TAP CHl KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM Sd 4(82) nam 2016
s, SACH GIAO KHOA vOl VIEC PHAT TRiEN TlT DUY CHO HOC SINH TRONG DAY HQC LICH SU"
d TRirofNG PHO THONG
N H O TH! PHLfONG LAN'
TOM TAT
Bdi viil ndy trinh bdy vi tdm quan trgng ciia sdch gido khoa (SGK) trong day hgc Lich sir (LS) theo dinh huang phdt triin ndng lire ngudi hgc Ddng thdi, dug rg mgt so biin phdp hudng ddn hgc sinh (HS) sic dung SGK nhdm phdt triin lu duy cho HS trgng hgc lap LS a trudng trung hgc phd thdng (THPT).
Tir khda: giao due phfi thong dfii moi ehuang trinh, sach giao khoa, phat tiien tu duy.
ABSTRACT
The role of textbooks in developing students' thinking in teaching history in high schools
The grticle presents the impgrlance gf textbooks in teaching history following a learners' competence development apprggch, as well as suggests some instructional measures for students to use textbooks in order to develop their thinking in learning history in high schools.
Keywords: general education, curriculum innovation, textbook, developing thinking.
1. Dat van de thae, xii Ii thong tin nham ITnh hgi nhfing Trong mOt "the giai phing", the tri thiic cua khoa hge bO mfin. Tuy nhien, gioi ciia ham lugng tri thiic khong 16 thi trong day hge noi ehung, day hge LS noi mue tieu truyen thu tri thiie eo sin eho rieng vin dS bien soan, sil dimg SGK nhu HS 1^ khfing the. Muc tieu chinh cua giao the nao "d6 day" va huang din HS sii due hien nay la phat trien nang luc ty dung SGK nhu thl n^o "dd hge" nham hge, phat triSn tu duy cho nguai hgc. phat triSn nang lyc nguai hgc theo dinh Thay vi truyen thy kiin thuc khoa hge huong dfii mcri giao due hien nay la vin cho cae em thi viee giiip HS eo eac Id di cin dugc quan tam nghien ciiu.
nang tu duy, kl nang tu hge dS "xu Ii", 2. Noi dung
chiem linh tri thilc trong va ngoai truang 2.1. Sir phdt triin cia sdch gido khoa hgc la van dS ma khoa hgc giao due Men qua cdc thdi ki lich sir
dai dang huong din. Saeh giao khoa co ca mgt LS phat Saeh gido khoa la mfit tai lieu eo triin lau dai voi rit nhiiu dang thile khac ban khong the thiiu nhim phue vu eho nhau. Tii thW efi dai a Trung Quic rii vi$c day ciia GV va viec hge cua HS. din nude ta, eac tae phim do Khfing Tii SGK la cfing cy giilp GV va HS khai va cae mfin dfi san dinh dugc ggi la "saeh
TilS, TnreiTig Osi iipc S u piiam TPHCM; Email: [email protected] 102
TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM
Nhu: Thi Phuang LanThanh hidn" lam chuan mue dao diic cho cac moi quan he xa h6i; dong thdi do Cling chinh la nhimg cu6n SGK ddu tien dung trong Nho hpc, chu ydu la Tii thu (Dai hgc, Trung dung, Ludn ngii, Manh tir) va Ngu kinh (Kinh Thi, Kinh Thu, Kinh Ld, Kinh Dieh, Kinh Xudn Thu).
Loai SGK ndy dugc luu truyen hang nghin ndm khdng thay d6i, duge ede thd he si tli "soi kinh ndu sir" bdng phuong phap thdy dgc-tro chep dd hgc thupc long cac giao didu Thanh day, nhdm dat muc tidu thi d$u de ldm quan. Cho den thoi Phap thu6e, Nho hgc hii lau ddn ddn duoc thay thd bdng ndn giao due moi vai chuang trinh hgc Phap-Vidt, sir dung cde SGK vd vdn hoa va khoa hpe hidn dai tir
"mdu quoc" dua sang, ket hgp vai cac bg sach "Quoc van giao khoa thu" va "Ludn Ii giao khoa thu" do ede hgc gid danh tidng cua nude ta bien soan bdng chQ quoe ngu. Mac dii van con nhihig bat cap, nhtmg chinh ndn hgc vdn ndy da dua van hoa Viet Nam buoc sang thoi ki khai sang tidp can dupc vdi trinh dg van minh quoc td.
Sau Cach mang thdng Tam, nuoc Viet Nam Ddn chu Cgng hoa dd xay dimg mpt ndn gido due dgc Idp diing chu qu6e ngit, theo ehuang trinh hgc mang tdn Hoang Xudn Han. Khi dy Bg Gido d\ie khdng t6 chiic bidn soan SGK, ma sii dung cac cong trinh khdo euu e6 gia tri dupe thdm dinh Iam SGK trong nha trucmg, nhu cdc cuon "Viet Nam sii lupc", "Viet Nam van p h ^ " ciia Trdn Trgng Kim, "Viet Nam vdn h6a sir cuang" eiia Dao Duy Anh...
Trong thai ki ddt nu6e bi ehia cat,
chinh quydn Viet Nam Cong hoa 6 midn Nam xdy dung mpt hd thong giao due ph6 thong 12 ndm, trong do Bp Giao due ban bo chuong trinh hpe, eon SGK do cde nha giao dpc lap bien soan va cac nha xudt ban tu nhdn phdt hanh. Trong khi do a midn Bac, chinh phii Vi^t Nam Dan chil Cgng hoa xdy dung he thdng giao due pho thong 10 nam theo mo thuc ndn gido due X6-vidt, ap dung nguydn tae
"mgt chuong trinh - mgt b6 SGK duy nhdt" cua Nha nuac (do Bp Giao due to ehire bidn soan va phat hanh) voi quan didm chi d^o "SGK Id phdp Idnh".
Nguydn tac va quan didm chi dao do tidp tue dupc dp dung tren todn qudc, voi he tbSng giao due pho thdng 12 ndm, sau ngay dat nuoc thong nhdt.
Tir nam 1975 ddn nay, truac thuc tidn va ydu cau phdt trien kinh td xa hgi cua ddt nuoc, ndn gido due nudc nhd dd trai qua nhidu lan cai each, doi mdi: Cugc cai cdch giao due ldn thii 3 (1980) va cupc doi m6i giao due cuoi thd ki XX (1991), cuOc Doi mai Chucmg trinh gido due phd thdng ddu thd ki XXI (2000).
Ciing voi nhihig Idn doi mai do, cdc bg SGK cung ldn lupt dupc bidn soan Iai dd dap ling mue tidu ciia cdi each dd ra. Bp SGK cua cudc cai cdeh giao due Ian 3 dugc su dung ddn nam 1993. Tidp theo do, cugc ddi radi gido due cudi thd ki XX dd cho ra doi bg SGK moi, trong do 6 cdp THPT Id bg sdch theo chuang trinh phdn ban (ban A - khoa hpc tu nhidn, ban B - Khoa hpc kT thudt, ban C - Khoa hpe xa hpi). Trong cuOc ddi moi Chuang trinh gido dye phd thdng ddu thd ki XXI, bg SGK moi dugc bidn soan Iai, trong do
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC OHSP TPHCM
So 4(82) ndm 2016SGK danh cho bae THPT dugc vidt va thidt kd cho hai ban: Ban Ca ban (chuang trinh chudn) va Ban Nang cao (chuong trinh chuydn ban) dupe thi didm va dp dung tir nam 2004 den nay.
2.2. Sdch gido khoa theo dinh hudng ddi mdi chuceng trinh hi^n nay
Truoc nhtmg bien doi nhanh chong ciia nen kinh td h'i thiic va yeu cau phdt tridn ddt nuac trong thai ki hdi nhdp kinh td thd gidi hien nay. Dang vd Nha nuoc tiep tue nhan manh den vai tro ciia gido due ddo tao, khang dinh cdn phdi tidp tue doi mai can bdn, todn dien nen giao due ddt nuae.
Ngay trong cupc ddi mai gido due pho thong ddu thd ki XXI, chuong tiinh gido due phd thdng mai dupe Bg GD&DT xay dung lai dd buoc ddu tiep can vdi khoa hgc gido due thd giai. Khac phyc ban chd ciia chuang trinh cai cdch giao due (1980) la tidp can npi dimg, dat n ^ g muc tidu day kidn thiie, ehuang trinh gido due phd thong (GDPT) nhiing ndm ddu thd ki XXI chuydn sang tidp can muc tidu trdn cd ba linh vuc: kien thiic, kT ndng va thdi do. Muc tidu ciia chuang trinh GDPT dupe neu ro trong Ludt Giao due (2005): "Muc tieu cua GDPT Id gidp HS phdt triin todn dien ve dgo dice, tri tui, the chdt. thdm mi vd edc fd ndng ca bdn. phdt triin ndng luc cd nhdn, tinh ndng dpng vd sdng tgo, hinh thdnh nhdn cdch con ngudi Viet Nam xd hpi chd nghia.., " [6, Didu 2].
Nhung nguyen tdc vd quan didm dung ddn eiia chuang trinh GDPT mai khi dp dung vdo thuc tien day hge da dat dupc nhimg thanh cdng nhdt djnh, nhung
ddng thai cimg bgc 16 nhihig han chd qua hidu lye cita chuong trinh. Trong chuong trinh, mye tidu nhdn thirc (kidn thiic) hodn toan ldn at cde mye tidu kT nang va thdi do. Npi dung kidn thiic tdt cd eac bp mdn trong chuang trinh va SGK deu rat n ^ g nd ca vd dung lupng Idn be rpng kidn thiic ddn ddn tinh trang "qua tdi". Vi vdy, phuong phap day hgc chii ydu trong truong phd thdng vdn Id phuang phap gidng bai, cac phuong phap day hge tich cue kho cd didu kidn dd dp dung, viec thuc hdnh,'ren luyen kT ndng cho HS khdng dugc chii trgng. Vide kidm tra, danh gid thanh qua hgc tap cua HS cflng chii ydu tap trung vao kidm tra kien thiic, ma it chu trgng kidm tra kT nang nguoi hgc.
Dd khdc phyc ban ehd eiia ehuong trinh GDPT hidn hanh ddng thdi tidp can vdi trinh do thd gidi thi chi cd mgt con dudng Id tiep tue tidn hdnh edng cudc doi moi gido due, va xay dyng mpt chucmg trinh GDPT mdi.
Hpi nghi Trung uong Idn thir Vm khda XI (04-11-2013) ciia Dang da thong qua nghi quydt vd dd dn "Ddi mdi can ban, toan didn giao dye va ddo tao, dap img ydu cdu cong nghidp hda, hidn d^
hda trong didu kidn kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hpi chii nghta va hpi nh^
qude te", trong dd khang dinh ro quan didm ehi dao ciia Dang: "Tiip tue doi mdi mgnh me phucmg phdp dgy vd hpc theo hudng hiin dgi; phdt huy tinh tich cue, chii dpng, sdng tgo vd van dung kien thicc. Id ndng cua ngudi hpc; khdc phuc ldi truyin thu dp dgt mpt chieu, ghi nhd mdy moc. Tap trung dgy cdch hpc, cdch
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Nhu Thi Phirang Lannghl, khuyen khich tu hpc, tgo ca sa di ngudi hpc tu edp nhgt vd doi mdi tri thue, kXndng, phdt trien ndng luc. " [5].
Quan didm chi dao nay dupc Bp GD&DT tridn khai vao thye tidn thdng qua dd an xdy dung chuang trinh giao due phd thdng tdng thd (GDPTTT) va bidn soan SGK mdi theo dinh hudng phat tridn toan didn nang lue ngudi hpc nhdm tao chuydn bidn can ban, toan didn vd chat lupng va hidu qua giao due phd thdng. Chuang trinh GDPTTT du thao (2015) da xac dinh dudng loi ciia ndn gido due phd thdng mdi Id: "Gido due todn dien vd hdi hoa due, tri, the, mT, muc tieu chucmg trinh gido due phd thdng xdc dinh nhimg yiu cdu cdn dgt ve phdm chdt, ndng luc cua HS & timg cdp hoc; muc tiiu chuang trinh mdn hpc xde dfnh nhdng yeu edu ve kien thue, kT ndng, thdi dp, hu&ng den hinh thdnh nhimg phdm chdt, ndng luc ddc thii mon hpc vd cdc phdm chdt, ndng luc khdc d timg lap, timg cdp hpc" [3, tr.7]. Nhu vgy, dudng loi trdn eho thdy su thay doi kha ldn eiia CTGDPTTT, ehuang trinh khdng chi tidp can myc tidu ma cdn hudng den phat trien phdm chdt va ndng lyc ngudi hgc.
Dinh hudng xdy dyng CTGDPTTT da md ra mpt dudng hudng mdi cho vide bidn soan SGK hidn nay. Trdn co sd mot chuong trinh GDPTTT quoe gia thdng nhat, nhieu bg SGK se duoc bien soan.
Vdn dd lya chgn SGK de td ehire day hgc theo muc tieu ma chuang trinh GDPTTT dua ra hodn toan do gido vien quydt dinh.
Do vdy, vai trd eiia gido vidn trong
cong cudc ddi mdi gido dye hidn nay la het sire quan trpng. Thdy giao cdn phai quan tridt mue tidu ddi mdi giao due dd van dung sang t^o vdo qud trinh day hgc, ddng thdi khdng ngimg ddi mdi phuong phap day hpe de chat lupng day hgc bp mdn dat dupe hidu qua cao nhdt.
2.3. Su dung sdch gido khoa nhdm phdt trien tu duy cho HS trong day hpe Lieh sud trudng THPT
Qud trinh day hpe d trudng phd thdng chinh Id qua trinh nhdn thiic cua HS dudi su td chiic, hudng ddn cua gido vien (GV) nham dat dugc cac muc tieu nhdn thuc, phat trien tri tue, kT nang vd thdi dp tinh cam do chuong trinh quy dinh. Day hpc LS cung nhu cac bg mdn khdc deu gdp phan hoan thanh cac nhidm vu va muc tieu ndi tren. Trong sy phdt trien nhdn thiie ndi chung va phat tridn tu duy cho HS ndi rieng trong day hpe, mdn LS vdi dac trung ciia minh cung gdp phdn vdo vide phat tridn tu duy cho HS trong hgc tap bd mdn, dd Id tu duy LS.
De gdp phdn phdt tridn tu duy cho HS thdng qua vide hudng dan cac em sir dung SGK LS, chiing tdi de xudt mgt sd bidn phap sau ddy:
> Hudng ddn HS biet ITnh hpi kien thuc Cff bdn tir bdi gidng cda thay vd npi dung trong SGK
Theo quan diem ciia Ii ludn day hgc hidn dai, ngudi thdy ddi mdi se khdng day hdt SGK ma ehi tap trung vao kidn thirc CO ban, ldm sdu hon vd lam sang han y trong SGK. Dudi sy td chiie hudng ddn cua thdy, HS phai bidt phdt Men ehd
"mdu thudn" d bai giang ciia thdy vd SGK de thdc mac nhdm ITnh hdi kidn
TAP CHi KHOA HOC DHSP TPHCM
So 4(82) ndm 2016thiic. Chinh trong qua trinh nhan thiic nay ma nang Iyc tu duy eiia HS ed didu kidn ren luyen vd phat trien.
Vi nhu khi hgc bai Chidn tranh The gidi thii hai (LS 11 Chuong triiih chudn), d muc I. Con dudng ddn ddn chidn tranh gdm hai ndi dung chinh: Cac nudc phdt xit ddy manh xdm lupe (1931- 1937) va Tir Hpi nghi Muy-nich den chidn tranh thd gidi. Hai ndi dung nay cung cdp mpt loat edc su kien nhu su hinh thdnh phe True phat xit, hanh ddng banh trudng xam lupc cua cdc nudc phdt xit trudc chidn tranh, hdi nghi Muy-nich (1938), Hidp udc X6-Diic khdng xdm pham Idn nhau (1939)... Tir nhiing ndi dung trdn, GV hudng dan HS nit ra dupc kidn thiic ca bdn cua mue dd Id nguyen nhdn ca ban dan tdi cupc chien tranh thd gidi thir hai: su ra ddi ciia chu nghTa phat xit Due — I-ta-Iia - Nhdt do cupc khung hoang kinh td (1929-1933); va chinh sdch nhupng bd, thda hiep cua cdc nudc Anh, Phdp, MT da tao didu kidn cho chii nghia phdt xit phat dgng chien tranh.
> Hudng din HS biit khai thdc kenh chir vd kinh hinh trong SGK di tim ra phan "sit" vd "lugn "
Kien thiie LS trong day hgc LS d trudng phd thdng dupc ehia Iam 2 bd phdn: "sii" va "ludn". Phdn "su" giup HS trd Idi cdu hdi "LS didn ra nhu thd ndo?", die Id giiip cdc em "biet" sy kidn LS da xay ra gan lien vdi mgt mdc thdi gian, khdng gian, nhdn vat vd kdt qua cu thd.
Phdn "ludn" ddi hdi HS tren ca sd phdn
"sii" da biet phai suy ludn, tu duy dd danh gid, gidi thich dupc tai sao LS lai didn ra nhu thd.
Do vay, trong day hgc LS, GV phai chu y ddn tinh thdng nhdt gitra phdn "sii"
va phdn "Iuan" dd phat trien ndng lire nhan thiic LS cho HS.
Vi du: Khi hpc bdi "Tinh hinh cac nudc tu ban giiia hai eupe chidn tranh th^
gidi", d myc 1 "Thiet K'P trdt ty the gioi mdi theo he thdng Vecxai - Oasinhton".
Phdn "sir": Qua kdnh chu trong SGK, HS bidt dugc rang sau Chien hanh Thd gidi thii nhdt vdi he thdng Vecxai - Oasinhton mpt trdt ty thd gidi mdi da dupc thidt lap, trong do cdc nudc tu ban thdng trdn duae Ipi nhidu vd kinh te, chinh tri, Ianh thd..., cdn cac nuoc bai trdn hi thidt thdi do phdi thi hdnh cac van kidn cua he thong Vecxai - Oasinhton.
Phdn "ludn": Qua phdn md rong ciia GV vd ngi dung he thdng Hidp uoc Vecxai -Oasinhton, ciing vdi vide hudng ddn HS quan sat Luge dd hinh 29 (LS II- ehuong trinh chudn) "Sy thay ddi ban do chinh tri chdu Au theo he thdng Vecxai - Oasinhton", HS bidt nit ra n h ^ xet vd su thay ddi qudc gia va Ianh thd cac nuoc chdu Au ndm 1923 so vdi nam 1914. Cu the vd qudc gia: cd nhiing qudc gia cu mat di (Ao-Hung), ed nhiing qudc gia mdi xudt hidn (Ao, Hung, Tiep Khac...}.
Vd Idnh thd ciia mdi qudc gia: cd nuoc dugc rgng ra, ed nudc bi co hep lai.
Trdn co sd dd, HS thdy rdng uat tu thd gidi mdi ma edc nude tu bdn thiet lap qua he thdng Vecxai - Oasinhton la
"khdng edng bang" vi dupe hudng lpi la thupc vd ke manh, ngudi thang, chiu thiet la ke yeu, ngudi thua. Do dd, nhihig mau thudn ciia cac nude dd qude khdng mat &
ma van tdn tai, dd rdi sau do khi cd dieu
TAP CHi KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM Nha Thi Phuorng Lan
kidn nd Iai bimg phdt thanh cudc chidn tranh did gidi mdi.
> Hudng ddn HS kit hgfp khai thde thong tin trong SGK v&i tdi ii^u tham khdo ngodi SGK
SGK mdn hpc la tai lieu co ban nhdt, la phuong tidn giiip HS hgc tap trdn Idp ciing nhu ty hgc d nha ddng thdi la cdn cii dd GV thiet kd bai hpc va to chiie eho HS hpc t|tp. Tuy nhidn, cdc nha gido dye va giao dye LS da ehi ra rang ndu GV chi day theo SGK hodc bidn bdi day thanh bang tdm tat lai SGK sd ddn ddn su nham chan, thidu hiing thii hpc tap noi HS, chat lupng va hieu qua bdi hpc khdng thd dat hidu qua. Vi vdy, dd khde sau va Iam ndi bat kidn thiic co bdn ciia SGK ngudi thay can phai sir dyng ciing nhu cung cdp thdm eho HS ngudn tdi lieu phong phii ngoai SGK. Vide hudng ddn HS sii dyng SGK kdt hpp vdi ngudn tai lieu tham khao cdn giiip ren luydn cho cac em thdi quen nghien eiiu, xii Ii tu li?u, qua dd phdt trien tu duy eua HS frong hpc t£ip LS.
Khi giang ndi dung "Nhdt dau hang Ddng minh, ldnh Tdng khdi nghta dupc ban bd" (Bdi 16, LS 12 - Chuang trinh chudn), dk giup HS nhdn thiic rd "Vdn dd thdi CO trong Tdng khdi nghTa Cach mang thang Tam 1945", ngoai ndi dung tai lieu trong SGK, GV eung cdp thdm cho HS cdc tdi lieu tham khdo nhu: "Linh long khdi nghTa ", "Hiiu triiu cua tong bp Viet Minh", "Thu keu gpi tong khai nghTa" (Van kidn Dang toan tap, tap 7 (1940-1945), Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia Hd Ngi). Qua dd, GV dat van de "Tai sao ndi ring tinh hinh thd gidi giiia thdng 8 ndm
1945 la thdi co cd mdt khdng hai de nhdn ddn Viet Nam tidn hanh Tdng khdi nghta gianh ehinh quydn?".
Trdn ca sd npi dung SGK va tai lidu tham khao cung edp cho HS, GV hudng ddn HS khai thac tu lieu dd giai quydt vandd:
Phat xit Nhat da ddu hang Ddng minh, ke thii cu da thdt bai, tinh thdn ciia qudn dang hoang mang, reu rd.
Qudn Ddng minh Anh, Tudng Gidi Thach ehua vdo Ddng Duong dd tudc khi gidi quan Nhdt; thuc ddn Phap chua kip tap hgp lye lugng didu qudn vao xam lupc nudc ta ldn niia. Nhu vdy, kd thii eii da tan rd, ke thii mdi chua tdi.
Qua theo doi, nam bat kip thdi tinh hinh thd gidi va trong nudc ma Dang Cpng sdn vd Chu tich Hd Chi Minh da nhdn thiic sdu sdc dupe "thdi co ngdn nam cd mdt" dd den "du ed phdi ddt chay cd day Trudng Son ciing phdi gianh dpe ldp". Sy Ianh d^o diing ddn ciia Dang qua vide kip thdi "chdp thai ea" khdi nghTa la nhan td quan trpng quyet dinh thang lgi eua cupc Cach mang thang Tdm nam 1945.
> Hudng dan HS tim ra kien thuc Hen mon giita LS vd ede mdn hpe khdc
Tich hpp vd lidn mdn la mpt trong nhirng nguydn tae cua day hge LS d trudng phd thdng. Day hpc tich hgp, lidn mdn la su van dung nhiing ndi dung vd phuong phdp giii'a cdc ITnh vuc, cdc mdn hpc cd lien quan nhdm tim ra nhiing ndi dung giao thoa giira eac mdn hpc vdi bd mdn LS, giiip HS thdy dugc mdi lien he hthi ca giiia cac ITnh vuc ciia ddi sdng xd hdi, hidu dugc tinh todn didn ciia LS,
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TAP CHi KHOA HOC BHSP TPHCM So 4(82) nim 2016
khic phyc duge tinh rai rac, tan man trong kiin thue ciia HS.
Vi du: Khi hgc vi sy kien ngay 02- 9 trong Tfing khai nghia thang Tam nam 1945 (Bai 16 LS 12 - Ban Co ban), Bae Hfi dge ban Tuyen ngon dge lap khai sinh nu6e Viet Nam Dan ehu Cgng hoa. GV cin huong din HS trinh bay lai ngi dung ban Tuyen ngfin da dugc hgc trong SGK Ngu van, dfing thai dat ra cae van de de HS tim hiiu: 1. Em hay cho biit cd nhirng sir kien LS nao da dufc H6 Chi Minh nhic din Irong bdn Tuyen ngon dSc ldp? 2. Trinh bdy suy nghi cua em vi khing dinh cua Ho Ch! Minh:
"Nudc Viet Nam co quyin dug'c hirdng ttr do vd dgc lap".
GV hucmg din HS giai quyit vin di:
o Nhiing sy kien LS dugc H6 Chi Minh nhie den trong ban Tuyen ngfin dgc lap: nam 1858 thyc dan Phap nfi sung xam luge nuac ta; thang 9/1940 Nhat xam luge Dfing Duong, thyc dan Phap dau hang, ma cua nuac ta cho Nhat;
Nan doi a Bac Ky va Trung Ky cufii nam 1944, diu nam 1945; ngay 9-3-1945 Nhat dao ehinh Phap; ngay 14-8-1945 Nhat tuyen bo dau hang Dong minh; su kien Bao Dai thoai vi ngay 25-8-1945.
cau hoi nay giup ren luy$n eho HS kl nang khai thac tu lieu va ty tim kiim nhirng dO lieu LS da duge neu trong Ban Tuyen ngfin dgc lap. Budc diu ren luyen eho HS tinh tich cue, dge lap trong hge tap - CO sa quan trgng cua qua trinh tu duy eua nguai hgc.
o Qua van kien "Tuyen ngfin dflc lap", GV huong dan HS hiiu dugc khang dinh cua Ho Chii tich vi quyin tu
do, dgc lap cua nuoc Viet Nam:
- Thil nhit, tren co so khing djnh tinh phap li vi quyen eon nguoi, quyin dan tge eila nhan Ioai noi chung thi dan toe Viet Nam xung dang co quyin dugc huong ty do va dge lap.
Thii hai, lap luar. 'ang quan Phap khong dii tu each di quay Iai Viet Nam vi da ban nuoc ta hai lan cho Nh^t.
- Thil ba, khing dinh quyit tam cila toan thi nhan dan Viet Nam quyit mang tinh mang, tai san di bao v$ quyin doc lap ay.
Nhu vay, tren ca so nhiing kien thiic van hgc vi ngi dung, gia tri cua tac pham
"Tuyen ngfin dgc lap" da dugc hgc, HS biit van dung vao bai de tra loi cae cau hoi ma GV dua ra, tim ra mfii lien he giua kiin thire van hgc va sil hgc, biet van dung kien thuc da hgc de giai quyet van de, qua do tu duy eiia HS duge ren luyen.
3. Ket luan
SGK la sy eu thi hoa cua chuang trinh hgc va la mgt tai lieu ein thiit cua GV va HS trong qua trinh day hgc 6 truong phfi thong. GV phai thiu hieu chuang trinh hgc, quan triet muc tieu chuong trinh vao viec xae dinh cae noi dung ea ban cua SGK di thiet ke giao an bai hgc nham dap iing muc tiSu day hgc.
Dya vao ehuang trinh hge va ngi dung SGK, GV se lua chgn ra kiin thilc ca ban ciia bai can khic sau eho HS, dong thcji xae dinh diing cac phuang phap va hinh thiic tfi chile day hge phii hgp nhat.
Di giiip HS sil dung SGK eg hieu qua, nhim phat triin kT nang tu hgc, phat trien tu duy cua cac em trong hgc tap, doi hoi vai tro rit lan ciia nguoi thay trong
TAP CHl KHOA HQC DHSP TPHCM NhU Thi Phuffng Lan
day hpc. GV cdn hudng ddn HS khdng chi bidt phat hien ra kidn thiie ea ban trong SGK ma edn bidt su dyng SGK kdt hpp vdi cde tai lieu tham khao khac dd tim tdi, nghidn ciiu di sau vao bdn chdt cua cac sir kidn, hidn tugfng LS va giai thich, ddnh gia duoc chiing. Chinh trong qua trinh nay, tinh tich cyc, tu duy ddc lap cua HS dupc ren luyen va phdt trien.
Day cung chinh la ndi dung, nhiem vu ma edng cudc ddi mdi day hgc hidn nay hudng den.
Thyc tidn day hpc hidn nay cho didy chuong trinh va SGK LS THPT ndi rieng va chuong trinh SGK THPT ndi
chung cdn nhidu bdt cap can phai tidp tue nghien eiiu va ddi mdi. Vdn dd thidt kd Iai chuang trinh hgc bd mdn cho phii hpp, tidp can vdi nen khoa hpe giao dye thd gidi dieo hudng "mdt chuong trinh, nhidu bd SGK", vidt Iai SGK theo hudng tich hap, tinh gian, chii trgng ddn muc tieu phdt tridn nang lue HS hien dang dugc Bp GD&DT h*idn khai thuc hidn.
Trong khi chd dgi chuang trinh va SGK mdi dupc dua vao giang day, GV phd thdng phai khdng ngimg hpe hdi, ndng cao trinh dp chuydn mdn, nghiep vy nhdm gdp thdm kinh nghiem thuc tidn eho cdng cude ddi mdi giao due hidn nay.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Bd Giao due va Dao tao (2006), Sdch gido khoa Ljch su 11, 12 (CT chudn), Nxb Gido due. Ha Ngi.
2. Bg Giao due va Dao tao (2006), Sdch gido khoa Ngu- vdn 12. tap 1 (CT chudn), Nxb Giao due. Ha Ndi.
3. Bg Giao due va Dao tao (2015), Chuang trinh Gido due phd thdng tdng the (trong chuong trinh gido due phd thdng mdi) [duthao], thdng 8-2015.
4. Nguyen Thi Cdi (2009), Con dudng vd bien phdp ndng cao hiiu qud bdi hpc lich sic, Nxb Dai hpc Su pham. Ha Ndi.
5. Dang Cdng san Viet Nam (2013), Nghi quyit Hdi nghi TW Vlll. khda XI "Vi ddi mdi cdn bdn, todn dien gido due vd ddo tgo"
http://123.30.190.43/tiengviet/tulieuvankien/vankiendang/details.asp? topic=191&su btopic=9&leader_topic=&id=BT7111340696
6. Phan Ngpe Lidn (Cb) (2002), Nguydn Thi Cdi, Trinh Dinh Timg, Phuongphdp dgy hpc lieh su (Tap 1), Nxb Dai hpc Su pham. Ha Ngi.
7. Qudc hpi (2005), Lugt Gido dvc http://www.moj.gov.vn/vbpq/Lists/Vn%20bn%20php%20lut/View_Detail.aspx71teml D=18148.
8. Ld Vinh Qudc (2011), Ddi mdi dgy hpc theo khoa hpc gido due hiin dai, Nxb Dai hgc Su pham TPHCM.
(Ngdy Tda so^n nh$n duoc bdi: 30-11-2015; ngdy phan bien ddnh gid: 29-3-2016;
ngdy chip nh$n ddng: 20-4-2016)
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