
Cd sd ly thuyat
Cdc hinh thffc tham gia chudi cung iing todn cdu cua DNNW
Hidn nay, da cd nhieu nghien ctfu ve stf tham gia c u a D N ndi chung vd D N N W ndi ridng trong cac chudi cung tfng toan cau, song chtfa cd mgt dinh nghTa thd'ng nha't vd cdc hinh thtfc tham gia cila DN trong cdc chudi ndy. Trong bai vie't, tac gia tap trung phan tich mdt sd quan diem cua cae nha nghien ctftf ve hinh thtfc tham gia chudi cung tfng cua DN.
Rigo (2017) suf diing sd'lidu dieu tra DN cua Ngdn hang The' gidi (WB) de phdn tich stf tham gia eua DN d cac ntfdc dang phdt trien trong chudi cung tfng toan cau. Rigo cho rdng, DN tham gia vdo ehudi cung tfng todn cau Id cdc DN ed cdc hoat ddng thtfdng mai 2 chieu: nhdp khau dau vdo de san xua't va xua't khau dau ra cho thi trtfdng ntfdc ngoai.
Lopez-Gonzalez va Munro (2017) lai chia cdc hoat ddng tham gia chudi cung tfng todn cau thdnh hai mang: Lien ke't thtfdng mai (thdng qua edc hoat ddng xud't khau dau ra vd nhdp khau dau vdo); Lien ke't trong ntfdc vdi cac DN FDI (thong qua mua dau vao vd ban dau ra cho DN FDl).
Tdng quan vd cdc hinh thtfc tham gia cua DN trong chudi cung tfng toan cau cho tha'y, mac dil cdc nghien ctfu dtfdc thtfc hien dtfdi nhieu gdc dp khdc nhau, nhtfng deu chi ra rang, tham gia ehudi eung tfng todn eau gan lien vdi qua trinh qudc td' hda cua DN. Trong nghidn ctfu nay, hoat dgng cua D N N W trong chudi cung tfng todn c^u dtfdc hieu theo 2 hinh thtfc: (i) Tham gia gidn tie'p thdng qua cdc lidn kd't vdi DN FDl; (ii) Tham gia trtfc tie'p thdng qua cac hoat dgng xua't - nhap khau.
Tdng quan nghien cffU ve cdc nhdn tddnh hiSng tdi khd ndng tham gia chuoi cang ffng todn cdu cm DNNW Chi bdt ddu ttf nhffng nam 2000, ddc bidt sau khung hoang kinh te tai chinh thd' gidi nam 2008-2009, chinh phu cde ntfdc, td chtfc qude te', eung nhtf cdc nhd nghidn ctfu mdi nhdn tha'y stf can thie't xdy dtfng mdt mo hinh phdt trien kinh te' ben vffng va bao triim. Trong dd, mdt trong nhiTng muc tieu la tdng ctfdng cd hdi phdt trien cho cdc D N N W ndi chung va day manh stf tham gia cua cac D N N W trong eae chudi cung ihig toan cau ndi ridng.
Wignaraja (2013) tid'n hanh nghidn ctfu cdc nhdn td anh htfdng tdi stf tham gia chudi cung ffn| toan cdu eua cdc D N N W tai 5 ntfdc ASEAN, bao gom: Malaysia, Thai Lan, Phillippines, Indonesia va Viet Nam. Ke'tj^ua nghidn ctfu dtfa trdn tfdc Itfdng Probit da chi ra rang, quy md DN va vd'n ntfdc ngoai ed anh htfdng^ dch ctfc, trong khi mdi DN lai cd dnh htfdng ngtfdc chieu tdi kha ndng tham gia chudi cung tfng todn cau cua D N N W . Ddng thdi, trinh dd cua ngtfdi lao ddng va viec sd hffu ban quyen ntfdc ngodi, gia'y chtfng nhan ISO, bdng sang che'cung cd anh htfdng thuan chidu tdi ^stf tham gia cua D N N W trong chudi cung tfng toan cau. Tidp can tdi
chinh thuan ldi cung la mgt nhan td gdp phdn thtfc day ^tf diam gia trong ehuoi cung tfng toan clu cua cdc D N N W .
Urata vd Beak (2020) dd nghien cffU cdc nhdn td' anh htfdng tdi kha nang va mtfc dp tham gia chuoi cung tfhg toan cau cua D N N W . Ke't qua nghidn ctfu cho tha'y, edc nhan td phan dnh ddc diem cua DN, nhtf: Ndng sud't lao dgng; Quy md DN; Ty le sd hiJH ntfde ngodi, cung nhtf Trinh dd cdng nghe cd anh htfdng tich ei/c tdi kha ndng vd mtfc dd tham gia chudi eung tfng toan cau. Bdn canh do, vd'n sd hffu nhd ntfdc trong mgt so tfdc Itfdng lai cd anh htfdng tidu c\ic de'n kha ndng tham gia cua D N N W , bdi edc DN nhd ntfdc thtfdng cd hidu qua va ndng suat tha'p do khdng phai chiu dp Itfc canh tranh.
Tai Vidt Nam, Chfnh phu va mdt sd td chtfc, nhtf: WB, UNIDO, OECD cung ra't quan tam dd'n viec ho trd day manh stf tham gia ciia D N N W vdo chudi cung tfng todn cau.
Nghien ctfu cua UNIDO-UIBE (2018) bdn canh vide chi ra nhffng ldi ich tham gia chuoi cung ihig todn cau cung cho thdy, nhtfng han chd' cua DN Viet Nam, nhtf:
Quy md; Chi phi; Giao nhan hang hda, cCng nhtf va'n de cha't Itfdng Iam anh htfdng tdi kha ndng tham gia mang ltfdi san xuat cua Samsung ndi ridng. Do dd, can cd mgt nghidn ctfu ve cdc D N N W ngdnh cdng nghiep dien tff Viet Nam vd stf tham gia cua hp trong chudi cung tfng toan cau.
Phtfdng phap nghien cihi va md hinh de xuSft
De danh gid tdc ddng cua cac nhan to' tdi stf tham gia cQa D N N W trong chudi gid tri cdng nghidp didn tff, tdc gia su"
dung sd lieu dieu tra DN cua Tdng cue Thd'ng ke trong giai doan 2012-2016. Md hinh tfdc Itfdng Probit giiip danh gia dnh htfdng cdc nhan td tdi khd ndng tham gia chudi cung d^g toan eau cua D N N W .
P(Y_ = l\Xj = <p(fi^ + fiXj Trong dd:
Y^ la bien phan dnh stf tham gia ctia D N N W trong chudi cung dhg toan cau. Yi nhdn gia tri bdng 1, neu DN cd xud't khau hang hda va/hodc nhap khau dau vao vd/
hodc lidn ket vdi DN FDI vd biiny 0, neu khdng cd hoat ddng nay. Theo dn bie'n phu thuoc phan dnh kha ndng tham L'la chudi cung tfng loan cau ciia cdc D N \ - V.
V Ii nhdm nhan id phan a I .icdiem eua U N W V irong ntfdc, ni
DN; Sd ndm hoat ddng: Tri nghe; Tie'p can tdi chinh.
mo mg
26
Cdc bid'n trong md hinh dtfdc mieu ta cu the d Bang 1.
KET QUA NGHIEN CL/ll Thd'ng kd mo ta
Bang 2 cho tha'y, xet ve tudi DN, nhdm cdc DN tham gia chudi cung tfng dien tu" lai ed do tudi trung binh ldn hdn, nhtfng khdng ddng ke so vdi nhdm DN chtfa tham gia. Xet ve quy mo lao dgng, cac DN tham gia chudi cung tfng gd'p gan 3 lan so vdi hang ehtfa tham gia. Xet vd cam nhdn khd khan tai chinh, cd the thay, nhdm tham gia chudi ttf cam nhan it khd khdn hdn so vdi nhdm chtfa tham gia ehudi. Cam nhdn khd khdn tdi chinh cua DN didn tu" chtfa tham gia chudi cho bie't, mtfc dp khd khan tai chinh hp cam nhan Id 6,702, trong khi con sd ndy eiia nhdm da tham gia chudi chi la 5,449.
Nhtf vay, cd the ky vpng, khd khan tdi chfnh edng thd'p, thi DN cdng dS dang tham gia vdo chudi eung tfng toan cau ngdnh didn tff. Nhdm tham gia chudi Cling cho tha'y, may mdc thid't bi cd dp tudi trung binh tha'p hdn vd d trinh dp cao hdn ca may mdc thid't bi quan trpng nhd't vd quan trpng thtf hai so vdi nhdm chffa tham gia. Thd'ng ke nay phan nao phan dnh anh htfdng tich ctfc eua trinh dp cdng nghe tdi stf tham gia eiia D N N W trong chudi cung tfhg todn eau ngdnh didn tff.
PhSn tich hdi quy
Kd't qua md hinh hdi quy cho ngdnh dien tff trdn bd sd'lidu cua Tdng cue Thd'ng ke cac nam, ttf 2012 dd'n 2016 (Bang 3) cho thay, anh htfdng tich ctfe ciia quy md DN (lao dgng, doanh thu) tdi kha nang tham gia ehudi cung dtig. Dieu ndy khang dinh, DN cd quy md ldn hdn thtfdng cd khd ndng dap iftig dtfdc nhu cau khdt khe cua cde dd'i tdc trong chudi gia tri todn cdu, ddng thuan vdi cdc nghidn cuXi cua Wignaraja (2013), Urata vd Beak (2020).
Nhan to Tudi DN khdng cd y nghia thd'ng ke. Didu nay cd the ly giai thdng qua mdt thtfc td' la, edc D N N W ndi ridng va DN ndi dia ndi chung chi dam nhan nhffng phan vide ddn gian. Vi vdy, yd'u td kinh nghidm tfeh liiy qua thdi gian hoat dgng cung khdng h^n la mpt nhan to' thuc d^y kha ndng tham gia cua DN trong chudi.
Cac bien dgc ldp phdn dnh van dd tdi chfnh va trinh do cdng nghe eiia D N N W nganh didn tff cho tha'y, anh htfdng kha ddng nhd't vdi cdc nghidn ctfti di trtfdc.
Ndi cdch khdc, khd khdn tai chinh cdng
BANG 1; CAC BIEN COA MO HINH T&n biSh
Khd nang tham gia chuoi cung ihig Tuoi DN Quy mo lao dong Quy mo doanh thu Kho khan tai chinh
Trinh dp cong nghe
Tbtfdc do
= 1, neu DN co Eham gia chaoi mng iJng loan cau
= 0. neu DN chu'a tham gia chuoi cung iJng toan cau So nam hoatdong
Log (so lu'dng lao dong) Log (doanh ihu)
Kho khan tai chinh can trd hoat dong ciia DN trong cap bic Iff 0-10
Trinh do cong nghe cua may moc thie't bi quan trong nhlit
= 1, neu la Dung cu cam tay cd hoc
= 2, neu la Dung cu cam tay su" dung dien
= 3, neu la May moc do ngu'di dieu khien
= 4, neu la May m6c do may tinh dilu khien
USaSokJf^ vpns
+ + +
+
BANG 2: THONG KE Md TA CAC NHAN TO ANH Hd^NG TCfl S^f THAM GIA CUA DNNW NGANH DIEN TCf TRONG CHODl CONG CfNG TOAN C A Q
Tuoi DN Quy mo lao dong
Trinh do mdy moc thiet bi quan trong nhat Tr'inh do may moc thiet bi quan Irong thiJ hai Kh6 khan t&i chmh
DN tham gia chudi cung ihig
12,38 110 3.11S 2,988 5,449
DN chifa tham gia chudi cung AIR
11,78 41 2,876 2,57 6.702 BANG 3: CAC NHAN TO ANH HClCfNG S^f THAM GIA CUA DNNW
TRONG CHCldl GIA TR) NGANH DIEN TCf S:.. . ,
:SSaS^ftw„; , r
•'^,**-'-^^f&fet^„
Doanh thu Tudi DN Quy mo lao dong Kho khan (ai chinh Trinh do cong nghe
He so ttr do So quan sat Log Likelihood Akaike Inf. Crit.
BiS'n phv thu$c KhS nSne tham eia chuSi cuns tfn
fir 0,128***
(0,(M0) -0,007 (0,013) 0.007***
(0.001)
-1.450***
(0,397) 537 -291,143 590,285
(2) 0.163-- •
(0,055) -0,011 (0,013) 0,007**
(0,001) -0,072***
(0,018)
-1,277***
(0.425) 510 -267,432 544,863
: toan c l u ( 3 ) .
0,156***
(0.058) 0,016 (0,014) 0,007**
(0,001) -0,081*
(0,018) 0,423**
(0.117) -2,346***
(0,529) 510 -260,840 533,680 Trong do: *p<O.I;**p<0.05;***p<0.0}
ldn cang can trd kha ndng tham gia chudi cung tfng cua DN. Ke't qua nay ddng thudn vdi cdc nghidn ctf\i khac, nhtf: Wignaraja (2013), Urata va Beak (2020).
Dieu nay ham y tam quan trgng cua viec Chfnh phu, cdc cd quan bd, nganh, hidp hdi, ngan hdng giup thdo gd nhiTng vtfdng mac tai ehinh nhdm dd'y manh stf tham gia ngay cdng sau vd rdng cua D N N W trong edc chudi cung tfng toan cau.
Anh htfdng tich ctfc cua cdng nghe may mdc san xua't tdi kha ndng tham gia chudi cung tfng ciia DN,
Economy jnd Forecasi Revie
27
hay mdy mdc thiet bi cang hien dai, cang giup DN de dang tham gia chudi cung tfng hdn, ddng thuan vdi Wignaraja (2013), Urata vd Beak (2020). Nhtf vdy, ke't qua ndy cho tha'y, viec dau ttf vdo cdng nghd la vd ciing can thie't cho DN dd thue diy DN ndi chung vd D N N W nganh didn tu" ndi rieng tham gia vao chudi cung tfng todn cau.
KET LUAN VA HAiVl Y CHINH SACH Cdc D N N W cd the dtfdc htfdng ldi ttf viec tham gia chudi cung tfng toan cau, dd la cd hgi dtfdc hpc hdi kinh nghiem quan ly va chuyen giao edng nghe ttf cac dd'i tdc trong chudi, dae bidt la ttf cdc cdng ty da qud'c gia dtfng dau ehudi, ddng thdi Id cd hgi md rgng thi trtfdng, on dinh ngudn d^u ra.
Phdn tich tdng quan cho tha'y, D N N W mdi chi tham gia vao chudi gid tri ngdnh didn tijf d hoat dgng trung ngudn, tao ra gia tri gia tdng tha'p vd bi phu thudc cd diu vao ldn dau ra eiia cdc nhd cung cap ntfdc ngoai hodc cae DN cd vd'n dau ttf ntfdc ngodi, nhtf: Samsung, LG. Phan tich dinh Itfpng eung ehi ra anh htfdng tieh ctfc cua diu ttf cho khoa hpc, cdng nghd tdi kha ndng tham gia chudi gia tri loan cau cua D N N W . Tren ed sd ke't qua nghien cuXi, tdc gia de xua't mdt so hdm y chinh sdch, nhtf sau:
Thff nhdt, cai thidn mdi trtfdng kinh doanh cd the giup D N N W ngdnh didn tu" gia tang kha nang tham gia chudi cung tfng toan cau. Trong nhtfng ndm gan day, Chfnh phii dd cd nhffng thay ddi quan trgng trong ITnh vtfc nay vdi vide ddn gian hoa cdc thii tuc ddng ky, cap phep Icinh doanh, tao dieu kidn cho cdc DN mdi dtfdc thdnh lap. Tuy nhien, trong thdi gian tdi, de khuye'n khich cae D N N W tham gia vao cac chudi
cung tfng toan eau, Chinh phu can tidp tuc cai thien cac quy dinh, thu tuc hdi quan de tao dieu kidn cho cde hoat ddng xua't - nhap kh£u cua DN. Ddng thdi, Chinh phii can tang ctfdng stf nhat qudn ttong thtfc dii cdc quy dinh luat phdp de ttdnh nhffng tranh tung xay ra vd phan thua thidt la phfa DN.
Thiihai, nang cao ttinh dd cdng nghd la dieu kidn den quyd't de DNNVV cd thd tham gia va nang cao vi thd' ttong cdc chudi cung tfng loan cau. Tuy nhidn, vdi nhihig han che ve quy md va ngudn Itfc, DiVNVV rat can cd stf hd trd ttf phia Chinh phu. Chinh phii cd thd xem xet hd ttd cde DNNVV trong cdc hoat ddng san xud't thu" nghiem sdn pham, ddc biet vdl nhihig DNNVV cd dinh htfdng ddi mdl sdng tao. tham gia cum lien kd't nganh yd ehudi eung tfng toan eau. Ddng thdi, can cung cap ttf van cho DNNVV ve cdc tieu chuan cha't ltfdng ttong ntfdc va qudc te' de DN cd the nang cao chat Itfdng phu hdp vdi yeu cau ciia khdch hang.
Thff ba, Chinh phii can tdng ctfdng kha ndng tiep can vd'n, giam thieu khd khdn tai chinh eho DN. De lam dtfdc dieu nay, Chinh phii cd the xdc dinh nhffng dd'i ttfdng, ITnh vtfc tfu tien vd xdy dtfng ed che cha'm diem DN, ttf do ed the cd nhffng hd ttd diing dd'i ttfdng, giiip nang eao dtfdc hieu qua ciia cac chtfdng trinh hd ttd, cung nhtf gdp phan phdt ttien ben vffng cde DNNVV.U
_ TAI LIPU THAMJCHAO
I.Mai Phtfdng (2019). Phdt triin doanh nghiep nhd vd vffa gdn vdi lieu chi tdng trudng xanh, truy cap ttf http://www.mpi.gov.vn/Pages/tinbai.aspx?idTin=44959&idcm=188
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4. OECD-UNIDO (2019). Integrating Southeast Asian SMEs in Global Value Chains: Enabling Linkages with Foreign Investors, Paris, access from http://www.oecd.org/investment/Integrating- Southeast-Asian-SMEs-in-global-value-chains.pdf
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repec.graduateinstilute.ch/pdfs/cteiwp/CTEl-2017-01.pdf 6. Tractus (2019). Vietnam Electronics Industry
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World Trade Organization Publications
