TAM Li HOC - SINH LJ HOC UJfA JV6l
VAI NET VE C0 s a TAM SINH LI HOC
pr.j , nun; s-j'-J'-' '•'.-' v\ '>J' •-*
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O PGS.TS. D A O THI O A N H '
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u hge (TH) vd tdchue tu Ape (TCTH) Id mdt trong nhung vdn de rdt dupe quan tdm hien nay. Id mdt trong nhung yeu to quye't djnh ehd't lupng dqy hpc trong nhd trudng ndi ehung vd d trudng phd thdng ndi rieng. Ddi mdi gido dye (GD) phd thdng hien nay khdng ehi nhdn mqnh vdo phdt trien khd ndng TH eua hpc sinh (HS), md cdn yeu edu GD HS biet tu td chuc, tu qudn //'viec hpc tdp cua minh mdt edeh hieu qud.Trong dqy hpc, hoqt ddng hpc tdp eua HS dupe chia thdnh hai giai doqn: hgc tap d tren lap, dudi sy to ehue hudng ddn tryc tiep eua gido vien vd hgc d nhd, do HS ty td chuc. TH d nhd Id mdt bp phdn hop thdnh, giai doqn tiep ndi vd phdt trie'n bdi hpc tren Idp; Id khdu quan trpng ed dnh hudng tryc tiep den todn bd qud trinh hpc tap cua HS; hon nOa phuang phdp day hpc dang ed nhung dd'i mdi theo hudng tfch eye hod hoqt ddng nhdn thue eua HS. Muc dp tfch eye, ddc ldp eua HS khi hpc tren Idp phy thude phdn Idn vdo ket qud edng viec chudn bj bdi d nhd.
Tuy vdy, hien nay edn nhieu HS lung tung trong TCTH d nhd. Viee chua biet edeh td chuc hpc tdp khoa hoc, hpp If Id mdt trong nhirng nguyen nhdn ehu yeu khien HS ed thdi dd tieu cue ddi vdi viec chud'n bj bdi d nhd (dd'i phd, khdng ddy du, phf thdi gion...) ldm dnh hudng Idn den ket qud hpc tdp cua bdn thdn, den chdt lupng GD trong nhd trudng. Hpc tdp ndi ehung vd TH ndi rieng Id mdt dqng lao ddng dqc thu - lao dgng trf 6c, dupe d i i n ra theo nhung quy ludt tdm - sinh If nhd't djnh. Neu HS ndm dupe vd biet vdn dyng ehung vdo qud trinh td ehue viec TH d nhd thi cd the ndng cao ke't qud hpc tdp cua bdn thdn.
Bdi viet de edp mdt so khfa cqnh ehu yeu trong eo sd tdm sinh If hpc cua viec TCTH d nhd eua HS (viec tdeh rieng thdnh tung khfa cqnh de trinh bdy dudi ddy ehi mang tfnh tuong dd'i).
Tap chi Giao due so 2 5 6 (ki a - a/aom
1. Bp ndo con ngudi - ea sd sinh If thdn kinh ciia TCTH
Hoqt ddng thdn kinh ed'p cao cua ndo Id co sd sinh If thdn kinh cua cde hien tuong tdm If, trong dd ed hpc tdp. Dd Id hoqt ddng ddm bdo quan he phuc tqp, ehfnh xdc vd tinh vi eua todn bp CO the ddi vdi the gidi ben ngodi. Hoqt ddng ndy do cde bdn edu dqi ndo thye hien.
1) Khdi ndng lugng ddm bdo dieu hdnh truang luc vo ndo vd trgng thdi thue tinh. De ddm bdo edc qud trinh tdm If dien ra mdt edeh ddy du, eon ngudi phdi d trong trqng thdi thuc tinh tdi uu.
Tuong ty, de thye thi mdt hopt ddng cd td chuc, ed myc dfeh, edn phdi ddm bdo truong lye tdi uu eua vd ndo. Khdi ndy dupe edu true theo dqng ludi thdn kinh «khdng chuyen bief"\\\\jc hien chuc ndng bdng eon dudng thay ddi trqng thdi lan tda ddn. Khdi ehue ndng thu nhd't ehu yeu ndm trong khudn khd eua thdn ndo, eua edc td chuc gian ndo vd cde phdn giua cua vd ndo mdi. Bd mdy cho phep dieu ehinh trqng thdi ndy tuong ung vdi tung nhiem vy dupe ddt ra trudc co the.
Dd'i vdi hoqt ddng TCTH, vai trd cua khd'i chuc ndng ndy Id to chuc hoqt hdo viee hpc (Id qud trinh tqo ddng co cua viec hpc), bdi ndo phdi dupe hoqt hda, ddm bdo truong lye vd ndo d muc dp nhdt djnh thi hoqt ddng hpc tdp mdi dupe bdt ddu theo dung nghTa.
2] Khdi tiep nhgn, xu If, luu giu thong tin. Khd'i ndy phdn bd d phfa sou bdn edu vd gdm edc vung thj gide (chdm), thfnh gide (thdi duong), edm gide ehung (dinh) eua vd vd cde edu true dudi vd.
Bd mdy eua khd'i chuc ndng ndy deu ed edu true thu bdc, gdm: vung ndo edp I (phdng chieu) Id noi tiep nhdn thdng tin vd phdn tfch ehung thdnh cde yeu td edu thdnh nhd nhd't; vung ndo edp 11 (phdng ehieu, lien hop) Id noi md hda (tdng hpp)
' Tnroing Dai hpc sir pham Ha No!
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edc yeu to edu thdnh; vung ndo edp III («vung md") Id noi ddm bdo hoqt dong ddng thdi cua nhieu he ca quan phdn tfch, duo ra edc bieu tupng dua tren cde hinh thuc td hop cua hoqt ddng nhdn thuc. Trong hoqt dong TCTH, khdi chuc ndng ndy ddm bdo viec thuc hien TH eua chu the, qua ddy cd the biet ro each hpc cua HS Id a mue dp tdi hien hay sang tqo.
3j Khdi lap trinh, dieu khien vd kiem soat cde hinh thuc hogt dgng phuc top. Mot khfa cqnh khdc cua ddi sdng tdm If con ngudi Id su td chuc hoqt ddng tdm If c6 y thuc. Do Id qud h-inh con ngudi len ke hoqch, chuong trinh hdnh dong; theo doi viec thuc hien de dieu chinh hdnh vi h/ong ung vdi ke hoqch hope chuong trinh dd de ro; kiem tro hoqt ddng cua bdn thdn bdng each so sdnh ke't qud hdnh ddng vdi myc dich ban ddu vd chinh sua nhung soi sdt neu cd. Phye vy cde viee ndy Id bd mdy khdi chuc ndng thu ba cua ndo - khd'i ldp h-inh, dieu khien vd kiem sodt d i i n bie'n cua hdnh ddng dong d i i n ro. Cde bd phdn cua khd'i chuc ndng thu bo ndy ndm d phdn phfa trudc bdn edu ndo.
Trong TCTH nhd't thie't phdi cd su thom gia cua cd 3 khd'i chuc ndng ndi fren, ddng thdi, TCTH phdi gdm edc hdnh ddng neu tren. Nhu vdy, TCTH dupe bdt ddu trudc het bdng viec td chuc khdi ddng bd ndo (1).
2. Chu y - dieu kien cua viec TCTH Mdi trudng xung quanh ludn cd vd vdn su vdt tdc dong vdo cd nhdn, hdng ngdy cd nhdn phdi thuc hien nhirng nhiem vy cdn thie't, dd dupe len ke'hoqch. Vi the, con ngudi phdi biet lua chon, tdp trung vdo dd'i tuong cua sy vdt de thye hien hoqt ddng de ra. Hien krpng dd dupe Tdm If hpc (TLH) gpi Id «ehu y". Id su tap trung y thuc vdo mgt ddi fugng, su vdt ndo do de dinh huang hogt dgng, ddm bao dieu kien than kinh - tdm li can thief cho hogt dgng tien hdnh eo kef qud. Chu y cd CO sd sinh If hpc (SLH) Id ndo vd cde quy ludt hoqt ddng cua he thdn kinh ed'p cao. Chu y xudt hien do trong ndo co mot trung tdm hung phdn uu the dupe tqo ra bdi mdt kfch thfch (mdi, Iq, bdt ngd) tdc dong vdo cd nhdn. Cd loqi ehu y xudt hien chu yeu do tdc ddng cua moi trudng ben ngodi gdy ra (ehu y khong chtj dinhj, cung CO the dupe con ngudi chu ddng tqo nen (chu y cd chu dinh]. Hpc tqp Id hoqt dong doi hdi tdp trung cao dp trong khodng thdi gian ddi vdo nhung kien thire mdi vd ldm viee vdi kien thuc dd
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de nd trd thdnh mot phdn vTnh v i l n frong h-f nhd ddi hqn. Nhuvqy, mudn TCTH, cd nhdn phdi biet ldm chu chu y eua minh, biet hudng chu y cua minh tdi nhirng ddi tupng hpc tdp (sue tap trung chu y - khdi lugng chu yj; cd khd ndng tap trung Idu ddi vdo dd'i tupng hpc tap (su ben vung eua chu y); co khd ndng di chuyen su tqp trung tu ddi h/png ndy sang ddi tupng khdc (su di chuyen chu yj. Vi vdy, edc chuyen gia ve phuong phdp hpc tap khdng djnh: «tdp trung Id kT ndng hgc tap sieu viet sd 1" (2).
Tdp trung tdi do vd Idu ddi vdo viec hpc tdp khdng phdi Id viec d l vdi tdt cd HS. Hon nira, biet tdp hTjng dung muc vdo edc ddi krpng hpc tdp Iqi cdng quan trpng, bdi quy thdi gian vdt chdt eua nhieu HS rd't hqn hep md khdi lupng bdi hpc, bdi ldm Ipi rdt nhieu. Td chuc ren luyen khd ndng cho y se ddng thdi giup phdt trien d HS khd ndng td chirc, qudn If thdi gion hpc tqp dupe tdt hon.
3. Trf nhd - chia khda eua TH
Trong TLH, trf nhd dupe hieu Id qud trinh ghi Igi (tqo vet), giu lgi (cung cd vet) vd ldm xudt hien Igi (tdi hien - h> nhCmg ddu vet ldm sdng Iqi nhirng hinh dnh) nhi/ng gi cd nhdn thu dugc trong hogt dgng sdng cua minh. Cde qud trinh ndy dupe xem Id cde giai doqn cua tri nhd vd mdi giai doqn dqi dien eho mdt edp dp tdng cudng khdc nhau. Nhu vdy, nhung qud trinh tdm If ndy khong ty nhien md cd, khong dien ra h/ dong, md xuat hien vd dinh hinh trong hoqt ddng cua cd nhdn.
Phdn xg co dieu kien Id co sd sinh If eua su ghi nhd. Cde kfch thfeh xudt phdt tir nhirng te bdo thdn kinh se, hope dupe ddn vdo cde nhdnh cua edc te bdo thdn kinh khdc, hope quay trd Iqi thdn te bdo. Bdng each dd, cde te bdo ndy duoc thu them ndng lupng vd ddy Id eo che sinh li cua sy tfch luy cde ddu vet vd Id budc trung gion chuyen Kr tr'] nhd ngdn hqn song trf nhd ddi hqn (2), (3).
Trf nhd Id mot qud trinh thdng nhdt, gdm nhieu qud trinh rieng le gdn bd chdt che vdi nhau theo edc quy ludt nhd't djnh. Vf dy, trf nhd ngan hgn cd khd ndng luu tru khodng tu 4 den 10 thong tin (trung binh Id 7 thdng tin); hay quen xdy ro cung mong tfnh quy ludt c o c o sd SLH Id edc hien h/png uc che khdc nhau d i i n ra trong ndo... Vol HS, myc dfeh chfnh eua viec chudn bj bdi d nhd Id de giCip hieu sdu hon nhirng kien thirc dd hpc d h-en Idp; de nhd bdi, ren cde kT ndng dd hpc bdng each gidi quyet cde nhiem v y / b d i tdp gido vien yeu edu; de hr nghien eiru mdt vdn de If thuyet
Tap chi Giao due so 2 5 6 (ki a • a/aoi i)
hoqe thye hdnh ndo dd phye vy eho gid hoc tdi.
Neu khdng ed khd ndng ghi nhd, HS khdng the hodn thdnh nhiem vy hpc tdp binh thudng (nhd tdt khdng ddng nghTa vdi hpc tdt). Song, trong thye te, bdt eu mdt HS hpc tdt ndo eung cd trf nhd phdt trien khd tdt, vi mdt trf nhd tdt Id dieu kien cdn de hpc tdt. Gdn ddy, nhieu cdng trinh nghien cuu dd phdt hien ro nhung quy ludt eho phep phdt trien mqnh me trf nhd, dupe trien khai rdng rdi vd gdp phdn quan trqng vdo viee ndng cao ehd't lupng hpc tdp eua HS. Vi vdy, viee giup HS ed hieu biet ve eo sd tdm sinh If eua trf nhd vd biet vdn dyng nhCrng hieu biet dd vdo qud trinh TCTH cua bdn thdn Id edn thie't. • •
4. Cde qud trinh nhqn thuc
TH Id qud trinh nhdn thuc, qud trinh phdn dnh hien thye (cd khdch quan Idn ehu quan, cdi dd qua Idn edi se tdi, ed edc quy ludt phdt trien eua hien thye). Viee TCTH gdm nhieu qud trinh nhdn thire khde nhau, d nhung mire dp phdn dnh khdc nhau: cam gide, tri gide, tu duy, tudng tupng...
de cho nhung sdn phdm khde nhau: hinh tupng, bieu tupng, khdi niem... vd ed lien quan rdt chdt ehe vdi nhau. Chdng hqn, edm gide Id hinh thirc djnh hudng ddu tien; Id ngudn nguyen lieu de eon ngudi tien hdnh nhung hinh thue nhdn thue eao hon; dieu kien quan trpng de ddm bdo trqng thdi hoqt hdo eua vd ndo; cdn thiet dd'i vdi khdu ddu tien cua TCTH. Cde thao tde tu duy nhu: phdn tfch, tdng hpp, khdi qudt hda... giup gidi quye't edc nhiem vy hpc tdp, dupe huy ddng thudng xuyen trong TH cua HS. Hay, hrdng tupng cdn thiet eho bdt cu mot hoqt ddng ndo cua eon ngudi, cho phep hinh dung dupe ket qud eua hoqt ddng trude khi bdt toy vdo hopt ddng. Sy hinh dung khdng eh? gidi hpn a ke't qud cudi cung md ed nhCrng ke't qud trung gian, giup ed nhdn djnh hudng hoqt ddng bdng cdeh tqo ro md hinh tdm If ve nhung sdn phdm cudi eung, nen cd y nghTa hd trp cho viee bien md hinh thdnh sdn phdm.
Trong TCTH, tudng hrpng thom gia vdo tdt cd cde khdu, tu xdc djnh myc tieu ldp ke hoqch eho den kiem tra, ddnh gid ke't qud TH...
5. Y thuc, ddng CO, y chi
Dqc diem nd'i bdt cua hoqt ddng con ngudi Id tfnh kr gide, bieu hien d tfnh ed chu djnh, ed dy kien, cd myc dfeh. Trude khi thye hien hoqt ddng, eon ngudi dd ed nhCrng dy djnh, y thuc dupe myc dfeh, dd ed nguyen vpng dqt dupe myc dfeh dy vd ldp ke hoqch de td chire hoqt ddng. Hoqt
Tap chi Giao due so 2 5 6 (ki a - a/aom
ddng boo g i d eung nhdm thdo mdn nhirng nhu edu nhd't djnh, nhO'ng nhu edu dy khi dupe y thirc se trd thdnh ddng lye, ddng eo hoqt ddng.
TCTH Id mdt hoqt ddng tri de phuc tqp, thudng ddp irng ddng thdi mdt vdi ddng eo ldm eho hopt ddng dy ed y nghTa ve nhieu mat, vi the, tpo ddng eo eho hoqt ddng TCTH d HS rdt quan trqng. Ve nhung ddng cothuc ddy HS hpc tap, edn cd nhirng hung thu, hung thu tqo ra khdt vpng hoqt ddng nhdn thuc. Id dieu kien quan trpng eua loo ddng sdng tqo.
Y chf id mdt phdm ehd't tdm If eua ed nhdn, thude tfnh tdm If eua nhdn each vd Id hinh thirc tdm If dieu ehinh hdnh vi tfch eye nhd't d eon ngudi.
Y chf ket hpp trong nd ed mat ndng ddng eua trf tue, Idn mat ndng ddng eua tinh edm dqo due vd dupe bieu hien a ndng lye thye hien nhirng hdnh ddng ed myc dfeh, nhirng hdnh ddng cdn sy nd lye. Phdm chdt eua y chf gdm: tfnh myc dfeh, tfnh ddc ldp, tfnh quye't dodn, tfnh kien tri vd tfnh ty chu. Dd'i vdi viee TCTH a nhd cua HS, tdt ed cde phdm ehdt ndy deu edn thie't, bdi TH d nhd Id hodn todn ty gide, khdng ed sy gidm sdt cua ngudi khdc, thi yeu edu ve tfnh kien tri, tfnh ty ehu Id rdt cao. Vi vdy, viee GD y chf cho HS ed y nghTa quan trqng de ndng coo khd ndng TCTH d nhd, trong dd quan trqng nhd't Id ren luyen khd ndng no lucychfde bien quye't tdm thdnh hdnh ddng, ldm viee phdi ldm den cijng vd tdp trung mpi ndng lupng (the ehd't, xOc edm, tri tue) khi hdnh ddng.
6. Sy met mdi vd quy ludt dien bien «suc ldm viec" cue con ngudi
Cde nghien cuu ve thdnh tfch hoqt ddng cho thdy, eon ngudi khdng boo g i d ldm viec theo mdt nhjp dp deu ddn nhu nhau d mpi thdi diem.
Ngay cd dd'i vdi mdt ngudi gidi nghe, gidu kinh nghiem, thi, tqi mdt thdi die'm xdc djnh, nhjp dp ldm viee cua ngudi dd eung ed the dao ddng tCr 10-30% so vdi nhjp dp trung binh. Cde nghien cuu cung eho thdy, tuy eon ngudi ed the boo qudt mdt phd khd rdng cde kfch thude vdt If, nhung khd ndng phdn biet tfn hieu cua eon ngudi cdn hqn ehe vd ndm trong khodng 7 ± 2 tfn hieu. De hieu rd hon ve dieu ndy, edn xem xet mdt so khdi niem sinh If Id «Sy met mdi" vd
«Sue ldm viee".
Sir met mdi. Day Id mdt hien tupng sinh If khdch quan khdng the trdnh khdi. Vdn de Id ldm the ndo de ngdn ngCra met mdi den sdm, khi met
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mdi, ndng xudt hpc tdp se gidm sut vd neu khdng - Giai doqn «suc ldm viee gidm sut" («giai dupe quan tdm dung muc se dnh hudng den sue doqn sy met mdi phdt trien") Id giai doqn ndng khde cua HS. Vi vdy, hieu biet ve hien tupng ndy xudt lao ddng bj gidm sut, ehd't luong sdn phdm Id cdn thie't de td chuc hpp li viee TCTH d nhd, kem di, sy cdng thdng eua cde chuc ndng sinh If dqc biet de xdy dyng che dp hpc vd nghi ngai tdng len.
hpp If, khoa hpc. Ddi vdi HS phd thdng, trong Cde nghien cuu eho thdy, tuy theo cde loqi dieu kien khd'i lupng bdi vd tuong dd'i nhieu nhu hinh lao ddng khde nhau vd edc dieu kien hodn hien nay, bien phdp ehfnh de ngdn ngira khdng cdnh cy the khdc nhau md thdi gian eua tung eho met mdi xdy ra sdm Id phdi td chuc hop If giai doqn dao ddng khde nhau. O nua sou eua bdn thdn viee hpc tdp, edi thien dieu kien hpc ngdy ldm viee, ba giai doqn tren Iqi ldp Iqi. Trong tdp, mdi trudng hpc tdp tqi nhd... mdt sd trudng hpp, d cudi budi ldm viec cd sy
Sue ldm viee Id mdt khdi niem sinh If, ndi len ndng cao sue ldm viec do tdc ddng edm xuc khi khd ndng ldm viee deo doi, ben bi, khdng biet cd nhdn nhin thdy trude sy ke't thuc edng viec.
met mdi sdm. Sire ldm viee phy thude vdo nhieu Ddc biet, hopt ddng hpc tdp cua HS cung tudn nhdn td ndm ngodi cd nhdn vd ndm trong cd
nhdn. Vdi viee TCTH d nhd, thude nhdn to ben ngodi cd: sy phuc tqp eua cde nhiem vy dupe giao ve nhd, cde dieu kien mdi trudng ben ngodi eua viee hpc tdp... Cdn thuoc nhCrng nhdn to ben trong ed: trqng thdi thdn kinh - tdm li cua HS, tinh trqng sue khde cua CO the, trqng thdi eua cde he thdng chuc ndng tham gio tryc tiep vdo gidi quyet cde nhiem vy hpc tdp..
theo quy ludt tren (4).
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So do. Dudng bieu dien quy ludt bien ddi sue ldm viec Nghien cuu cho thdy, trong thdi gion mdt ngdy
hay mdt nua ngdy ldm viee, sue ldm viec cua eon ngudi cd nhung bie'n dd'i xdc djnh mang tfnh quy ludt, nhu nhau ddi vdi tdt cd cde loqi edng viec.
Quy ludt ndy dupe the hien bdng mdt dd thj bieu dien dupe gpi Id «Dudng cong eua sue ldm viec"
(xem so do). Theo quy ludt ndy, trong mdt ngdy loo ddng, sire ldm viee dupe bie'n ddi theo dudng cong 2 pha: tdng len a lOc ddu vd gidm xudng d luc cudi, vdi 3 giai doqn:
- Giai doqn «di vdo cong viee" (a ddu ngdy ldm viec) Id giai doqn sue ldm viee dupe tdng ddn len vd dot muc tdi da. Sy di vdo edng viec mdt cdeh tu' tir Id do dnh hudng eua cde nhdn td phy khdc nhau. Ddn ddn, do sy tqp luyen edc kT xdo md sy xung dot sinh If thdn kinh dupe khde phye hodn todn vd trqng thdi chuc ndng binh thudng dupe hinh thdnh, hieu sud't loo ddng dqt muc cao nhdt.
- Giai dogn «sue ldm viee tdi da" («Suc ldm viec dn djnh") Id giai doqn sire ldm viee on djnh d mue coo nhdt. Ddy Id sy the hieh trqng thdi binh thudng cua co the ngudi luc dong ldm viee vd sire ldm viec dupe dn djnh trong mdt thdi gian ddi.
Hieu biet ve hien tupng met mdi trong loo ddng vd quy ludt d i i n bie'n sue ldm viee eua eon ngudi rdt cdn thie't de HS ty xdy dyng che dp hpc tdp vd nghi ngoi phu hpp. Thye te, do thieu hieu biet nen nhieu HS, thdm chf cd phy huynh, dd sdp xep b d trf thdi gion hpc tdp khdng dung vdi quy ludt ehung, ldm eho eo the vd trf ndo ludn d trqng thdi edng thdng, met mdi vd ldm dnh hudng den ehd't lupng hpc tdp cung nhu sire khde eua edc em (vf dy, hpc xong d trudng Iqi di thdng den Idp hpc them, vua rdi trudng ve den nhd ngdi vdo bdn hpc ngay, hpc quen cd dn, ed ngu...). •
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Tai lieu tham Ichao
