VAI NET VE PHUC LOl XA HOI PHAT CIAO 0 NHAT BAN
NGtnlN NGOC PHUtTNG IWUIG'
Tom tat; Kht ndt tat Phgt gido a Nhdt Bdn, nguai ta thucmg hinh dung lai mdt nin Phdt gido nhgp Ihi. Trong thai ky Edo (1600-1868), chiia chiin hien diin trong mgi ngdi lang.
Phdt gido tham gta vdo moi hogt ddng khdc nhau de hd tra cdng ddng, nhu ddm nhifm vai trd la truang hgc (if^M-terakoya) hay giiip da nhimg dtf dn vi hg tdng trong cdng ddng, Bdt ddu thai ky Meiji ndm 1868, suxdm nhdp lu ludng phucmg Tdy citng vai viic phdi Irlin cdc logi hinh td chirc hien dgi vd thi luc, gdy ra mdi de dga cho vai Ird truyen Ihdng cua tdng sT vd ttr vien. Ddi phd vai khimg hodng ndy, cdc tdng si Phdt gido hgc hdi cdc nuac khdc, cd d phuang Tdy cd a nhiing qudc gia Phdt gido Chdu A; hq quyit dinh phdt triin nhiing dgng Ihirc hogt dgng phuc lgi xd hot hten dgt han. Bdi viel nhdm gdp phdn nhgn thuc ro han vi phuc lgi xd hot Phdt gido a Nhdt Bdn.
Tir khoa; Nhat Ban, Phat giao, Phue lpi xa hdi K^hai niem Phuc lpi xa hpi (social -**-welfare) khdng cdn la mdt khai niem xa la vdi da sd chung ta. Theo djnh nghTa ciia Nhat Ban thi "phuc Ipi xa hdi la nhttng hoat ddng vien trp, bao trp ciia cac td chiic cdng va tu, huting ttii nhiing ngudi >'eu thi trong xa hdi, ngudi tan tat, tre em va ngudi gia khdng noi nuong tya, ngudi khdn cimg ttong cupc sdng"'. Dac biet, d Nhat Ban cdn cd khai niem "Philc Ipi xa hdi Phat giao" (fA S tt # i s tit - bukkyo shakai fiikushi) vdi nghia Phat giao tham gia vao hoat ddng phuc lpi. Viec Phat giap tham gia vap cac boat ddng phuc lpi xa hdi nhu eham sdc, bao frp cho fre em, ngudi gia. ngudi tan tat, va nhtrng ngudi yiu thi frong xa hdi cho thiy tinh chit nhap thi rd net ciia Phat giao
' TliS., Vi?n Nohien ciiu Dong Bac A ' D^i tir dign So hoa (ttang web Kolobank.jp).
Nhat Ban. Tuy vay, thdi ky dau, khai niem nay ehua dupe thua nhan rd rang ma phai trai qua mdt thdi gian mdi dupc cdng nhan chinh thirc.
1. Lich sir ciia khai ni^m "phue Ipi xS hoi Phat giao"
/./. Khai niim "phde lpi xa hpi Phat giao"
Tir thdi Meiji tdi thdi Showa (1868-1989), ljch su Nhat Ban cd sy van dpng manh liet.
Cac van de xa hdi nhu ngheo ddi va khdn cung dupc dua vao nghien cim dutii gdc dp khoa hpc. Ddng thdi, nhan thuc se viec hien thyc hda bd mdn Cdng tac xa hdi (Social work) dupe dat ra. Day chinh la budc ngoat chuyen bien ciia khoa hpc xa hpi. Nhu ta da biet, mdi quan tam can ban cua Phat giao cd lien quan tdi sinh menh ciia chiing sinh trong cudc sdng nay. cy the la van de sinh, lao.
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khd nao cila con ngudi cd the dupc giai phdng bang Idng tu bi. bang tri hue (Sl.S) trong sy khai sang cua Phat phap dieu ky.
Chinh quan diem ve sy ciing sdng (cdng sinh
^ # i ) vdi nghTa khdng chi la \ iec con ngudi ciing cdng cam (ddng cam xiic). ma la ciing tdn tai ve mat sinh hpc, cung binh dang, cimg nudi dudng ttai tim thien - la xuat phat diem cua quan diem ve phuc Ipi xa hdi Phat giao. Dieu nay dupc thyc tien hda frong ddi sdng nhu mdt dien hinh \ e tri hue khai sang ciia Phat giao (Phat tri-fA&). Dd khdng ehi la sy ddng tinh (Sympathy) ma cdn la sy ddng cam, chia se su binh dang (Empathy);
dd khdng phai la sy sdng phy thudc vao nhau, ma la mdt the gidi ket ndi, gan bd, gan ket vdi nhau mdt each ddc lap; dd khdng phai la sy vien frp hay cuu te ciia mpt tang ldp nhit dinh hay nhihig ngudi tmh nguyen cd djnh, ma la toan bd loai ngudi giiip do tuong tac vtii nhau va khuyech truong quy md ciia sy giiip dp nhau ra toan the gidi. Su menh dam nhan vai trd cdng tac xa hdi va hoai bao ve mdt the gidi tdt dep ciia Phat giao ciing the hien qua dd.
Phiic lpi xa hdi Phat giao la sy nghiep phiic lpi xa hdi mang tinh nhan dan, phii hpp vdi khai niem ve phiic lpi xa hdi ttong xa hdi va lich su, la mdt khoa hpc nhan thuc va cd moi lien quan vdi Phat giao. d day, cdng tac xa hpi mang tinh thin Phat giao Dai thira, ddng thdi la mdt mdn khpa hpc kinh nghiem dua tten thyc tiin giao dye va nghien cim.
Nd khdng phai mdt kieu boat ddng cd the dua tten kinh nghiem ca nhan.
Phgt gido
Trong xa hpi can dai. rit nhiiu vin de doi sdng ngay cang ttd nen nghiem ttpng. vi
\ ay. vai ttd cua phiic Itji xa hdi Phat giao nga\ cang Itin. v l viec gpi the nao la phuc lai xa hdi Phat giao vin chua cd mot each kiln giai nhit djnh vihig chic, vi \a\ phiic Ipi xa hdi Phat giao cin hoan thanh nhirng su menh dat ra ciia minh de ai cilng cd the Iy giai ve khai niem nay. Trong sd nhflng van dl nghiem trpng do, vin dl ban cimg la di^u can Iim tam nhat. Viec ddi phd vdi van de ban ciing da duac dua vao trong chinh sach qudc gia tu diu thdi ky Meiji tdi nay. Ciing vdi su thay ddi thi chl thi tinh trang ban ciing ttong ngudi dan lai trd nen md rdng ban. Sy phat trien nhanh chdng gap gap ciia chu nghTa tu ban khien con ngudi lam viec ttong nhirng dieu kien khic nghiet hon, rat nhieu ngudi phai chiu dung cudc sdng ngheo nan va nhu hi dudi cimg diet tan. Khdng nhirng the, thien tai tham hpa lai phat sinh, nhttng loai bpnh truyen nhiem cung lay lan rdng khap. Chinh phii budc phai dat ra mdt sd quy tac de khac phyc tinh trang do, nhu
"Quy tac xu tri vdi ngudi chet ngoai dudng"
va "Quy tac xii tri vdi ngudi benh ngoai dudng" (nam 1871) vdi ddi tupng la nhung ngudi dang guc din tren dudng; "Quy tic ciiu trp kip thdi vdi khd nan dan", dl ciru giup nhttng ngudi dan ngheo kho vi thien tai.
Ba quy tic dd khdng phai la sy cim tl mang tmh bd phan, ma gan nhu mpt chl dp cdng ich tuy chua diy du nhim ciru trp nhirng ngudi khdn ciing. Khi dd, Nhat Ban lin diu tien thiet lap ra mot luat cdng ich vl cim trp
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mang ten "Quy tic ciru ttp bing sy ddng cam", song ddi tupng hudng ciiu ttp chi gidi ban d nhttng ngudi dan hoan toan khdng dupc giup da, khdng cdn noi nuang tya.
Trong tinh hinh dd, nhumg ngudi cd suy nghT nghiem tuc vl mat tin ngudng hay nhttng ngucri cd tdn giao nhu Phat giao hay Kitd giao da no lyc ciiu t l nhttng ngudi khdn cimg va benh tat. (3 trudng hi?p nhttng Phat hi thdi ky Meiji, khi Phat giao phai doi mat vdi su phdn thjnh ciia tdn giao khac thi day cung la each dl thu hdt xa hdi vl sy tdn tai ciia Phat giao. Song viec quan ttpng hom la ngay ben eanh hp dang cd nhieu ngudi dan rat khdn khd, thyc sy khdng dupe bao tro vl mjt xa hpi ttong cupc sdng, va hp cin cdu giup nhttng ngudi dd. Sy hien huu mdt each khach quan cua nhttng Phat tu ben canh nhung ngudi khdn ciing iy, cho thiy sy hien hihi cua Phat giao d khap noi.
Ngoai ra, cac tang sT d phai Honganji ( ^ B # - Ban Nguyen tu) thudc Tjnh Dp Chan tdng vdi chiia chinh Nishi Honganji ( S ; ^ f S
# - Tay Ban Nguyen ty), tir so ky thdi Meiji da bat dau hoat ddng vdi vai trd la cac quan nguc giao hdi sT, gpi tat la giao hdi si. Ci dia phuang, hp ciing da tien hanh cdng tac giup dd va cim te cho tre em va ngudi benh ngheo khd. Viec ciru te cho ngudi dan bj thiet hai d dja phuorng cd tham hpa cung dupc tien hanh vdi nhirng Hdi phy ntt Phat tii boat ddng rat tich cue. NhiJng viec nhu vay la khdi ngudn cua phuc Ipi xa hdi Phat giao de giai quyet nhimg van de cudc sdng nhu ngheo ddi, benh tat, tham hpa ma viec cira te cdng ich ciia chinh phu khdng thi dam duong het.
Dan din nhung hoat ddng nay mang tinh td chiic va tinh xa hdi, boat ddng phiic Ipi xa
hdi Phat giao d xa hpi can dai da tdn t?i vdi vai ttd nhu boat dpng phiic lpi xa hpi chp ngudi dan d timg dja phuong thdi ky dd. Nd da dem lai \qi ich va giup dd cha rat nhieu ngudi.
Thyc ra, vdi nhttng ngudi can cira giiip, hoat ddng phuc lpi xa hdi Phat giao dupc cpi la khdng khac vdi boat dpng phiic lpi xa hpi ehung. Thdng thudng, ttong vipc thuc hijn cae cdng viec tu thien nhu viec eiiu te cho ngudi ngheo, viee giai quyet cac van de ddi sdng cho cac benh nhan, xay dyng cac co sd vat chat cho tte em ngheo... khdng cd sy khae nhau gitta hojit dpng cila nha Phat vdi boat dpng ciia nhihig edng chuc va ngudi khdng phai la Phat tir. Bdi vjy, cung cd nhttng y kien cho ring phuc lpi xa hdi PhSt giao khdng khac gi so vdi phiic lgi xi hpi thdng thudng. Tuy nhien, boat dpng phuc lpi xa hpi Phat giao cdn bao gdm ca nhirng boat dpng mang tinh nghi li tdn giap nhu "Li hpi hoa" (hay cdn gpi la li hdi Phat dan - R W | i $ R # ) hay "Ll hpi hoa hi ding" (hay cdn gpi la ll hdi Td tdn dan - g ? t i . P $ R ^ ) , "Phap tpa" ( i £ j S ) hay "Phap yiu" ( f e S ) . Tuy nhung viec ay khdng cd hinh thirc gidng nhumg heat ddng phuc Ipi xa hpi khac nhu cuu te hay giup da tre em khd khan, song lpi ich tinh than cila nd dem lai cho ngudi dan ngheo la khdng the phd nhan. Dac tnmg ciia phuc lpi xa hdi Phat giao khdng phai la d hinh thuc hoat ddng nhin bang mat thudng, ma la d tinh than Phat giao da giup dd con ngudi trong hien thuc ra sao.
1.3. Thanh lap Hpc hpi Phuc Ipi xd hpi Phgt gido Nhgt Ban
Hpc hdi Phuc lpi xa hdi Phat giao Nhat Ban dupc thanh lap thang 11 nam 1966, dya
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tten y tudng va Idng nhiet huyet ciia cac giang vien d cac dai hpc thudc he Phat giao.
Hp ban bac va thdng nhat ve mdt each thirc mdi cho sy nghiep xa hdi Phat giao, ttong thdi ky bat dau qudc gia phuc lpi xa hpi sau Chien tranh The gidi thu hai. Hpe hdi da tao nen ddng chay cho phiic lai xa hdi Phat giao bat ngudn tir ttiet ly tir thien mang tinh Phat giao, tdng hpp nen nen tri thiie ve phue lpi xa hdi Phat giao. Hien nay danh sach hdi vien cua hpc hpi nay bao gdm 23 trudng dai hoc, vien nghien cira, ehua... Cac trudng dai hpc trong danh sach nay chinh la ncri sinh vien cd the theo hpc ve bd mdn Phde loi xa hpi Phat giao. Danh sach bao gdm;
1. DaihpeOtani 2. Cao ding Kyoto Bunkyo 3. Dai hpc Kpyasan 4. Dai hpc Komazawa
5. Cao ding thudc Dai hpc Otani Sapporo 6. Dai hpc Shutoku
7. Cao dang Shutoku 8. Dai hpc Shuehuin
9. Hpi hiep nghj xiic tiin Phuc lpi xa hpi phai Honganji thupc Tinh Dp Chan tdng
10. Phdng Giao dye thudc Van phdng phai Otani thudc Chan tdng
11. Chiia Asakusa 12. Chiia Zojo 13. DaihpcTaishp 14. Vien Tri an
15. Dai hpc Chikushi Jpgakuen 16. Dai hpc Doho
17. Dai hpc Phiic M Ddng Bac 18. Vien Nghien ciiu tdn giao hien dai thupc Nhat Lien tdng
19. Dai hpc Bukkyo
20. Khoa Phiic Ipi xa hpi thudc Dai hpc Hanazono
21. Dai hpc Rj-ukoku 22. Dai hpe Minobusan
23. Khoa Phiic lpi xa hdi thuoc Dai hpc Risshp
Hpc hpi hd ttp nhau frong cdng tac giang day vl bp mdn Phde lpi xa hdi Phat giao, dua vao giao trinh giang day nhttng ky nang va cdng tac cin thiit cho \ iec thyc hien cdng viec nay, dong thdi nd lyc hoan thien nen tti thuc v l phiic lpi xa hdi Phat giao. Nhumg djnh nghTa nhu la vien ttp, tro giiip, cam hda, cim tl, tu thien... tung dupc dimg frong qua khii, tiiy theo khdng gian va thdi gian tlii each nhan djnh cung khdng hoan toan day du. 6 phuc lpi xa hdi Phat giao nhung djnh nghTa nay cdn dupc giai thich dudi gdc dp nhin tu frilt ly nha Phat. Nhung cum tu nhu eham sdc, than thiit, tir thien... dupc coi nhu nhttng hanh vi mang tinh ai tha (yeu thuong ngudi khae) - tam tinh. Theo dd, thdi ky trudc Chiln franh Thi gidi thir hai, khai niem phiic lpi lien quan ttii tdn giao hay dupc giai thieh mang tinh truyen dao giao hda, song dan dan nhung cum tu nhu phiic lpi Phat giao, phuc lpi hanh phiic... ngay cang dai chiing hda, song vin khdng tranh khdi lan Ipn, tham chi ca trong Hien phap.
Vi vay, giu gin mdt nen tri thiic hoan chinh ve phue lpi xa hdi Phat giao la nhiem vy quan trpng ciia Hpc hpi nay.
2. Phiic loi tir phap Phat giao
"Phuc lpi ttr phap" khdng chi la tien hanh cac dam thoai ve cudc sdng, phdng ngiia tdi pham, giup dd tai hda nhap xa hpi va cai tao cho nhiing ngudi timg la til nhan hay cac thieu nien pham tdi, ma cdn la sy giip j j
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cho nhung gia dinh hay nhung ngudi bj thiet hai trong cac vu pham tdi.
O day, cd indt sy that thu vi la Phat giao lai lien quan chat che tdi phiic lpi tu phap, va phuc lpi tu phap dupe coi la mdt frong nhttng bd phan eua phde lpi xa hdi Phat giao.
Tu dau thdi ky Meiji, Phat giao da nd lyc giiip dd viee xay dyng cac Vien Cam hda (iSfbP^, tire Trung tam Giam giu tre vj thanh nien pham phap), cac dy an bao trp cuu tu (hay cdn gpi la dy an bao ttp chp nhttng ngudi ra til, hay du an bao trp nhung ngudi dupe phdng thich),... Nhimg viec nay cung the hien tinh than Phat giao, mang nguyen vpng giup dp cho mpi ngudi vdi Idng nhan dao, xuat phat tu "Bi phap" (tiic la
"bi" trong "tir bi", tuang img vdi Idng thuang cam, va Idng mong mudn bien sy thuang cam thanh hien thyc hanh ddng.
2.1. Lich sir cua phiic Iffi ttr phdp Phgt gido
Hoat dpng cua cac giao hdi sT' cd the thay dupc khdi ngudn tu hai tang sT Minpwa Taigaku va Ukai Keitan cua phai Otani thupc Chan tdng thdi ky can dai. Hon ntta, ttang cac to chirc bao trp cho cyu tii trong mudi nam tu 1907 tdi 1916, cd tdi 238 td chirc thudc he Phat giao trong sd 292 td chirc.
Cac hoat ddng giiip da cac tu nhan sau khi man han tti tai hda nhap cpng ddng nhu cdng tac bao frp cho cyu tii nhan hay bao trp cho thiiu nien thdi ky trudc hay sau Chiln tranh
" Giap h6i sT c6 Ihi di/pc hi^u la cac tang sT trong nha giam dam nhi?m dan d3t ngu&i pham tpi dang chap h^nh 4n ph^t hoac nhdng ngu&i chiu an tu treo dang bi quan thtic tdi voi anh sang cua dao diic, hudng lhi$n, trd lai hoa nh§p cpng ddng, thuong la ducri anh sang tri^t ly ton giao.
Cl phuang Tay cpm tir tutmg duong thudng dupc dimg la
"Cha tuyen tjy".
The gitii thur hai, dupc hoach djnh tu quan diem chinh sach hinh su, thudc ve ttach nhiem cita Nha nude. "Luat Cdng tac phuc lpi xa hdi" (nay gpi la "Luat Phiic lpi xa hpi"), hien tai ciing quy djnh nhu vay. Tuy nhien, cdng cudc giup do cyu til tai hda nhap cdng ddng lai khdng dupe coi la mpt mat ciia cdng tac phiic lpi xa hpi, th^m chi tai hda nhap cdng ddng va phuc lpi xa hpi cdn cd luc bj eoi la hai ITnh vyc khdc nhau
Rd rang, tai hda nhap cpng ddng vdi tu each la mpt ehinh sach cd tinh hinh su, dupe de ra la nhim phuc hdi, cai thi?n de phdng ngira sy tai pham, nham myc dich hda nh^p lai xa hdi cho cyu tu. Vdi muc dich nhu v|y, thi nd can thiet phai dupe ket ndi vdi phiic Ipi xa hdi. Tu nhan dang chip hanh an tu treo quan thdc hay cyu tu, la nhimg ngudi yeu the ve mat xa hpi, hp bi xa hpi chdi bd va bai trir, tham chi ky thi, chinh la nhdm ngudi can giup do. Trudc Chien tranh The gidi thir hai, viec bao trp, giup dd, giio hda euu til nhan da chap hanh xong an til chu yen do nhttng Phat tii dam nhiem. Hasegawa Ryoshin'(1890-1966, gS^JH fi;(8) da cho rang: (1) Phat giao Nhat Ban la sy truyin tai edt tiiy cua Phat giao Dai thiia mang tinh xa
•hdi, tinh than, thyc te; (2) Nhihig viee bao an chung sinh cd tinh than can ban nhu cdng tac xa hdi, da dieu tiet quan he kinh te va quan he tinh than xa hpi, nhu tri lieu benh tat mang tinh xa hdi, vi phde lpi ciia eon ngudi va tien bp xa hpi.
Sau Chien tranh The gidi thu hai, sd Phat hi dam nhiem cdng tac thep dpi giap dnc nham giup dp phyc hdi cho cyu rti rat ldn.
' Mot trong nhung nguoi tien phong lam cong tie xa h$i a Nh|t Ban.
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Ca sd phuc hdi cua Phat giao chiem 23 ttong sd tdng 144 ca sd tten toan qudc, theo sd lieu nam 1969. Dieu dd ciing eho thay su cy the hda triet ly Phat giao.
2.2. Hogt dgng ciia gido hoi st vd phiic Ipi xd hpi Phgt gido
Quan he gitta Phat giao va tu phap dupe bat dau bing edng tac Giao hdi sT cila Ukai Keitan va Minowa Taigaku vao nam 1872.
Mdi quan he ctia hai ITnh vuc nay ngay cang ttd nen sau sac khi Minowa Taigaku (1838- 1879, tang sT Phat giao phai Otani cua Chan tdng) tdi Tukudajima vao nam 1872, giao huan eho nhthig tii nhan d dd. Nam 1874, dng da dupc cap giay phep tiW eac nha tu d Tpkyo dl giao huin cho cae tu nhan. Cung ciing nam 1872, Ukai Keitan ciing dupe Tinh trudng tinh Aichi cap giay phep tien hanh chuong ttinh "Cai tao ttai tim bang each sam hdi qua khir - thuyet giang cho nhtrng tii nhan ve Nhan qua bao ling ttong Phat giao". Dd chmh la cdng viec eua mot giao hdi sT.
Cimg vdi viec chinh ttang cdng viec giao hdi (IStK - kyokai) vao nam 1881, viec cai chinh quy tie nha til eung ndi rd viec dua vao giang cho tii nhan con dudng sam hdi hudng thien, vtii ngudi thye hien la cac giao hdi si. Vao khoang nam 1885, ed 37 nha giam eung lap dat nhtrng birc tuimg Phat, hay cac cdng cu cin cho viec thuyet giang Phat giao, dl hd ttp cho cac giao hdi si. Sd giao hdi sT thudc Phat giao ciing len tdi 193 ngudi nam 1906. Diiu dd da eho thiy tinh thin til bi ttong Phat giao, huiing con ngudi tdi cai ta quy chinh.
Nhim phat huy hieu qua cao han mdt bac so vdi nhung ngudi lam tinh nguyen tnroc dd, nhttng giao hdi si thdi tiin chien. da thiet lap chl dp thudng ttvc, khdng chi vdi^ tu each giao hdi sT ca nhan hay giao hdi si tong hpp, ma cdn duac md rdng ttong pham vt bao ttp phdng thich, thj sat viec dung ngdi, ddng tinh, ludi eham, irng xu... cua ngudi bi giam. Su ren giua nhttng pham nhan hay fre vi thanh nien pham tdi, vdi muc dich dua hp hda nhap lai xa hdi lai mdt each thuan lpi cdn nhim giup hp thu nhSn dupc y nghTa mdi vi cupc sdng va hdi phuc dan dan.
Nhttng giao hdi sT da giiip pham nhan nhan thiic dupe each sdng chan thuc ciia con ngudi, nhan ra chinh ban than, khoi len nhimg nhan tinh hien t?i cua ban than, chat dut vdng trdn tdi ldi vl ndi dau va tdi ac d cupc dpi cpn ngudi vd thudng. Dpi vdi nhirng ngudi dang can su cim gidp ve tin ngudng thi day la sy cira giup rat quan trong, cdn ddi vdi nhirng ngudi khdng cd tam tin nguong di ntta, thi day cung la mpt su sdng cdn ve mat tinh than ddi vdi hp.
Sau Chien tranh the gidi thii hai, cting vdi eai each Hien phap va quy dinh gidi ban lai sy chi tra ttong nhirng tai san cdng cila cac td chuc tdn giao, cung nhu sy ty do tin giao dupc cho phep, giao hdi sT cung bi chl han lai, tru trudng hpp trong nhung dip hanh l i tdn giao va vdi nhung giao hdi sT hoat dpng nhu tinh nguyen vien. Dii bj chl ban nhu vay di ntta, cae giao hdi sT da eham tdi dupc can nguyen ciia tdn tai cudc ddi, cai thien ve mat tinh than cho nhttng tii nhan. Hp da hoan thanh vai frd quan trpng; hoat ddng giao hda nham cai tao va cai thien cho pham nhan.
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2.3. Vai tro ciia phic Ipi xa hpi Phgt giao trong vifc Idi hoa nhgp cpng ddng
Nhu chung ta da biit, sau Chiln tranh Thi gitii thu hai, cung vdi viec cai each thi chl,
"Luat phuc hdi va phdng ngira ngudi pham tpi" da dupc thiet lap nam 1949 nhim cai tap dupc nhttng ngudi dang bi giam sat chip hinh an tu treo, va trd thanh dinh chl "tai hda nhap cdng ddng" vdi true chinh la chip hanh an til treo dupc giam sat. Nhat Ban cung da ban hanh "Luat thieu nien mdi"
(1949), thiit lap Tda an Gia dinh (1949),
"Luat bao trp kip thdi cho pham nhan phyc hdi" (1950). Cho tdi luc nay eac td chuc bao trp tu phap da bien ddi thanh Hdi Tai hda nhap cdng ddng, ddng thdi Luat Giam sat vien (nhung ngudi giam sat ngudi thyc hien an til treo) cung dupe thyc thi. Luat Giam sal vien vao nam 1952 da cai each ca cau, hien tai trd thanh quy che Giam sat vien. Nam 1954, "Luat thii thach chap hanh an tii freo"
cOng dupc ban hanh, theo dd che dp an til freo dupc thiit lap tam thdi. Nam 1995, Nhat Ban ban hanh "Luat Cdng tac tai hda nhap cpng ddng", dinh ehi "Luat Bao frp kjp thdi eho pham nhan phuc hdi", ddng thdi thiet lap quy chl Phap nhan tai hda nhap cdng ddng nhim dem lai cho cdng cudc tai hda nhap cpng ddng mpt dia vj phap ly. Nhim dat dupc budc tiin hieu qua hom trong viec phdng ngua tdi pham, nam 2007 "Luat Tai hda nhap cpng ddng" dupc thiit lap, cimg vdi dd la viec huy bd "Luat Phuc hdi va phdng ngira ngudi pham tdi" va "Luat Thu thach chip hanh an tu freo", tit ca cdng tac thupc vl ITnh vyc tai hda nhap cdng ddng dupc thdng nhit vdi "Luat Tai hda nhap
cdng ddng". Han ntta, nham danh gia lai quy che cho nhan vien phiic lpi xa hpi va nhan vien eham sdc sire khde cdng ddng, mpt giao frinh mdi \'e cdng tac phue Iqd xa hpi da dupc thyc thi, frong dd cd dua vao van de tai hda nhap cdng ddng.
Sy cai each quy che ddi vdi viec tai hda nhap cpng ddng va su dua vao trong giao trinh cdng tac cda nhan vien phde lpi xa hpi cua Nha nude, cho thay nd lyc giup dd cac pham nhan quay iai sdng chung vdi xa hpi nhu mdt thanh vien binh thudng, de nhttng ngudi pham tpi da hi bai trir vd mat xa hpi cd the cung hudng tdi viec edng hien xa hpi.
Vdi Men thyc xa hdi cdng sinh, y thiic con ngudi ciing phai thay ddi. Theo dd, ciing vdi sy van ddng ciia toan thi xi hpi, viec giiip dd eho pham nhan va thieu nien pham tpi quay frd lai hda nhap cdng ddng la rat quan ttpng. Dac bipt vdi nhihig ngudi dang can su phyc hdi huting thien, nhthig ngudi dang budn rau ve cdi chet thi su ty y thiie dupc su lap lai ciia vdng trdn tpi ldi mang thep khd nao va tpi ac trpng cupc ddi vd thudng, trdng rdng va khd dau, nhim dupc giai thoat khdi ttang thai khd nao; vai trd cua mdt nha tdn giao huting din va chi day hp ve mdt each thuc cua cudc sdng chan thyc, de sdng va dupc sdng, de biet ve chinh minh mdt each day du, khai len nhttng nhan tinh hien tai cua ban than, cang liic cang ttd nen to ldn.
Trong Phat giao, tdng phai nao cung chd trpng hoat ddng tai hda nhap cdng ddng. Vao thang 4 nam 2013, trong sd nhirng giao hdi SI hien tai, cd 43 ngudi thudc Thien Thai tdng, 153 ngudi thupc he Chan Ngdn tdng.
NGHIEN Cdu 0 6 H G BflC ft $6 12(226) 12-2019 65
thudc he Thiin tdng, 152 ngudi thudc he Nhat Lien tdng''. Nam 2003, Giam sat vien toan qudc' cd 155 ngudi thupc Thien Thai tdng, he Chan Ngdn tdng 120 ngudi, he Tjnh Dp tdng 495 ngudi, he Thien tdng 1028 ngudi, he Nhat Lien tdng 201 ngudi.
Trudc Chien tranh The gidi thu hai, boat ddng phiic lpi xa hdi Phat giao da cd nhimg hieu qua rat Itin frong viec ren giua giao due cam hda va giup dd cho pham nhan, giup dd cho thiiu nien thdng qua cae giao hdi si tdn giao.
Tdm lgi, phiic Ipi xa hdi Phat giap d Nhat Ban cd ljch sir kha lau ddi, da cd nhttng ddng gdp dang kl cho ddi sdng ciia ngudi dan. Thdng qua nhttng boat ddng phiic lpi xa hpi ciia minh, Phat giao da the hien dupc trilt ly Tu bi va tu tudng pho dp chiing sinh ciia minh, ddng thdi thi hien dupc vai trd cin thiet trong xa hdi. Qua dd, anh huting cda Phat giao vl mat tinh than cung tang len.
ddi sdng chinh Iri, vdn hda- xd hgi Shgt Ban (thi ky VI - thi ky XDC), Luan an Tiin si Sir hpc, Dai hgc Su pham Ha Npi.
3. Shimazono Susumu (1992), Luan vi ton gido cim li hiin dgt, Nxb Seikyu, Tokyo, Nhat Ban.
4. Hgc hgi Phuc Ipi xa hpi Phat giao Nhat Ban (bien tap) (2014), Nhgp mdn Phuc lai xd hdi Phgt gido, Nxb Phap Tang Quan, Nhat Ban.
5. Tan hpi nghien ciru Td chiic tdn giao Nhat Ban (2011), Guide book (sdch hudng ddn) mtii nhdt vi cdc Id ehue ton gido, Nxb KK Best Book, Tokyo, Nhat Ban.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Pham Hdng Thai (2005), "Tdn giao mdi d Nhat Ban tir sau 1945 ttii nay", Nghien eiiu Nhdl Bdn vd Bong Bde A, sd 5 (59), tt. 37-42.
^ Theo s6 lieu cua Lien do^n Giao h6i sT loan quoc (QuJ phap nhan cong ich) nam 2013, toin Nhat Ban CO 1.216 giao hdi sT Phat giao, c6n Kilo giao CO 257 nguoi gom 63 ngudi thupc he Thien Chua giio, 194 ngucri he Tin Lanh;
221 ngu6i thupc Thin dao (63 nguoi thuoc Kim Quang giao, 141 nguoi thupc Thin dao Ban sanh, con lai la cac he Thin dao khac). S6 giao hdi si thupc cac ton giao khac la 159 nguoi, trong do da CO 158 ngiroi thupc Thien Ly giao.
^Gidm sat vien c6 diim khac vdi giao hoi sT, hp khong chi ho9t dpng trong nha giam, ma con hoat dpng ben ngoai, giam sat nhOng ngudi chap hanh an til treo
66 NQHIEN cdu OONQ BflC fl, sd 12(226) 12-2019
