.UdNG DAI HOC D 6 N G THAP Tap chi Khoa hoc so 12 (4-2015)
V GIA TRI LICH Sif - VAN HOA
CUA NGHE THUAT KIEN TRUC DAN GIAN DONG THAP
• ThS. Daang Thj Ngpc Minh*"' Tom tat
Kiin trdc ddn gian Dong Thdp ra ddi vd phdt trien gdn vdi qud trinh ddu tranh sinh ton, sinh ca ldp hiip cda ngUdi ddn Ddng Thdp. Ngodi gid tri ngfii thugt, cde cong trinh kii'n true cdn la nhihig thdnh a vdt chdt mang hai thd cua thdi dgi. phdn dnh qud tiinh khai phd, ehinh phuc vd thich dng vdi mdi trudng nhiin; phdn dnh nhiing triit ly ton gido vd tu tudng cua phuang Ddng cdng nhu su giao luu, tiip biin n hda giUa cde cgng ddng ddn tgc. Theo thdi gian, nghi thudt kiin trdc ddn giem ngdy cdng duUJe bo sung Ong nhdn tdmdi vd nang tdm gid tri di thich ling vdi xu thi phdt triin cua lich sd vd sU van dgng, biin n cda vdn hda, trd thdnh nhitng di sdn mang tinh nghi thudt cao cua cU tidn DSng Thdp.
Td khoa: kien trdc ddn gian, ngh$ thudt ddn gian, gid tri lich sd, gid tri van hoa.
1. D a t vdn d§
Nghe thudt kidn tnic ddn gian la mdt hi€n Ong lich sC" vd vdn hoa vi no thd hien nhtfng ian niem xd hoi. Id stf tidp ndi, kd thtfa cac di in vdn boa vd luon g i n lien vdi cdi dep. Trdn a bdn tinh Dong Thdp hi$n nay dang con Itftf gitf i bdo ton rdt nhieu cong tiinh kidn tiiic dan gian 5i rd't nhieu loai hinh, ddc trtfng ngh$ thudt long phti, d6c ddo. Viec nghi&n ctfu, tim hidu i kh6i phuc lai nhtfng gia tri lich sur - vdn h6a ia cdc kidn true dan gian ndy la vo cung quan ong vi trong xu htfdng hien dai h6a va todn ctu ia hien nay can phdi quan tam ddn van de bdo n vd phdt huy cdc gid tii cua di sdn truydn thdng, ong dd bao g6m cd di sdn kidn trdc ddn gian.
godi ra, n6 con gdp phan vdo viec ndng cao nhdn itfc vd stf hidu biet ciia con ngtfdi ve nhtfng di in kidn trtic cua 6ng cha da sdng tao trong sudt en trinh lich s*, ttf d6, ltfa chon nhttng gid tri lich hop de tidp tuc bdo t6n vd phdt huy tirong r nghiep kidn tao vd xdy d i ^ g qu6 htfdng.
2. C a c l o a i h i n h k i ^ n t r i i c d S n g i a n d i ^ T h a p
Kidn tiiic dan gian Ddng Thdp ve cd bdn bao am ba loai hinh chinh:
2.1. Lo^ii hinh kidn true cd phuc vu nhu c^u im Iinh, t m ngtfSng
Ngoai nhu cau sinh boat vdt chdt, ngtfdi dng Thdp da sdm quan tam ddn ddi sdng tam ah. Tai nhieu diem ddn ctf bdt d i u xuat hi$n
nhttng kidn trtfc dinh, chiia, midu cua ngtfdi Vidt hay nhtfng cong trinh thd ttf c i a ngtfdi Hoa...
mang gid tri tam linh, rin ngtfdng tiueng lidng cua c6ng dong ctf ddn bdn dia. Nhiiiig cong tiinh tidu bieu thuoc loai hinh nay bao gdm cdc cong tiinh gdn vdi chtfc ndng tdn gido - tin ngtfdng ci5a cong dong (gia tdc, ldng xd) nhtf: ffinh, den, chua, nha thd, dien, am, mieu... Nhffng cdng trinh ndy thtfdng dtfdc xdy dtfftg theo khudn mdu dan gian vdi ttf cdch id nhtfng ngdi nha cong ddng.
Dinh: gdm dinh Vmh Phtfdc, ffinh Tdn Quy Ddng, dinh Tdn Quy Tdy, dinh Tdn Phu Ddng, dinh Tdn Khdnh, dinh Long Khdnh, dinh Tan Tich, dinh Long Khdnh, dinh Dinh Yen,... Trong dd dinh VTnh Phtfdc (Sa D6c), dinh Dinh Yen (Ldp V6) dtfdc xem Id nhffng ngdi dinh tidu bieu.
Chua: gom cdc kidn true ndi tidng nhtf chtfa Htfdng (Phtfdc HuHg Ttf), chtfa Ong Qudch (Kien An Cung), chtfa Bd,...
Mii'u: gom mid'u bd Chua Xtf, midu Ngu Hdnh,...
2.2. Lo^i hinh kidn triic cdng sd (xdy dtfng trong thcfi Id thu$c Phap)
Dd Id nhtfng cong tiinh dtfdc xdy dtfng ldm tru s6 cdc cd quan cdng quyen hoac Id de phuc vu cho cdc nhu cau cdng cdng, cho dd'n nay vdn cdn tdn tai. Gid tii dan gian tiong loai hinh kidn tnic ndy khdng ro ldm so vdi cdc loai hinh khac vi thtfdng thien v^ kieu kidn true "bdc hpc " Phdp hdn, ngoai trtf mot sd kidn tnic cd stf pha trdn gitfa ldi kidn true Phdp vdi kidn true phtfdng Ddng.
Nghien ciJu sinh, Khoa Van hoS - Du lich, Tnfdng Dai hpc Dong ThAp.
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TRUCfNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chl Khoa hoc sd 12 (4-201!
2.3. Loai hinh kidn true dan dung Ddy la nhtfng cdng trinh do nhdn ddn xdy dtfng, chu ydu la nhd d, bao g6m:
Nhd trit d nong thdn: gom nhffng ngoi nha bang g6, ldp ngdi cua nhtfng ngtfdi gidu d Tdn Phii Ddng.
Nhd tret d cha: bao gom nhiftig ngdi nha xdy bdng gach, ldp ngoi cua nhffng thtfdng nhan thdnh dat, tri thtfc Tay hoc.
Cdn phd tret, pho laud cha: g6m nhffng ngdi nhd xdy bdng gach, cd gdc idu bang vdn, ldp ngdi cua nhttng ngtfdi Hoa budn ban d chd.
Biit thu cd: g6m nhffng ngdi nha xdy bang gach, lau due, ldp ngdi, cd san, cd vtfdn, cd hang rdo kien cd vd cd cdng sat... Da so' Id cua nhffng cdng chtfc Tdy hoc.
Hien nay, loai hinh kidn true nay con de lai nhtog di sdn kid'n h-iic tidu bi^u nhtf: Ngdi nhd cd cua dng Le Vdn Vo, nhd c6 cua dng Nguydn Van Thtfdng, nhd co cua bd Trdn Thi Ngtfu, nhd cua dng htfdng chu Dtfdc, Nhd co Huynh Thuy Le.
3. Gia tri lich suT - van hda cua nghd thu^t kid'n triic ddn gian
3.1. Gia tri lich sS
3.LL Thdnh ttfu vgt chdt mang hai thd cda thdi dgi
Nghe thudt kid'n true dan gian Id ket qud cua cd mdt qud Mnh lich stf vd tidp bidn van hda. Lich sff kidn true phdn anh mdt phan stf vdn ddng, phdt trien ciia xa hdi, cua mdt edng d6ng dan ctf nhdt dinh. D6ng Thdp ed gan nhtf day du ede loai hinh kien trtfc ddn gian cua ngtfdi Kinh, ngtfdi Hoa, ngtfdi Khmer vd ca nhffng kid'n true mang phong cdch phtfdng Tdy. Ddy la kd't qud ciia mdt qua trinh Hch stf lau ddi vd dly bien dong din ddn stf cdng etf ci3a cdc cdng dong dan tpc ttdn cilng mdt dia bdn vd stf hpi nhdp vdn hda Ddng - Tdy. Vi vdy, tiidng qua stf phdt tiidn phong phii va stf bidn ddi da dang cOa cdc loai hinh kien tnic ddn gian a Dong Thdp, cd tiid tiiay dtfOe qud trinh phdt tiidn cua vDng da't ndy vdi nhidu tiiang ttdm hch sff. Chung Id nhffng tiidnh ti^u vdt chdt mang dd'u d'n tiidi dai, phdn anh cu tiid nhat nhtfng bien ddng ciia Iich su* ddn tdc; phdn dnh vd qua trinh tdc ngtfdi vd qud trinh khai pha, chuih phue vd thich ffng vdi Ui nhidn cua con ngtfdi Ddng Thdp ttong lieh sff.
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Nhtfng ngdi nha san, nhd gd, nhttng ng{
dinh, ngdi midu cua ngtfdi Viet, ngtfdi Khmer ha nhttng ngdi chua eua ngtfdi Hoa eho thd'y dauvf cua mdt thdi ki khai hoang, ldp d'p. Ngodi ra,iii eon Id dd'u vdt vdt chd't phdn anh qua trinh tfi ngtfdi, cdng ctf lau ddi giffa cdc ddn toe s&^
chung ttdn manh dd't Dong Thdp. Hay nhthigngfi nhd kieu biet thtf bang be tong dtfdc xdy di^
mupn hdn phan anh dd'u tich eua thdi ki thilfel
Phdp ttong lieh sff ddn tpc. ,^
3.L2. Phdn dnh qud trinh khai phd. cifi phuc vd thich Ong vdi mdi trUdng tu nhiin
Van hda an, d eiia bd't ki cpng ddng cif ^ nao, du sinh sdng d ddu cung thtfdng mang nh^
net dac thtf vd phtf hdp vdi mdi trtfdng sinh tM ttf nhidn. Do do, ngay ttf nhffng ngdy dau ti6n ^ chdn Idn manh dat Dong Thap vd nhttng vfing ^ khac d Dong bang sdng Cffu Long - vdn 1^ vilii{
da't tha'p, nhieu chd quanh nam ngdp ntfdc - ba ki tde ngtfdi nao deu khong ehi choang ngdp feSai thidn nhien hung vi va hoang da md cbn rS't Iun{
tling khi ltfa ehpn eho minh cdeh thffc dinh cU sa(
eho phu hdp vdi viing sdng ntfdc menh mongn^y Hp chpn ctf tni tten dd't Udn nhtfhg gdn hin vd sdng ntfdc de tan dung sdng ntfdc trong I^m an di Iai [9, tr. 458]. Nha cffa, thdn ap cda ngtffl Ddng Thap cung nhtf cua ngtfdi dan Tdy Nam b(
thtfdng dtfdc dtfng Ien sat cac kenh raeh, ddcti^J Id d eac nga ba sdng, nga ttf cde true giao th6nj thliy bp. Khdng nhffng tiid, ngtfdi Ddng ThdptB nhttng ngdy dau khai hoang, ldp dp da chon itfi cho minh nhffng kidu kidn tnic nhd d 6.kc tnni|
de phu hdp vd thich nghi vdi mdi trtfdng sonj ntfdc, dae bidt Id vung triing ngap ntfdc nhif D^nf Thap Mtfdi. Nhin chung, kien tiiic nhd d di ngtfdi Ddng Thap cd 3 dang cd bdn: nhd d^t, nfai san vd nha nffa san nffa dd't.
Nhd ddt xudt Men sdm nhat, ttf nhttng ng^]
ddu khan hoang. Kidu kidn tnic ndy phu hcfp t nhttng vung da't cao rdo, it khi ngdp ntfdc nhi nhffng gidng dat cao, vung cii lao hay nhttng khi vtfc chuyen trdng cay an qud. Nen nhd thi/Sni dtfdc dap bang dd't dao mtfdng, ddo ao quanh nhii Ndn eao hay thdp phu thudc vdo dd ngap noDi hay sdu d mdi ndi, ldm sao phu hdp vd tiiich fli^
dtfdc vdi Itfdng ntfdc vd stfe ntfdc thay ddi vl' nhttng mtfa mtfa, mua ntfdc ndi. Kieu kien ttfii
•UCflMG DAI H O C D O N G T H A P Tap chl Khoa hoc so 12 (4-2015)
y thtfdng thdy d nhtttig ngdi nhd thudc vung idu Thdnh, Sa Dec.
Nhd nUa sdn nda ddt Id loai kidn trflc thtfdng dc xdy dxtng d ven song, rach, kinh, mtfdng hay dng Id. Nhin chung, nhd nffa sdn nffa d^t thich p vdi vung ddt khdng dtfpc bang phang hay chat p nen bupc phdi tan dung them mat thodng cua e con sdng, kinh, rach de ndi rdng khdng gian id d. Hp thtfdng xay nhd theo kieu mdt tien ngdi id Id nen dat, gidp Id cdn mat sau cua ngdi nhd nhd sdn, cdt cdm dtfdi ntfdc (cd the Id sdng hay
;nh, rach, mtfdng). Chidu cao nha dtfdc tinh todn o cho khdi bi ngdp ntfdc vdo miia mtfa. Ddi khi td cdt dpc dtfdng 16, phia sau khdng cd kinh rach d Id mdt khodng ddt thdp thi hp cung cd thd cdt eo kidu nffa dd't nffa san vd luc ndy khodng tdng gian ben dffdi nhd san hodn todn cd the tdn ing ldm kho chtfa do, thdm chi ldm ndi sinh boat, ieu kie'n true nu^a sdn nffa ddt nay cd the thdy i rde dpc theo nhiihg con 16 nho nong thdn cdc lyen Cao Lanh, Thanh Binh, Tam Ndng, Id itfng vung it bi ngap sdu.
Nhd sdn Id hinh thffc ctf tni khd phd bidn d dng bdng sdng Cffu Long ndi chung vd Ddng tiap ndi rieng, ddc bidt Id d nhffng vung triing ly ngdp sau vdo mua mtfa lu nhtf Ddng Thdp itfdi. Hdng ndm, cd hai ba thdng bi ngdp sau cd u dd'n hai, ba thtfde ntfdc. Tren vung dd't Ddng ldp con ltfu lai dd'u vdt cua kidn tnic nha san ttf t sdm. Cff ddn cd Phu Nam - 6 c Eo dd ctf tiii sng cdc ngdi nha san md ddu tich ciia hp con
; lai Id nhffng cpc g5 chdn sdu hodc chim sdu 3ng ldng da't. Khi Iffu dan Viet ddn day khai phd, ) dd tan dung kidu kidn true ndy dd thich ffng ti vtfng dat ttung hay ngdp ntfdc. Hp thtfdng sff ing n h ^ g cdy gd tdt, Idu nam tudi dd ldm cpc
! nhd sdn. Hd thdng cdt cua nha sdn dtfdc kd't In nhau bang nhffng thanh dd de tdng kha ndng Long lai sffc ntfdc vd stfc nang cua ngdi nhd.
gdi nhd san cua ngtfdi Ddng Thap ndi rieng vd
;tfdi Tdy Nam bp ndi chung khdc vdi ngdi nhd n d mien Tmng hay mien Bdc. Thay vi lam cdt n lidn vdi cdt nhd de giiip ngdi nhd vttng ch^c eo chilu dtfng khong bi bao ldm do nhtf nhffng [di nhd 5 midn Trung hay mien Bac tiii nhiftig
;di nhd 6 Tdy Nam bp ndi chung thtfdng ldm cdt n rdi vdi cpt nhd. Cd le, do viing Tay Nam bp
it cd bdo nhtfhg lai thtfdng xuydn ngdp ntfdc do mtfa lu ndn cdn ldm cpt sdn bang be tdng hodc bdng dd khdi de hdng nam khi ntfdc ngdp cpt san it bi htf hong, mdi muc, ne'u cd htf hong cung rd't dd thay. Ttfy vung thtfdng ngdp sdu hay ngdp can md thiet kd dp cao cua cpt sdn vdi cdt nha cho phu hdp. Cd nhiJng vung ngdp sdu nhtf Tdn Hdng, Hdng Ngtf, cdt sdn va cdt nha cua ngtfdi ddn cd khi eao gan 2m. Nhffng vung ngap it nhtf Thanh Binh, Cao Lanh tiii ldm nhd sdn thap hdn. Loai nha sdn nay vtfa cd tdc dung ttdnh ntfdc vdo mua lu, vffa dung gam san ldm nOi chtfa dd vdo mua kho.
Kidn tnic nhd d eua ngtfdi Ddng Thdp ndi rieng va ngtfdi Tdy Nam bd ndi chung ngodi de thieh tfng vdi mdi trtfdng sdng ntfde cdn Id de ddi phd vdi khi hdu ndng ndng cua vung ndy.
De chdng nang, ctf ddn d ddy thtfdng cd xu htfdng xay nhd theo kidu "kidn trdc md ". Dtfa vao binh dd kid'n true, kien tnic ngdi nhd sinh boat cua dan ban dia thtfdng cd bd'n kidu: nhd chtf dinh (nha cbinh vd nhd phu vudng gdc vdi nhau); nhd sap dpi (con gpi Id xdp dpi, ndi dpi hay sdc dpi - n M ttdn va nhd dtfdi song song vdi nhau); nhd thdo bat (nha sdn hoac nffa sdn nffa dat, cd hang hidn rpng); nhd bat dan (ba gian hodc ndm gian hai chdi). Trong nhd it vdch ngdn vd ndu cd thtfdng Id vdch Iffng de tao stf thodng khi cho ngdi nha.
Vdi kdt cdu dd, tao ndn khdng gian ngdi nhd thodng mdt, ddn gid mat quanh ndm.
Diem nhdn ddc biet trong tac dung chdng ndng cua ngdi nha ngtfdi midn Tdy chinh Id hdng hidn dtfdc ldm rdt rdng, md ddn bdn xtf quen gpi Id "hdng ba". Hang ba la ddc didm kidn tnic ddc sac va phd bid'n ciia nhffng ngdi nhd midn Tdy.
Hdng ba khdng can phai kien cd, vttlig chai vi d ddy It gid bao to nhff midn Trung. Nhimg hdng ba phdi du rdng dd giiSp cho ngdi nhd ttanh khoi hi tat vdo mtfa mife vd ttanh dffdc edi ndng gdt vdo mua nang. Vi vdy, cd the ndi, hdng ba Id ndi ttdnh nang, ttdnh mtfa vd tan htfdng dSy dH nhdt mpi htfdng gjd thdi vao nha; la ndi gan kdt gitta khdng gian kin cua ngdi nhd vdi thien nhien bdn ngodi;
the hidn stf thich nghi vd tfng xff kheo ldo cua ngrfdi Nam bp vdi khi hdu nhidt ddi ^m gid mua (thodng khi, chdng oi bffc, chd'ng bffc xa mat ttdi, chdng miia tat, md'i mpt, nam mdc...). Kieu kidn tnic nhd vdi hdng ba ndy khdng qud xa la ddi vdi 6 1
TRUONG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tgp chl Khoa hoc so 12 (4-201, ngffdi ddn Ddng Thdp, dac bidt la d nhffng vung
ndng tildn. Hp thtfdng cdt nhd san vdi hang ba bao quanh ngdi nhd, tiiffdng rpng khoang lm, ed khi rdng hdn.
3.2. Gia trf vdn hda
Ngdi nhd 5 ddn gian hay cac cdng tnnh tdn gido tin ngtfdng ddn gian, khdng chi cd phin "xae"
vat chat, md con cd cd phdn "hdn". Ngdi nha se khdng the Id nhd d ndu nhtf nd khdng dap ffng nhtfng nhu elu vd vdt chS^t, flnh cam va cd tdm Iinh cua con ngtfdi. Vi vdy, cdc kidn true ddn gian phan dnh rdt rd ddi sdng vdn hda vat chdt, tinh thtn, tdn gido - tin ngtfdng cua ctf dan ban dia.
3.2,L Phdn dnh nhiing triit ly ton gido vd tu tudng cda phucmg Dong
CUng gidng nhtf kidn tnic Vidt Nam ndi chung vd kidn tnic dan gian Ddng Thdp ndi ridng it nhidu chiu dnh htfdng sdu ddm ciia tridt ly phtfdng Ddng, cdng vdi tinh than dao dtfc, Id nghia cua truyen tiidng ddn tdc. Didu ndy dtfdc the hidn d kdt cdu kidn tnic ben ngoai cung nhtf Idi tiang til bdn ttong, d Idi xdp dat theo phong tiiOy, edeh chpn phtfdng htfdng...
Ydu td vdn hda ttdn ed le xud't phat ttt quan nidm: eon ngtfdi sdng ttong nhd cd dtfde yen dn, dtfdc phd hp, che chd hay khdng Id tuy tiiupc vdo thd gidi tdm hnh md hp tin ngtfdng. Chinh vi vdy, cd ngtfdi Viet hay ngtfdi Hoa, ngtfdi Khmer d Ddng Thdp ddu de y dd'n viec kidng ky, cung kidn khi xdy ca't nhd cffa hay dinh ehiia midu md. Trong qud ttinh ldm nhd, hp tiitfdng tudn thu cde nghi tiitfe Cling kidn nghiem ngat, ltfa chpn htfdng nhd cho hdp phong thuy (thtfdng quay mat hffdng Ddng hodc htfdng Ddng Nam, trtfdc mat Id sdng ntfdc, sau nhd Id vtfdn cay hoac tiieo thd td tiianh long, htfu bach hd).
Ngtfdi dan eon xem mdi mdi cat nhd, edng Thd tildn trtfdc khi "ddng tiid". Ddc biet. Id "gdc ddn ddng" khi xdy nhd rd't dtfdc xem ttpng. Ca ngtfdi Vidt, Khmer, Hoa khi ldm Id gde ddn ddng ddu tteo bila, tiitfdng Id tam vdi dd ve biia dtfdi dang trit td ma. Nghi tiitfe ndy d ngtfdi Hoa la tiieo tich Khtfdng Thtfdng (tCtc Khtfdng Tff Nha, la khai qud'c cdng tiidn tiidi nhd Chu d Tnmg Qud'c).
Ngodi nhffng dde diem chung tten, ngdi nha cua ngffdi Viet, Hoa, Khmer cdn mang nhffng ndt 62
ridng nhmig vSn the hidn dam net ydu td triet tdn giao vd tff tffdng cua phffdng Ddng:
Vi du, ben ttong ngdi nhd ciia ngtfdi Viet Ddng Thdp thtfdng cd kieu bdn thd td ti8n tn btfc ttanh kieng to gin bang vdch ciia gian gij dd thd "Cdu huyin thdt td". Trtfdc ddy chii yg chl cd nhffng gia dinh theo Phat gido Hda Hio ml thd 4 chff ndy, nhtfng hidn nay viec tiid "Ctf huydn thd't td " khd phd bid'n trong nhuiig ngdinh d ndng thdn.
Cdn ngdi nhd truyen thd'ng cua ngtfdi Ho ddu cd chung mdt kidu nha ba gian. Gian giCadj ban tiid cd chtt "Thdn" bang Hdn ti^ (ndn d6, chi den). Chff "Thdn" d ddy cd y chl "Than minh' bao qudt Phuc dffc chinh thdn vd cdc vi tiian khiii vdi y nidm nhtf Ong Bdn - mdt dang Thd thlnli vi thdn bdo hd ngtfdi ddn ttong nhd, ttong ffii phtfdng. Gian ben ttdi ciia nhd la ban th6 td tiSi cd chff Td hode Td dffdng bdng Han tti. Nha cui ngffdi Hoa rdt chii ttpng bdy tri khu vtfc b ^ thi dng Bdn d gitta nhd.
Trong khi dd, tntdc ciia vdo nha ci5a ngifS Khmer thtfdng treo tranh kid'ng hinh vi Ch^i Balamdn, gtfdng mdt dtf dan, ed nhidu tay, mS tay cdm mdt loai vu khi dd ttd'n dp ta ma khonj cho xdm nhdp vdo nhd. Ngdy nay, cdng donj ngtfdi Khmer d Ddng Thdp khdng con nhieu nk net ddc thia kid'n tnic cua hp ttong vide bd tri ng3:
nhd d cung hi mai mdt di phan ndo.
3.2.2. Gid tri nghi thudt (Kii'n trdc - Diei khdc - Hgi hga)
Cdc cdng ttinh kid'n tiiic dan gian DdngThSf con lai den nay vdn gitt trong minh nhttng gia Hi nghe thudt gan nhtf nguydn ven, ddc bi$t Iil I ITnh vtfc kid'n tnic, dieu khac vd hdi hpa. Si;da dang trong kien tnic vd sinh ddng ttong diei khdc, hdi hpa da gdp phdn Idm nen dd'u in dS(
sac eua cdc cdng tiinh ndy. Vd dep, ve docSk cua nd dtfdc thd hien d mpi ndi, trdn moi chli lieu gd vd trdn cde dd tiid vdi nhidu ddt^i kh^
nhau. Td't cd cdc btfc cham, khac deu hffdng il^i cac gid tri chdn, thidn, mi nham the hidn si/ai Idnh, hanh phiic cau mong stf may man day il^
eua con ngtfdi ndi ddy.
Gid tri nghe thudt cua cdc edng tiinh kiet tnic ddn gian Ddng Thdp qua mdt sd cdng f^
tieu bidu:
J Q N G DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chi Khoa hoc s6 12 (4-2015)
Kiin true thudn Vi$t:
Phong each kien tiiic tiiudn Vidt tiitfdng dtfdc hien ttdn nhttng ngdi nhd ttdt bang gd d ndng in, dtfpc dtfng theo kieu ba gian, hai chai; mai I ngdi dm dtfdng, chidu ngang khd rdng, chidu 1 ttfdng ddi; cdch bai tri ttong nha trang nghidm, m lang bdi gian gitta ddt bdn thd Td tien va ffng do thd, vdt thd, hi thd dtfdc chdm sdc chu 0, c^n thdn.
Bdn canh dd, nhu^g ngdi dinh thin d Ddng dp da sd cung theo md-tuyp kien tnic truyen mg cua nhttng ngoi ffinh th^n ngtfdi Viet d Bac 1, nhtfng drfdc bidn ddi de phii hdp vdi ffidu kidn ong thd vd dia li Nam bd. Vdt h e u xdy dtfng i ydu Id go tdt; each bay tri trang nghidm;
idm didn tich khd ldn vd drfdc xdy drfng n h ^ g i trung tdm cua cdng ddng dan ctf. Tidu bidu 0 kidn trtfc ddc ddo ndy Id hai ngoi dinh thin:
til Vinh Phtfdc (Sa Ddc), dinh Dinh Ydn (Lap
>) vd ngdi chiia cd BuTu Htfhg (Lai Vung).
Ben canh dd, phong cdch kien true thuin dt cdn dtfdc phdt huy manh me vd dd lai nhvtng sdn qu^ d loai hinh nhd d sinh boat. H i u hdt ii nhan cua nhttng kidn hiic ndy ddu la ngffdi lu cd, cd the Iffc tiong xd hdi dtfdng thdi nen di nhd cua hp thtfdng cd t i m vdc ldn, thd hidn be the, quyen Itfc ciia chu nhdn. Ngdy nay, tfdi dtfdng thdi gpi nhttng cong trinh kidn true y bdng cdi ten "bidt thtf cd ". Trong sd rat nhieu
;t thtf cd 6 Ddng thdp con drfdc ltfu giff, bdo tdn n nay, cd khong It kidn tinic mang phong cdch dn todn tiiuin Vidt. Cd the kd ddn hai bidt tiitf ndi tieng Id ngdi nhd cd ciia ong Ld Vdn Vo nhd cd cua dng Nguyen Vdn Thffdng.
Kii'n trdc Trung Qudc:
Ldi kidn true ndy thdng dung ttong nhffng ng trinh cda nhiJng ngffdi Hoa dinh cff d Ddng ldp, cd d kien tnic nhd d vd kid'n tiiic thd trf Ilia). Didn hinh Id kidn true chua 6 n g Qudch idn An Cung) vd chua Bd tpa lac tai tiimg tdm inh phd Sa Ddc. Nhflng cdng tiinh ndy dffdc xdy hg vd cham khdc ehu ydu ttdn chd't lieu gd, tao n ydu tdkhdc bidt cua ldi kidn tiiic Trung Qudc Ddng Thdp.
3.2.3. Phdn dnhsifgiao luu, tiip biin vdn hda Ngodi viec v i n gitt nguydn nhttng gid tri ydn tiidng, ngh$ tiiudt kien tiiic ddn gian Ddng
thap cdn the hien stf mdm deo ttong vide tiep thu nhflhg yeu td mdi hay kdt hdp cac phong each nghe thudt lai vdi nhau tao ndn nhflhg cdng trinh kidn true ddc ddo. Dien hlnh la srfra ddi cua nhijtig kidn true mang phong cdch hda ttdn gifla Vidt - Hoa, Viet - Phap hay Hoa - Phap, tuy nhidn, ddc sdc nhdt Id nhfflig kidn tiiic mang ddng ddp ciia cd ba phong cdch kidn triic Vidt - Phdp - Hoa.
Ngdy nay, khach du lich ddt chdn ddn ddy se ngd ngdng khi nhin thd'y nhieu toa nhd cd (gdm bidt thff, chua, dinh) drfdc xdy diftig tiieo ldi kidn mic tmydn thdng Vidt Nam, ddng thdi kdt hdp hdi hda vdi ldi kien trdc phffdng Tdy, ttong do hdi tu dffdc ca net truyen thdng vd hidn dai, khai thdc tdi da cdc ydu td phong thiiy ttong mdi trffdng nhidt ddi (nhrf tdn dung cdy xanh, hang ba rdng chdng ndng vd mffa hat, thodng mdt). Ldi kidn trtfc kdt hdp ndy cd the bat gdp ttdn nhflhg ngdi nha cd d Dong Thap nhff nhd cda Sng Huang cd Tdnh, nhd bd Trdn Thi Nguu, nhd dng Trdn Phd Cucmg. Tuy nhidn, tidu bidu nhat vd dac sde nhit Id kidn trdc ngdi nhd cd cda ong Huynh Thuy Li.
Ddy Id ngdi nha cua mdt ngffdi Hoa dtfdc xay drfng cd stf kdt hdp eda cd ba ldi kidn true Viet - Ridp - Hoa ttf trong vat Ueu xdy dtfng eho ddn ldi kidn tiiic vd cdch bdy trf ndi tiidt. Cung Id nha ba gian nhtf nhttng ngdi nhd thuan Viet nhtfhg ldi kid'n trdc Vidt - Phdp - Hoa cd stf cdi bidn. Btfdc vdo ngdi nhd ta thiy cdt dd hinh lang tru, khdi cua vdng de cam hoa van, phii didu thdi Id Phuc Htfhg tiid ky XVn. G 5 Id chit hdu chinh cda cd^a, ldp ngodi ldi ra vdo cd khung gd dd keo ra drfdc dung dd nghi trrfa, Bdn ttdn Id btfc vdnh sdn son thdp vdng khac t d n ngtfdi chu nhan Huynh C a m Thuan. Ben canh dd, gian gitta cda ngdi nhd lai thd Quan Cdng r i t uy nghi, bdi khdm thd dtfdc cham ttd cau ky, cflng sdn son tiidp vang.
Ngodi ra, chua Huang (Phtfdc Hitfig Ttf) cflng Id mdt cdng trinh kidn true tieu bieu cho stf ket hdp cda ba phong cdch Vidt-Hoa-Phap, tao cho ngdi chua mpt vh dep vtta cd kinh vijfa uy nghidm.
Sd ^ chtfa Htfdng ed dtfdc net dae sdc kien tnic ndy mdt phin xuat phat ttf lich sd hinh thdnh vd phdt trien cua nd qua nhieu thdng ttim lich sd.
Day id ngdi chua vdn dtfdc xac nhdp trf mpt ngdi chua cda ngtfdi Hoa (Minh Htfdng) vd ngdi chiia cda ngtfdi Vidt. Sau dd, dtfdc xdy dtfng lai, den
63
TRUCiNG BAI HOC SONG THA? T^p chi Khoa hqc so 12 (4-2011 thSi Phap thu6c thi diTdc trang tu sSa chBa Mn hdn. D8ng cung^nhiT stf giao liAi, tiep bien van haagji Qua nhifo lin triing tu, t6n tao, ngdi chia vSn giff c4c cong dSng dSn toe. Theo dong thdi gian, ngb nguy6n nhiJng dudng net kien tnic nhtf thuS ban thuM kien trie dSn gian ngky ckng dtfdc bo sm diu dong thdi dtfdc bd sung th6m nhffng net kien thSm nhffng nhkn to mdi vk nSng tim gii tii ci trie vk dieu khic mdi mang hdi thd phtfdng T9y. no de thich tfng vdi xu the phkt trien cua lich i 4 K^t Iuan ^^ ^^ ^^" ddng, bi^n ddi cua vkn h6a. Gii in Ijc
^ j _ , , , j ^ ^ .^. sijf - van hda eua nhffng kien trie nky ngky cin Kien trie d9n gian Ddng Thip dtfde ra ddi °" f , •', " ™ , , , .^ ,, * - . j i f j - - Z i , , „ i , f S „ dtfdc ngtfdi dtfdng thdi khang dinh va ghi nl*
vk phat men gSn vdl qua ttinh dau tranh smh ton, • = . - _ j - - . - i , , i . ^ rT sinh eo lap nghiep eua ngtfdi dan D6ng Thkp, « n ' . ' ' ° nhtf nhttng di san mang tuJi thammy.lf.
ngay ttt nhffng ldp ngtfdi dtu tidn cua budi diu " ^ ^ * u a t eao vk lk net vkn hda dkc sae euang*
khai hoang, Kp Ip. Ngoai gik tri nghd thukt, eie Bdng Thip. Mky the ki troi qua, nhiftig kien tni cong trtnh k i & trie dkn gian Bdng Thap eon lk do vkn hien nhien ton tai nhtf nhkn chflng cho lit nhffng thknh ttfu vkt chit mang hdi thd c i a thdi sff va lk bko tkng sdng cd gii tti thuydt phuc nil dai, phin inh qui ttinh khai phi, chinh phue vk vd mot giai doan lieh sil, c6 y nghla vk gii tri di tiiich flng vdi mdi trttdng ttf nhiSn; p h i n i n h biet v l van hda truyen thdng, vi dao ly mk tif nhttng tri6't IJ ton giio va tti ttidng eua phttdng nhan da gfli gim./.
Tai li^u tham khao
[1]. Ban Tuy6n giao Tinh uy Ddng Thap (2013), Bia chi tlnh Bdng Thdp, NXB Tre, TP. HOI [2). Ngo Vin Be (2010), Bgc diem cdc di tieh lich sd cdp qudc gia d ttnh Bdng Thdp (Dl ll nghien cttu Khoa hoe cap Bp).
[3]. Nguyen Vkn Dung (2006), "Ddng Thip vki net xtta", Dong Thdp Xua vd Nay (sd 1), tr. 6-1 [4]. NguySn Httu Hidu (2007), Vdn hda ddn gian vdng Bdng Thdp Mudi, NXB Van ngh?. . [5]. Hpi IChoa hpc Lich sil tinh Bdng Thap (2004), Bong Thdp 300 ndm, NXB TrS.
[6]. Hpi Vin hpc ngh$ thukt Bdng Thap (2005), Vdn hda ddn gian Bong Thdp.
[7]. Hpi Khoa lipc Lich stt tinh Ddng Thip (2009), Bong Thdp Bdt vd Ngudi - tap II, NXB Tr(
TP. HCM.
[8]. Huynh Minh (2001), Sa Bee xua, NXB Thanh Nien.
[9]. Trin Ngpc Them (2014), Vdn hda ngudi Viit vdng Tdy Nam bd, NXB Vin hda - Vin ngh(
TP. HCM.
THE HISTORCAL AND CULTURAL VALUES OF FOLK ARCHITECTUKE IN DONG THAP PROVINCE
Summary
Dong Thap folk architecture has been estabUshed and developed in association with the people sttTjggle to survive and colonize. In addition to its artistic value, the architecture is also physic achievements of the times' Ufe, reflecting the process of exploration, conquest and adaptation lo tt natural environment. They also indicate reUgious philosophies and Eastern ideologies, as weU as cros culture contacts. Over time, Dong Thap folk architecture has accommodated new elements and o hanced its values in response to tfie historic-cultural development, making itself Dong Thap peopl heritage of great artistic values.
Keywords: foUc architeettire, foUc art, historical values, cultural values.
.LTONG D A I H O C D 6 N G T H A P Tap chi Khoa hpc so 12 (4-2015)
V A I T R O C U A P H A T G I A O N A M T O N G v d l D d i S O N G C U A NGUCfl K H M E R N A M B O
» ThS. Hoang Thi QuySnC*
Tom t a t
Bdi viit tgp trung md td niem tin, thuc hdnh ton gido (Phdt gido Nam tong), td do ehi ra vai tro cda at gido Nam tong trong ddi sdng cda ngudi Khmer Nam Bg. Vdi ngudi Khmer, triit ly dgo Phgt trd thdrdi tiidng chd dgo trong y thdc hi, no tdc dgng sdu sde den tinh each, ldi sdng cua con ngUdi nai day. Cdc kien mang y nghia lieh sd trong eudc ddi cda mot ngUdi Khmer td khi sinh ra, ldn len, di tu, cudi vg, ldy ong vd mdt di, tdt cd deu duac td chde theo nhdng tap tuc rieng, it nhiiu mang mdu sac Phgt gido. Ngdi da cd vi tri, vai tro dgc bi$t ddi vdi cdng ddng ndy.
Td khda: Niim tin ton gido, thuc hdnh ton gido, vai tro Phgt gido Nam tong, gido ly Phgt gido, tinh ch, ldi sdng cda ngudi Khmer
1. D$t v§'n d l
Ngtfdi Khmer d Viet Nam hidn nay cd trdn 260.000 ngtfdi, song tdp trung ddng nhat d cac Lh: Sdc Trdng, Trd Vmh, Ben Tre, Vliih Long, dn Giang va An Giang [4, tr. 8]. Ddi song tin
;tfdng, tdn gido ciia ngtfdi Khmer rdt da dang phong phu, mang dam bdn sac vdn hod ddn tdc.
ning ta cd th^ k^ d e n mdt so hinh thtfc tin
;tfdng ddn gian ciia ngtfdi Khmer nhtf: tin
;tf9ng Tdtem, tin ngtfdng Ardk, tin ngtfdng Neak L, tin ngtfdng cua ctf dan ndng nghidp. \ i tdn io, ngtfdi Khmer theo dao Bdlamon, Cong gido, 0 Tin ldnh nhtfng Phdt gido Nam tdng vdn la tl gido cd dnh htfdng rong rai vd sdu sdc nhd^t n cuoc song cua cdng d6ng nay. "O day Phdt So cd vai trd rd't ldn, gan nhtf chi phd'i mgi sinh lat cua con ngtfdi ttf thdnh thi de'n ndng thdn.
f nhieu th^ ky qua Phat gido Nam tong da dtfdc m nhtf Id quoc gido. Hinh ddng dtfc Phdt luon chd dtfa tinh thSn vtfng chdc nhat, t6n tai tfong tfc cua ngtfdi Khmer Nam bo ttf Idu ddi, vi vdy c phong tuc, tdp qudn, le hdi dan gian cho dd'n c sinh hoat tinh thin trong ddi sd^ng xd hdi deu it nhieu mang mdu sac Phdt giao" [3, tr. 224].
li viet tdp trung md td vai tro cua Phdt gido Nam lg trong ddi song ngtfdi Khmer qua viec phdn h dnh htfdng cua gido ly, cua thtfc hdnh vd niem 1 tdn gido de'n vdn hda, lo'i sd'ng ciia ngtfdi imer Nam bp.
2. A n h huTdng cua giao ly PhSt giao dd'n lh each, 16'i song cua ngtfdi K h m e r
Trong suot chilu ddi phdt tri^n ciia minh, vdo thdi ky ket tap kmh diln lln n (khodng 100 ndm sau khi dtfc Phdt nhdp Niet Bdn) Phdt gido cd stf phdn chia phdi bg thdnh: D a i Chiing Bd (Mahdsamghika) bao gom nhffng Ty Kheo tre mud^n thay doi 10 dilu trong gidi ludt vd so cdn lai bao gom nhiJng nhd stf chu trtfdng giff nguyen gidi ludt nguyen thuy hinh thdnh Thtfdng Tga Bg (Theravada). Phai Dai Chung Bg phdt trien dao cua nunh ldn phia Bdc sang Trung Quoc, Nhdt Bdn, Trieu Tien... dtfdc ggi Id Phat gido Bac tong hay Phat gido Bac truyen. Phdi Thtfdng Tga Bo truyen dao ve htfdng nam, phdt trien xuong Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thdi Lan, Campuchia, Ldo...
nen dtfdc ggi la Phdt giao Nam tdng, Phat gido nguyen thuy hay Phdt giao Tieu ThCfa. Phdt gido Nam tdng theo cac nha truyen giao ttf An D6 vdo vung Dong bang sdng Culi Long ttf rat sdm, cd tdi lieu ghi vdo the ky thtf III, cd tdi Udu ghi thd^
ky thtf rV. Khi vdo Viet Nam, Phdt Gido Nam tdng dtfdc ddng dao ngtfdi ddn ndi ddy ddn nhdn, ddc bidt Id ngtfdi Klimer. D i n ddu thd* ky XX, dai bO phdn cdc phum, sdc ciia ngtfdi Khmer d i u cd chua thd Phdt. Phdt gido Nam tdng trd thanh tdn gido chinh cua cgng d6ng ndy. Do vdy, Phdt gido Nam tdng d ngtfdi Khmer cdn dtfdc ggi la Phdt gido Nam tdng Khmer.
"Giao ly ciia Phdt gido Nam tdng Khmer dtfa trdn nen tdng Tam Tang Kinh bang tii'ng Pali (Pah Tipitaka). He thong Tam Tang Kinh nguydn thuy bang tieng Pali g i m Kinh tang, Ludt tang vd Ludn tang" [6, d:. 34]. Hidn nay, hd phdi Phdt gido Oioa xa hpi hoc, HQC vi&n Chinh tri khu vtfc IV.
65
TRUONG DAI HOC DONG THAP
Tgp Chl Khoa hgc sg 12 (4-20Nam tdng Khmer da dtfdc cdc cd quan chtfc ndng cho phdp nhdp 350 bg Dai Tang Kinh bang chff Khmer cho cdc chua Phdt gido Nam tdng Khmer d Nam Bg. Dilu nay tao dieu kidn thudn ldi cho ngtfdi ddn Khmer ti^p can vdi giao ly cua Phdt gido.
Ddc d i l m chii yeu trong gido ly Phat gido Id htfdng con ngtfdi den cdi thien. "Dao Phdt theo dao dtfc luan, ldy nhdn qua ldm phep tac chu yl^u xuydn sud^t trong kinh sdch de gido due con ngtfdi, ldy nhdn nghia ldm nen tdng dao dtfc, lay tinh thtfdng xda bd hdn thu, lay cugc song gidn di chdn chinh, dodn ket, binh dang, bdc di lam le sd^ng, ldy tinh thin dan chu, cdng bang, khdng phdn bidt ding cCp ldm chuin mtfc trong sinh boat cudc sd'ng, iCy con dtfdng trung dung lam cd sd hdnh dOng" [4, XT. 109-110]. He thdng gido ly cua Phat gido thl hidn quan diem nhdn vdn sdu sac. Hdn ntfa, cdc chain mtfc dao dtfc cua Phdt giao rd't cu thl, gdn gui ndn nd dd di vdo ddi sd^ng cua ngtfdi ddn. Vi du, Phdt gido dtfa ra quy dinh v l "ngu gidi (khdng sdt sinh, khdng trgm cap, khdng ta ddm, khdng ndi dd^i, khdng ud^ng rtfdu); thdp thidn (ttong dd c6 ba dieu thugc ve thdn la khdng sdt sinh, khdng trgm cdp, khdng td ddm; ba dieu thu0c ve ^ thtfc Id khdng tham lam, khdng thtf hdn, khdng si md; ho'n dieu thudc v l kh£u Id khong ndi dd'i, khdng ndi thdu ddt, khong ndi hai dieu, khdng dc khau.)" [8, tf. 7].
Dtfdc tilp xdc vd gido due theo tinh than ciia Phdt gido tiong suit cugc ddi, ndn diet ly dao Phdt ttd thdnh ttf ttfdng chu dao ttong ^ thtfc he ciia m l i ngtfdi Khmer, nd tdc dgng sdu sac d i n tinh cdch, loi s^ng cua con ngtfdi ndi day. Nhdn dao, thtfdng ngtfdi, dd ding cdm vdi ngtfdi nghdo kho Id ndt tinh cdch cua da sd^ ngtfdi Khmer, dieu ndy it nhilu bi dnh htfdng bdi quan nidm nhdn qua, ta Mdng vi tiia cua dao Phdt. Ngtfdi ddn ndi ddy tin rdng, di chiia ldm phtfdc cung nhtf lam rugng, ldm cdng nhieu dtfdc phtfdc cdng nhieu va ngtfdc lai. Hg tin rdng, b ^ tiii Id d l lam phtfdc, ttong nhffng hinh thtfc ldm phtfdc tiii cung nhtfdng thtfc dn cho stf sai vd cung tien cua de xdy ditiig vd hi bo chiia hay ldm cdc cdng vide phuc ldi cua Phdt gido Id phtfdc ldn nhdt: "tdt cd vdng bac cua cdi deu cd tile bi mat, chi cd ldm phtfdc bing each ddng Cling vdo chua tiii cdi phtfdc ay khdng ai ctfdp dtfdc" [3, tt. 224]. Song theo giao ly nhd 66
Phdt, ngtfdi Khmer diing tien kil'm dtfdc chi ti rd't it cho gia fflnh md gidnh phan ldn d l ciing i vide xdy diJftig chua. Sau khi Io vide ctfdi choo ngtfdi Khmer tiitfdng dem mdt phan tdi sdn cd vdo chua de ldm phtfdc tich dtfc cho kilp sau Tinh th^n ciu an, chdp nhdn cugc song hi tai cua Phdt gido anh htfdng khdng nho den song ciia ngtfdi ddn. Ngtfdi Khmer coi trpng ( sd^ng tinh thin hdn vdt chd't. "Tam ly xd h6ic ye'u Id htfdng ve "an ban, lac dao", ydn phSni ngheo nan lac hdu, it chu y den canh ttanh M^
ttien" [3, tt. 237]. D i l u ndy gdy dnh htfdng kho nho dl^n cdng tde xod ddi gidm nghdo cho c$
dong ngtfdi Khmer. "Theo dilu tta flnh hinh ( s6ng cua ngtfdi Khmer d tinh Sdc Trdng vdonJ 1993, CO tdi 67,48% s l ' h d ngtfdi Khmer lai ngheo. O hai huyen ngheo nhd't tinh Id Long PI hd nghdo chilm tdi 72,02% vd My Td, hO nghi ehiem 72,65%. Nhtf vdy, hdn 2/3 s^ hg ngu Klmier rdi vdo canh ddi nghdo" [7]. Cdc nghil ctfu gin ddy nhdt cung chi ra rdng t^ Id hO gia (fii ngtfdi Khmer rdi vdo tinh trang ddi nghdo lui duy tli d mtfc cao. So' lieu tiiong kd tinh Sdc Tra nam 2011 cho thd'y ty 1$ hg nghdo ngtfdi Khm Id 36,5% chid'm 43,4% sd^ hO nghdo ttong toi tinh [2, tt. 86]. Cdc nhd khoa hgc gidi thich hii ttfdng ddi ngheo dai dang ciia ngtfdi Klimer ni phdn do dia bdn sinh song ciia ngtfdi Khmer lui xa ttung tdm vdn hda, xa chd, xa tttfdng, xa t sd ldm vide cua cdc cd'p ehinh quyen.. NhuSg l sao ngtfdi Khmer lai ludn etf tni 6 ede dia b^n thudn ldi cho stf phdt ttien kinh te ? Dilu nky i t h l gidi thich do n h i l u ly do nhtftig mpt troi nhtfng ly do dd lidn quan dl^n y l u t l lich sfl"
tdn gido. Cdc trung tdm vdn hda, chinh tri thifJJi dong dtfc vd on do ttong khi dd ngdi chOa - tm tdm van hda, ndi sinh boat chung cila ngU Khmer lai phu hdp hdn vdi nhffng ndi yen lii tiianh tinh [10, tt. 263]. Ddy Id m0t l^ do gidi Ihi vi sao ngtfdi Khmer lai thtfdng sinh song d vil sdu, vung xa ndi cd it dieu kidn thudn ldi cho phdt ttiln.
Mac du t^ Id hg ddi ngheo cQa cdng <lo ngtfdi Khmer luon cao hdn cdc ddn tdc khSc fl ngtfdi Kinh hay ngtfdi Hoa nhtfhg ttong c0ngdo ndy cd rat it ngtfdi dn xin. Dieu ndy Id do ngi Khmer rdt dodn ket, sing cd ttdch nhidm vdi c$
:.UONG D A I H O C E ) 6 N G T H A P Tap chi Khoa hQC so 12 (4-2015)
ng. Hg thtfdng giup dd nhau ttong lao dpng, sdn lit vd ttong ddi sd^ng. Ngtfdi nghdo, ngtfdi cd id d i u dtfdc cgng dong gidp dd. Nhulig net tinh ch ndy it nliilu chiu dnh htfdng ciia ttf ttfdng oh dang, bdc ai, dodn kl^t, nhan nghia ttong giao
Phdt giao.
3. Anh hifdng cua n i l m tm va thuTc h a n h n giao d^n ddi sd'ng cua ngUdi K h m e r
N i l m tin tdn gido luon luon chiem vi tri quan ang ttong c^u true tdn gido. Ngtfdi ta khdng the 3 thdnh tin do eua mgt tdn gido, nd'u khdng ed I m tin vdo tdn gido do. "Nilm tin Id dinh htfdng d tri dtfdc xdc dinh viftig ehdc ttong nhdn thtfc vd li phoi hdnh dgng eua con ngtfdi. Niem tin khdng li tdc dgng den trf tue md cdn tdc ddng dl^n flnh im. Nd cd t h l ldm thay d l i •^ thtfc, ddng cd vd loi ing ciia cd nhdn" [9, tt. 20]. Nhd ? ^ hgi hge noi sng ngtfdi My T. Parson cho rang, hdnh dpng ciia
>n ngtfdi bi chi phoi bdi he thdng vdn hda nhtf gid i, chu^n mtfc xa hdi, nilm tin tdn giao.
Ngtfdi Khmer rd't tin d Dtfc Phdt. Phdt Id ndi le chd ve mdt tinh thin giiip hg vtfdt qua mpi
^uy hiem ttong eudc sd'ng. Khi gia fflnh cd ngtfdi m dau hay gdp khd khan, hoan nan, hp deu mdi i sdi dl^n nhd tung kinh, nidm Phdt mong cho tai ja nan khdi. Vi vdy, mpi gia dinh deu tiid Phat, hat dtfdc ddt d vi tti ttang ttgng nhd^t, thtfdng eao Sn bdn thd to tien.
Cdc stf kien mang y ngMa lich suf ttong cugc 5i ciia mdt ngtfdi Khmer ttf khi sinh ra, ldn len, I tu, ctfdi vd, Id^y chong vd ma't di, td't ca deu dtfdc t chtfc theo nhffng tdp tuc rieng. Trong ede stf idn dy d i u ed stf tham gia It nhieu ciia cde vi stf iy ndi cdch khac, nd d i u dtfdc t l chtfc vtfa mang nh ddn gian vtfa mang sdc thdi tdn gido. "Ngtfdi hmer diing ttf Bon vd Pithi de chi tdt ed cde dam
; ciia hg. Bon hay Bonya chi tMtng dam Id dtfde m theo dling ba hanh cua Phat gido Id thg gidi, 3 tiii vd nidm. Cdn Pitiii Id nhffng dam Id nhd 3n tiitfdng b^t nguin ttf nhffng tin ngtfdng ddn an md v l sau bi tdn gido, dac bidt la Phat gido 5ng hda It nhieu. VI du: Id cat tdc ttd dn mu - thi c5t sok bong bak chmon; Id gidp tuoi - pithi dop ehnon..." [6, tt. 34].
NhiJlig thtfc hdnh tdn gido nhtf viec vdo ehua hdnh, thtfc hidn ede nghi le ciia Phdt gido Id mdt
p h i n khdng t h l thi^u ttong sud^t cudc ddi mdt ngtfdi Khmer. "Hiu het d i n g bdo Khmer dii vdo chiia tu hay khong, hg deu ttf nguyen xem minh id tin d l cua dao Phdt" [1]. Vide tu hanh d6^i vdi ngtfdi Khmer khdng dtfdc eoi Id bon phdn hay nhiem vu md la mdt dieu vinh dtf. Mgi ngtfdi d i u cd the tu hdnh, ridng con ttai dein 12,13 tuoi phin ddng dtfdc vdo chtfa m hdnh mgt thdi gian hay tu suot ddi tiiy y.
Muc dich cuoi cung d vide di tu cua ngtfdi Khmer khdng phai Id de ttd thdnh Phdt md hi d l lam ngtfdi cd nhan cdch, cd phim chat vd dao dtfc
^ t [4, tt. U 1 ] . Vide vdo chua di tu va vide tham gia vdo cdc boat ddng tdn giao gdp p h i n hinh thdnh nhdn cdch, dao dtfc, loi song cua mdi tin do dao Phdt ngtfdi Khmer. Cgng d i n g ngtfdi Khmer eung danh gid nhdn cdch vd dao dtfc cua moi cd nhan qua vide cdc cd nhdn thtfc hdnh cdc nghi l l hay tham gia vdo boat ddng mang tlnh tdn gido chung. Ngtfdi Khmer tin rfing, vdo chua tu hdnh la de sau ndy hodn tuc ttd thdnh ngtfdi diy du dieu kidn v l nhdn cdch, pham chdt,... Do do, ngtfdi ndo khdng xusft gia tu hdnh thi bi mgi ngtfdi khinh re, khd hod nhdp vdo cdng dong.
Nhtf vdy, vdi cgng d i n g ngtfdi Khmer viec thtfc hdnh tdn gido da ttd thdnh thtfde do, mOt tidu chuin d l ddnh gid nhan cdch, dao dtfc cua cd nhdn; tham ehi nd Id nhdn td^ quy^t dinh vide cd nhan do cd dii ttf cdch d l xdy dtfng gia dinh hay khdng? Nhffng ngtfdi con ttai Khmer chtfa vdo chiia di tu thi rat khd Id'y vd, vi ngtfdi con gdi Khmer cho rdng dd Id nhtfng ngtfdi chtfa dii phtfdc ldm ching, chtfa dd dieu kien de tie^n de^n hdn nhdn. Ngtfdc lai, nhffng ngtfdi sau khi da tu hdnh ttd v l gia dinh vd cgng dong ddn til^p nhtf nhtfng ngtfdi "dd dat", dtfdc cdng d i n g tdn tigng va rat de xdy dtfng gia ffinh [1].
4. Vi t r i , c h ^ c nSng cua c a c ngdi c h u a trong cong d i n g ngtfdi K h m e r
Khi ndi d i n Phdt gido ttong c^ng dong ngtfdi Khmer chung ta khdng t h l khdng nhdc den vi tri, ehtfc ndng cua ngdi chua. Ngtfdi Khmer tin rang:
ehua mdi Id dai gia dinh ciia hp, do dd, ngtfdi Khmer thtfdng sl^ng ttong nhffng ngdi nhd ddn gidn nhtfhg lai xdy dtfng nhffng ngdi chiia rdt d l so, uy nghi, Idng lly. Khdng chi stf sai md phin 6 7
TRUdNG DAI HOC DONG THAP Tap chl Khoa hoc s6 12 (4-20 ldn ding bdo Khmer d i u gan bd vdi ehua. Hg d i n
chiia khdng chi de tiitfe hdnh nghi Id tdn gido md eon de vui ehdi trong nhffng ngay hdi, gidi tri ttong llie rdnh r i i vd d l hpc tdp. Ngoai chtfc nang tdn gido, chua ciia ngtfdi Khmer cbn thtfc hidn rat nMlu chtfc ndng khdc. Vi vdy, chiia cd vi tti vai ttd ddc bidt d l i vdi cpng ding.
Chiia Id ndi thtfe hdnh chtfc nang gido due.
Trtfdc kia chiia Id ndi duy nhCt thtfc hdnh chtfc ndng gido due eho cpng ding. Ngay nay, ngtfdi Khmer da ed trtfdng hgc nhiftig chtfe nang gido due v i n dtfdc thtfc hdnh ttong cac ngdi chua.
Ngtfdi Khmer dl^n chua khdng chi de dpc sdch, bdo, xem truyin hinh md cdn den nghe pho hil^n ehu trtfdng ehinh sdeh ciia Ddng vd Nhd Ntfdc.
Cdc buli trien khai khoa hpc ky thudt, trien khai chtfdng tiinh kinh t l - xa hpi vln dtfdc didn ra d ehiia. Chua Id ndi day tid'ng ddn tdc, day vdn hod, dao dtfc vd cd nghe truyin thong cho ngtfdi ddn.
Ngodi chtfc ndng giao due, chiia edn Id trung tdm bdo ton, phdt huy ngdn ngff, phong tue, dao dtfc truyen thong eiia ngtfdi Khmer. Ngtfdi Khmer hge chff ddn tOc diu tien d chiia. Ddy cung la ndi sinh hoat tin ngiidng, tdn gido, ndi diln ra ede 16 hdi tiuyen thd'ng nhtf: Ld Phat Ddn; Le Choi Chom Thmdy (Ie vdo ndm mdi); 16 Sen Dolta (Ie Cling dng Bl)... Chinh vi vdy, chua Id ndi t h l hidn vd ltfu giff cdc loai hinh nghd thuat dac sac cua cgng ding nhtf: kil^n true, hdi hga, dm nhac, ca mua, truydn, truyen thuyet, kich...
Mdt khdc, ddy cung Id ndi ntfdng ttfa cua nhffng ngtfdi gid, ngtfdi cd ddn, ngtfdi ed cudc song khd khdn, nhffng tte m l cdi khdng ngtfdi nudi dtfdng, tiidm chl nhffng gia dinh khd khan cung gffi con vdo chua. Chua Id ndi tiep khach quy cua phum sdc. Id ndi hgp bdn khi ed cdng vide
chung. Id ndi hod gidi mpi stf ttanh chap a thudn ttong gia dinh cung nhtf ttong cpng ^ : Mgi vide phtfc tap, rde roi d i u dtfdc dtfa ra t bac d chiia. Vi vdy, chua gdp phin tao stf g^n vd on dinh n i l m tin ciia ngtfdi dan. Dd Id sdi d gan kl^t ttfng cd nhdn ttong egng ding.
5. K^t lu^n
Ttf nhffng gi phan tich d tten ehiing ta ^ rdng: Phat gido Nam tdng chi phd'i sau s^c d ddi song tinh thin cua ngtfdi Khmer Nam bp. Gi ly cua nhd Phdt ttd thdnh quy tde ttong giao tit tfng xit giffa ngtfdi vdi ngtfdi ttong cpng dong. C nghi Ie gdn liln vdi cugc ddi ciia mdi con ngi ttf khi sinh ra cho tdi khi mdt di ludn gan lien \ cac nghi Ie tdn gido. Viec tham gia cdc hoat 35 tdn gido, hay ndi cdch khae Id cac thtfc hdnh i giao gdp phin hodn thidn nhdn cdch, dao diJc c m l i cd nhdn, nd ttd thanh tieu chuin de cfii dong nhin nhdn ddnh gid dao dtfc vd nhan cdch c ca nhdn trong cdng dong. Ngdi chda ciia ngu Khmer gdn lien vdi mgi sinh hoat ttong dcfi &6:
cOa ngtfdi ddn, dd Id Unh h i n ciia phum sdc, \k bii tnftig vdn hod ciia dia phtfdng. Do do, de ph^t h vai ttd ciia tdn gido ttong vide xay dtfng d6i soi vdn hod mdi cho ngtfdi Khmer hien nay, chiing ein xdy dtfng chiia thdnh tu dilm van hoa, Ik r didn ra cdc hoat ddng ttf do tin ngtfdng ton gi^o c ngtfdi ddn nhtfhg cung Id ndi d l ngtfdi ddn sinh he cgng ding, ndi diln ra cac hoat ddng gido duc,pl bid'n ehu tttfdng ehinh sdch ciiaDdng va Nhd Nitf khai thde tot gid tri dao dtfc, vdn hoa tot dep ci Phdt gido tiiu thtfa phuc vu cho vide xdy dtlagi sd'ng vdn hod mdi. Bdi Ddng ta xdc dinh: "dao d tdn gido cd nhllu dieu phu hdp vdi cong cufic xi dtfng xa hdi mdi" [5, tt. 184]./.
Tai lidu tham khao
[1]. Ddng Thanh An (2003), "Vai net v l van hod, tin ngtfdng, tdn gido ciia ding bdo Khd-t Nam BO", Nghiin ciiuTon gido, so 5-2003, ti. 46-51.
[2]. Nguyin Thi Anh, Nguygn Thi NghTa, (2014), "Thtfc ttang, gidi phdp xda ddi gidm ngh.
doi vdl dong bdo ddn tdc Khmer d khu vtfe Ding bang sdng OCM Long", Tap chi Khoa hoc, TnrS Dai hgc Cin Thd, s l 30/2014, tt. 84-91. » -i-
[3]. Trdn Vdn Binh (2004), Vdn hod cdc ddn toe Tdy Nam bo, thUc trang vd nhdng vdndiddti
NXB Chinh tri Quoc gia, Hd Ndi. . . . 5
[4]. Pham Thi PhtfOng Hanh (2012). Vdn hoa Khmer Nam bo net dep trong bdn sdc vdn hda V Nam, NXB Chinh tri Quo'c gia. • .y a
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IVUQNG D A I H O C S 6 N G T H A P Tap chi Khoa hoc s 6 12 (4-2015)
[5]. Hgc vien Chinh tri Quoc gia H i Chi iMinh - Vien Nghien eflu tdn gido va tin ngtfdng (2007), ip bdi gidng ly lugn ve ton gido vd chinh sdch doi vdi ton gido cua Ddng vd Nhd nUdc ta, NXB L^
dn Chinh tii, Hd Ndi.
[6]. Trang Thieu Hung (2013), "Ddc dilm, dien mao cua Phdt giao Nam tdng Khmer 6 Trd Vinh", qhiin ctku Ton gido, sd' 1-2013, tt. 34-40.
[7]. Ngo Vdn Le (2011), "Cdc nhdn to van hda xd hdi dd^i vdi stf phdt ttien vd phdt ttien b i n
?ng c^a cdc tge ngtfdi thilu so, trtfdng hdp nghien cflu ngtfdi Khmer vd Cham Nam bd", Bdi tham dn tai Hdi nghi thong bdo Ddn tgc hgc ndm 2011, Hd Ndi.
[8]. Trin Nggc Sdn (2012), "Dap dfle xa hdi va dao dtfc tdn gido - diem ttfdng dong vd khde et", Nghiin cdu Ton gido, s6 114/12/2012, tt. 3-10.
[9]. Phan Thudn, Le Thi Thuc (2012), "Anh htfdng ciia tdn giao den ddi sdng hdn nhdn, mdt so' ldt hien ttf tong quan nghidn ctfu", Khoa hgc xd hgi Viit Nam, sd' 10, 2012, tt. 20-29.
[10]. Phihp Taylor (2004), Redressing disadvantage or re-arranging inequality? Development iterventions and local responses in the Mekong delta. Social inequahty in Vietnam and tiie challenges I reform. Published in Singapore by Institute of Southeast Asian Smdies.
T H E ROLE OF THERAVADA BUDDHISM IN KHMER PEOPLE'S LIFE Siunmary
The article focuses on describing reUgious beUefs and practices (Theravada Buddhism) to show le role of Theravada Buddhism in the Ufe of Khmer people in Soutii Viemam. For tiiem, Buddhist hilosophy plays a key role in their personality and lifeslyle. AU important events in their life from irth, up-growth, religious practices in temple, marriage, and death are aU distinctively shaped more r less in Buddhist manners. The temple is of great significance in this community.
Keywords: religious beliefs, religious practices, role of Theravada Buddhism, Buddhist hilosophy, personality and lifestyle of Khmer people.
