TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HOI s6l+2(257t258)2020
KI^U THANH QUE Vai
VAN HOA - VAN HOC TRUY&N T H P N G DAN TOC
N G U Y S N PHLfCNG T H A O '
Sal viit xic djnh die diim sing tie, nghien eiru, phe binh vi dieh thuit ciia Kiiu Thanh Que tCr can ban phim ehit vin hda - van hgc truyin thing din tgc.
Trong dd, chiing toi tap trung nhin dien vi truyen thong qua vin hda - vin hgc din hien dai, phan tich mil quan he gan ket van hda vi vin hgc tir he qui chiiu truyin thing din tgc; vi xac dmh tinh din tdc qua thwc tien sang tic, phe binh vi dich thuit ciia dng.
Twkhda: Kieu Thanh Que, van hda, van hpe, truyen thong, dan tpc
Nhan bai ngiy: 9/10/2019, dwa vio bien tip: 15/10/2019; phin bien: 5/11/2019;
duyet dang: 10/2/2020 I . M & B A U
Kilu Thanh Que (1914 -1948) da gap phln khai quat, dinh hinh, gidi thieu cae xu hudng, t h i loai, phong trao van hpc g Viet Nam va the gidi, tren eg sd n l n tang van hda - van hpc truyin thing dan toe. Ngoai phe binh van hpc, Kiiu Thanh Q u i cdn thu sue vdi nhiiu the loai v i l t khae nhu sang tac tieu thuyet, truyen ngan, truyen ky;
dpe sach sang tac, dpc saeh nghien cuu, phe blnh, diem saeh, djeh thuat;
nghien eiru, khao cuu van hpc su Viet Nam, g mang nae dng eung d i lai nhung ddng gdp nhlt djnh. C6 treng minh v l n k i l n van sau rpng, eung su thong minh, sac sao, nhay earn van chuong, Kieu Thanh Q u i d i n vdi nghi viit, nghe dich van hpc bang t i t ea dam me tuoi tre. Kiiu Thanh Q u i aa lien tue eong hiln eho hpe gidi
Vien van hoc.
nhung edng trinh djch, nghien oDu, phe blnh cd gia trj. Trong khoang thdi gian t u 1938 - 1945, dng da "tinh so van hpe" vgi viee eong bo hgn chuc dau saeh, trong dd, dang ehu y nhlt la ehuyen khao Cupe tiin hda vin hgc Viet Nam^^\ la edng trinh nghien euu, bien khao tong hgp v i t i i n trinh ljch su van hpe dan toe. Cong trinh mang d i n nguon tri thuc van hda, van hpc sing dpng, rd net v l tung he thing van t u , tap gia, giai dean, thdi k^, phong trao va t h i leal van hpc, lam tiin d i cho nhDng nghien cDu van hda, van hpe trong nude va nude ngoai. T u day cd t h i xae djnh can r i truyin thing dan tpe dugc Kiiu Thanh Q u i quan tam va the hien s i c net tren eac phugng dien sau: qua van hoa - van hpe nhan dien v i truyin thong dan toe t u qua khu den hien dai' gan k i t van hoa va van hoc tu he qui ehieu truyin thing dan tpc; xac djnh
NGUYgN PHLTONG THAO - K|£U THANH QUt Vdi VAN H 6 A . .
tinh dan tdc qua thue t i i n sang tae, phe binh va djch thuat...
2. NHAN DIEN V^ T R U Y E N T H 6 N G D^N HIEN DAI QUA VAN HOA - VAN HOC KI^U THANH QUt Thee each hieu hien nay, c6 t h i nhan thly Kiiu Thanh Q u i da "bao san"
cac v l n d i van hoa - van hpc dan tpc tu truyin thong d i n hien dai, t u qua khu m d rpng ve tugng lai, thue hien
"on eu bilt mdi", l l y xua vi nay, phuc vu eho hien tai.
Kiiu Thanh Q u i tap trung nhan dien eae chilu kieh truyin t h i n g theo mpt bang mau rpng, di t u ljch s u d i n moi lien he van hda - van hpe ma opt try d day la ddi song van hpe. Tren tinh thin tdn trpng ehan ly Ijch s u , nhan viec Le Van Hpe xuat ban sach Quoc sir dinh ngoa, Kilu Thanh Q u i trong bai trao doi Sir hge luin dam da dua vao Qulc SD Bai Viet sir ky toan thw ciia Ngd ST Lien de khang djnh: "QuIe su ehep con gai An Duong Vuong ten Mj Chau la ehep dung" (khdng can theo each ghi, each phien am eiia sach Viet kieu ehl cua Trung Qulc);
lai xac djnh: "Mj Chau la edng ehua hp Mj ten Chau, hay Lan Chau nhu Viet kieu ehi eiia Tau bao cung dugc. Chd khong phai nhu dng Le Van Hae bae 'Lan Chau la ten, Mj la tiing tdn xung" (Kiiu Thanh Q u i , 1941, s i 23, thang 11/1941:4).
Quan tam d i n sir hpe, t u duy SD hpe va n l n tang van hpe sir, trong eong trinh bien khao Cuoc tiin hda van hgc Viet Nam, K i l u Thanh Q u i khong chi phae hpa eac ehang dudng van hpe
su ma edn eo g I n g chi ra eac m l i lien he eua dien mao, dae diem, mo hinh eon dudng "tiln hda" theo thuylt tiln hda luan thdi thugng. Treng dd dng dat v l n d i chu Han (hieu nhu thanh tuu mpt loai hinh van t u ngeai lai) thanh mpt thien rieng "Thien thu nhat - Chu' Han", chia thanh 5 tilt, treng do ed mue rieng "Tilt thu t u - Hin hoc danh nhan Viet Nam vi nhCrng thien Hin van giai tic' (phan ky va d i i m danh cac tae gia - danh nhan ddi Ly, T r I n , Ho, Le, Nguyen) (Kilu Thanh Que, 1943: 16-84). Tuong ung vdi viee diem danh va vinh danh eae t h i he van gia Han hpe, Kilu Thanh Q u i da tap trung luge diem treng "Tilt thu nam - Sir gia dai danh Viet" nham: "0*
thien nay xin liet ke rieng phuong danh eung tac pham ciia cae buc Han hpe danh nhan iam viee che quoc su, dang duge ehung ta sung kinh" (phan ky va diem danh cac su gia ddi TrIn, Le, Trinh, Nguyin va xae djnh vai trd ciia to ehue Q u l c s u quan" (Kilu Thanh Q u i , 1943: 85-95). Va ong ehu y dat eac v l n d i Ijch sir chu Nem - van chuong Ndm va chu Qulc ngu - van hoc QuIe ngu trong "Thien thir hai - ChCr Ndm" (ham nghia ton vinh s u sang tae loai hinh van t u sang tao tren eg s d Han t u de ky am tilng Viet) (Kiiu Thanh Q u i , 1943: 96-122).
D i i u c l n dac biet n h l n manh trong Cuipc tien hda van hgc Viet Nam \a K i i u Thanh Q u i da y thue sau s i c v i truyin t h i n g dan tpe t u qua khu den hien dpi d ehang dudng can - hien dai, tue la dat eugc giai dean giae
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so H-2 (257-.25aj2020 thoa, hpi nhap Dang Tay. Trpng
"Thien thu nam - Van hge phwang Tiy va tinh thin hgc thuit Viet Nam", Kilu Thanh Q u i di t u mo hinh hda cac dac tinh van hda phuong Tay (tinh t h i n khue ehiit, eu the, tong hgp, phan tleh, truu tugng) de roi ma hda thanh
"Hai quan niem van ehugng" va di d i n lua chgn, xac quylt cho djnh hudng phat triin van chugng Viet Nam ma d i n nay van een nguyen tinh thdi su:
"Cach lap ngon ciia ngudi Tay phuong, sd dT duge tinh tudng, del dao, la nhd d van tir cua hp tinh te, d l chuyin, d i khiln, giau nhung tilng truu tugng; ldi vdi y ciia hp lue nao cung dl doi vdi nhau, d l ma be euu nhau, van dpng che t u tudng duge linh heat, ranh rpt, khue ehilt... t^lgudi Viet Nam, h i i edn sung thugng Nhe dae, ehu truong tdn thd true giac la phai r l i ! Bay gid, qui theo 6c khue ehilt ciia khoa hoe Thai Tay, phai trong thj ly tri. cai quan niem v i van ehugng cua ngudi Viet Nam bay gid la phai dting ly tri ma xet dean, suy Iuan, t i nhan'. Mat khae, dudng nhu dng da tien lieu, d u cam trude nhung lue can, t r i e trd, gap ghlnh tren dudng tiln hda nen v i n de ngo cho nhu'ng lua chpn, trao del, tranh luan:
"Da quan thilt d i n dae tinh, tinh t h i n , eiing quan niem van chuong eua van hda Ddng Tay, ta tuy nhien v l n ehua dii d i i u kien de c6 t h i tim duge 'eon dudng giai thoat' d u tinh tren kia. Ta cdn can phai tim hiiu xet d i n dac tinh cua Hea van va Phap van nua. Do la hai ngudn van hda ma van chuong
quoc ngtr chat che ehju anh hudng.
Hoa van va Phap van, nguon nao giup ieh eho sDc phat triin cua van hpe qude ngO hon? D6 la cau hdi can phai tra Idi eho xeng nhien hau mdi mong c6 t h i nghT d i n su tim con dudng giai thoat nd dua van hoe q u l c ngu d i n col t i l n bp" (Kiiu Thanh Q u i , 1943:
161-196). D i n p h l n " K i t luan", Kieu Thanh Q u i nhan manh n i l m tin vao eae gia trj truyin t h i n g , vao tinh than tilng Viet, vao tucrng lai chu" qulc ngu, va xu t h i t i l n bp va eon dudng giao luu, hgi nhap Dong - Tay: "Van chugng Viet Nam, l l y chu quoc ngD iam phuong tien b i i u niem, that r l t de tiin bp (...). Viet ngu dang edn tre, con treng thdi ky b i i n dpng, r l t Igi eho b i t ky ngudi Viet Nam nao m u l n dung no phat huy t u tudng (...). Chu quoe ngu ed gia trj lam, tudng ngudi trpng nude, d l u bue eao dang hay sg dang cung vay, ai ai cung nen yeu quy nd, Chung lung hgp sue nhau, vun xen, iam giau, iam dep che n i n van hpe kha quy eua nd, la van hpc q u l c ngu (...). Sau hit, v l phuong dien hanh van d i i n y, thilt tudng ta nen bilt sg md am cua tinh each cu tugng eua Hoa van ma sg va nen bilt nghT d i n su sang sua, khuc ehiit, dai d i n g eiia Phap van ma them m u l n " (Kilu Thanh Q u i , 1943: 197-208)... Xin ndi them, trong p h l n "Phu lue - Van ngdn vi bach thoai', Kilu Thanh Q u i ehij y l l y ngay bai hpe v l su lua ehpn Dong - Tay eua hoc gia Tay hpc Cc Hdng Minh (1856 1928)<'l ngudi Trung QuIe d i minh chirng, del sanh vdi bai
NGUYEN PHU'aNG THAO - KltU THANH QUE VOl VAN HOA..
hpe v i qua trinh lua ehpn, tim dudng, md dudng, del mdi, phat triin cho van hpc Viet Nam: "Cc H i n g Minh trung thanh vdi van minh nude Tau, khae nao ngudi Tay hpe Viet Nam ma trung thanh vdi van minh Viet Nam thuan tuy, that la mpt d i i u dang khen!"
(Kilu Thanh Q u i , 1943; 220).
Nhan dien ve truyin thing dan tpc theo ehieu ljch dai t u qua khu d i n dugng thdi, Kiiu Thanh Q u i thudng true luge qui eae v l n d i van hda - van hpe ve can tinh dan tpe, gia trj tinh thin dan tpc, khang djnh ban ITnh va sue manh dan tpe. C6 t h i eoi day la mpt dilm tua vung chle eho cae edng trinh nghien cDu, bien khao eiia Kiiu Thanh Q u i va chiu dugc mpi thu thach trude thdi gian va thdi eude.
3. G A N K ^ T V A N HOA VA VAN HOC T O HE QUI CHI^U TRUYSN T H 6 N G DAN TOC
Xuat phat tD can ban tinh t h i n dan tpe, Kilu Thanh Q u i khdng nghien cuu mpt each eg gidi, dgn tuyin cac phugng dien van hpe, van ehugng ma luon dat trong t h i lien k i t va ehinh t h i van hoa - van hpe, xem van hpe nhu mOt thanh to eg huu eua van hda va sol chiiu van hpc tif n i n tang co sd van hoa, Ijch su dan toe.
Nhan manh vai tro t u duy sir hpe va van hda hpe trong van hpe, Kieu Thanh Q u i xae djnh vai trd n i n tang ciia van hoe sir dat trong tugng quan vdi phe binh van hpc dugng dai;
"Trcng phpm vi van hoe, phe binh van hpc (critique literaire) g n h i m chang
t h u hai sau van hoc sir (hlstoire literaire) chd ma van hoc su ehim d l u h i t la cho phe binh van hpc bat dau. Van hpe s u la dia hat eua Qua khir, trong dd eae nha van ten tuoi vung chai hay thudng thudng la eac nha van da qua ddi dugc ndi d i n . Phe blnh van hgc la dia hat cua Hien tai, trong dd khdng nhDng eac nha van hien dai cdn sdng dugc ndi den ma ea d i n mpt vai nha van qua ed bj bd quen, neu cd djp, eung dugc nhae nhd d i n . Vi nhu VD Trpng Phung da qua ddi. Nhung luc nay n l u cd mpt tae pham nao cua dng hgp thdi duge tai ban, tac pham l y eung dugc ngpn but nha phe binh dem ra phan tich gidi thieu vdi cdng ehung"; ddng thdi khang dinh m l i quan he eg hDu giua phe binh va van hpc su: "Ta c l n phai ehju khd doc tae phIm cOa tung nha van d l ta ed duge nhung cam tudng rieng eiJa ta. Nhien hau ta se dpe cac bai phe binh de bdi thue them eho tinh than ta vdi eac nhan xet sang suet va hoan ngd eiia nha phe binh.
Sau r l t ta se dpe van hpe su de dugc di sau vao than t h i va su nghiep eiia nha van ta ua thieh. Ta bilt gidi han eiia phe binh van hpe la n l i duel van hpc su. Ta lai phai dpe van hpe su sau cae bai phe blnh. Cai e h l trai nguge l y ta can nen chu y" (Kilu Thanh Q u i , 1943b, s i 111: 16, 21).
D i i u nay ed nghTa rang van hoe su la di san eiia qua khu, la nhung gia trj van hda truyin thdng va n i n tang tri thDc eho ngudi lam phe blnh dugng dai.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI s6 H-2 (257-t258j2020 Treng edng trinh ed y nghTa tong k i t
Ba mwai nam van hgc (ky ten Mpe Khue), Kiiu Thanh Q u i diem danh thanh tuu van hpc thee cac binh dipn the lopi (bap ehi, the ea, t i l u thuylt, phdng su, kjeh ban, Ijch su, dia ehi, khao euu, nghj Iuan, phe blnh, dich thuat) va n h l n manh y nghTa tong k i t van hoe sir trong Ldi ndi diu: "Tinh so van hoc, dd la cdng viec ciia nhung bai bao, le ra khdng nen cho in thanh sach. Nhung thiin nghT: se khd khan biet bao nhieu sau nay eho nha van hpe su, neu dng ta muon tim ma khdng ra mpt ban thing ke van hoc q u l c ngu treng vdng ba muoi nam nay. T h i nen chiing tdi mao mudi trinh bay ra day ban thing ke van hpe q u l c ngD t u nam 1914 d i n 1941" (Mpe Khue, 1942: 6). Ben eanh viec diem danh, thing ke eac tac gia, tae pham tieu biiu, Kieu Thanh Q u i nhan manh vai trd eua bao chi, xult ban cung nhu m i l quan he eg hDu bae ehi - van hoc, kha nang chuyin tai tac phIm van hpc eua bao chi, SD tDOng tae, md dudng, thue day van hoc phat triin qua nga dudng bao chi: "Trai vdi eae nude van minh tien tien Chau Au ma van hpe thudng di trude bao ehi, nude ta t u bull van hpc phci thai tdi gid bilt dugc mpt trao luu trai nguge:
la bao chi di trudc van hoe. Nay ndi khae: bae ehl hudng dao, g l y dung van hpe. Cae nha tru thuat nude ta, trudc khi n i l danh, h l u h i t d i u tap su hay cd mpt thdi ky thi nghiem ngdi but tren bap chi quIe am" (Mpe Khue, 1942: 9). Trong khi djnh lugng va hieu dinh eac tac gia, tac pham va heat
ddng bao chi ndi Chung, Kieu Thanh Q u i the hien su thing t h i n , trung thue trong viec gdp y kiln v i del tugng, pham vi trae thudng ciia to chDc T u lue van doan: "1932! Lai cung la nam nhdm T u lue van dean ra ddi mpt lugt vgi tg Phong Hda. Nhdm nay de ba cay tru chinh (Khai Hung, N h l t Linh, T h i LD) thanh lap, l l n lugt them vao; Thach Lam, Hoang Bao, Tu Md, Trpng Lang, Xuan Dieu, TrIn Tieu, Dd Dire Thu, Huy Can, Mpnh Phu T u . . . T u luc van dean m i l nam cd phat giai thudng van chuong khuyin khich nhan tai. Nhung r l t tile giai thudng T u lue van doan chi la mpt giai tang rdng che eac loai tiiu thuylt, phdng s u , thg ca, kjeh ban, chd chang h i cd tang eho mpt tap van nghj luan, khao cuu phe blnh nao!
Pham vi mot giai thudng van chuong ma chat hep nhu t h i , that dang philn ha lam" (Mpe Khue, 1942: 20). Cd t h i thly r i n g Kiiu Thanh Q u i da nhan dien van d i trao giai ed tinh ehlt "ben le" nhung thue c h i t la tugng quan tri thue van hda, t h i hien quan niem eua Tu luc van doan ehua b i t kjp budc di eua ddi s i n g van hpc, chua nhan thire day dii eae thanh p h l n van hpc.
Cc t h i nghT them, chinh do hopt dpng ehuyen sau trong bp mdn phe binh nen Kilu Thanh Q u i da hieu dung v l n d i va len tiing " d l u tranh" eho bo mdn ma minh gdp edng theo duoi.
Nhan dipn m i l quan he giua nhung ngudi heat ddng trong ITnh vue phe binh vdi ngudi sang tac nhu la cae m i l quan he van hea, Kiiu Thanh
NGUYEN PHU'aNG T H A O - KlEU THANH Q u e v O l VAN H O A
Q u i tdm tat va danh gia dac diem cae xu hudng van hpe trpng nam 1944 va di d i n nhan xet: "Trpng nam qua, cd mot s6 tae gia va binh gia cung cd s u hiiu l l m nhau, tudng nay e l n phai pha tan cai b l u khong khi nang n i l y (...). M i l t h i he d i u mang d i n cho nhan loai mpt kho vang mdi. Nha phe binh, trude sir gia, ed sD mang nhat eac khii vang treng kho l y , s i p dat lai cho ed thir tD va tuyen bo eho mpi ngudi d i u hay... Tae gia va nha phe binh d i u la tay sai eua mot linh t h i n ma nhan leal sang tao ra va vT dai hon nhan loai. Linh than l y ed mpt ngdi den d xa khgi, tren sau tham dpi dugng eua t u tudng. Di tim ngdi d i n ay, tae gia va blnh gia dong d u vao mpt eupc hai trinh. Cc ke bae nha phe binh la thuyin trudng trong eude di xa day hilm tugng l y . Khdng dau! Binh gia iam gi dugc dia vj ve vang cua vien thuyin trudng tren mpt eon tau.
Blnh gia chi la mpt trong nhDng ke dDge d u vao va dugc quan sat ky cupe hai trinh kia thdi... Bae nhieu sd mang x6 day con tau ehd tae gia va binh gia. Vay la nha van, nha tho, nha phe blnh, ehung ta khdng nen vi mot le gl ma h l n hge nhau, song phai eung nhau cam ehju nhtrng s i mang x6 day eon tau chd ehung ta d i n ngdi d i n linh thieng phung thd tinh t h i n nhan loai!" (Kiiu Thanh Q u i , 1945, s i 175-178:32)...
Qua nhung d i n lieu tren day cd the thay Kiiu Thanh Q u i da nhan manh vai trd, trach nhiem ciia "nha van, nha thg, nha phe binh", "tae gia va binh
gia" treng mpt hgp t h i nha van hda, trpng dd nha binh gia ed su mang
"duge d u vao va dugc quan sat ky cuoc hai trinh" van chuong. Cd dugc each nhin van ehugng t u van hda hpe nay ehinh la nhd Kiiu Thanh Q u i da t l i p can, cap nhat duge cae ngudn ly thuylt hien dai Phap va phuong Tay ma sau nhDng khuc quanh ciia Ijch su, phai den gan day gidi nghien euu, phe binh Viet Nam mdi ed dieu kien k l thua, t i l p n l i va phat triin (xem T r I n Qude Vugng, 1996; Tran Nho Thin, 2007).
4. TiNH DAN TOC QUA THIJ'C T I E N S A N G TAC, PHE BINH VA DjCH THUAT
Qua thue t i l n sang tae, phe blnh va djch thuat, Kiiu Thanh Q u i da tae lap nen m l i quan he khang khlt giua van hpc va van hda dan toe qua sang tae, nghien cDu, phe binh va dich thuat, thdng tin tD lieu.
T u r l t sdm, khi ehua d l y ba muoi t u l i , ddng thdi vol hpat dpng phe blnh thi Kilu Thanh Q u i cdn sang tae tieu thuylt Hai mwai tuoi (Kiiu Thanh Que, 1940) va truyen n g l n Bira eon eiia tdi ae (Kiiu Thanh Que, 1941) (gdm truyen Bira eon ciia tdi ae va Bern he), c a c sang tac eua Kiiu Thanh Q u i thupc ddng van hpc hien thuc phe phan, chu y l u khai thac nhung mat trai trong ddi s i n g xa hpi. Quan niem nay da dugc dng nhln manh trcng Idi tua Tdi viet "Hai mwai tuoi":
"Vdi tat ea hang hai, u budn, hoai nghi ciia tuoi hai mugi, toi manh dan e l m but v i l t 'Hal mugi tuoi'. () day, tdi
TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI so H-2 (257*25a2020 trinh bay t i t ca eae hang hai muoi tuoi
khdng ly tudng, toan la ban than hay khdng than eua tdi. d day, tdi 'ndi x l u ' eung nhu 'ndi tot' hp. d day, quan but tpi dang e l m nd b i t tdi khai h i t su that" (Kiiu Thanh Q u i , 1940: 3).
Ciing v i l t ve d i tai tinh yeu, tuoi tre, gidi tre nhung Kilu Thanh Q u i thugng khoan sau vao eac t i n g via ddi s i n g , su sa dpa, danh m l t chinh minh treng mpt xa hdi nhieu cam bay.
Cd t h i ehinh vl ngdi but ta thuc nay ma g t i t ca eac t i i u thuylt va truyen n g l n eiia Kiiu Thanh Q u i d l u bj kiem duyet c l t bd nhiiu dean, tham chi bd ca trang.
Cy mang phe binh van hpe, khi ban d i n met v l n d i van hpe nao dd, Kliu Thanh Q u i thudng bay td quan diem phe binh ca nhan mpt each thang than, rd rang, cd djnh hudng, di tdi eung van de luan ban. Khi dat but vilt pham binh ve eac tac pham "di eung nam thang" nhu Bi vd (Nguyen Hong), Lam dr(Vu Trpng Phung), Liu chdng (Ngd Tat To), Chin trdi cu ( H i Dzinh),...
hoae v i i t v l cac tac gia "vang bdng mpt thdi" nhu Han Mae Tu, Luu Trpng Lu, T P Hoai, Vu Ngpc Phan,... Kiiu Thanh Q u i luan cd dugc ca tinh phe blnh/gipng dieu phe binh r l t rieng, rat mdi, r l t la, r l t pheng each. V i i t Phe binh Leu chdng, Kliu Thanh Q u i khang dinh: "Vilt Leu chong, tren ben tram trang gily, ngpn but d l y sDe manh, Ngd Tat To trong dja hat eua minh, heat dpng dDge d l dang, vach duge ti mi t i t ea hii tijc muc nat eiia khoa CD, trinh bay dugc khuc ehiit
nhDng phdt vinh nhue cua khoa eu' (dan theo Nguyen HDu Son, Phan Mpnh Hung, 2009: 48). Canh cac sTtif trong trudng thi l l y Ipi, am thlp, vDa v i l t bai vua can minh ehlng chpi vdi mua gid ben ngpai, ciing vdi canh eac dng so khao, phuc khao, giam khao ehim thi trong d i i u kien "cue ky ban tien"... ma Kilu Thanh Q u i ndi d i n nhu dung day ea mot thdi ky ciia Ijch su khoa eCr (diin hinh la khoa thi Nham Ti (1912) va khoa thi hugng nam At Mae (1915)... C h i dp khoa cir, tudng ChDng la net dep, la biiu tugng cua truyin thing van hda, van hpc thdi xua thi nay, dudi ngdi but phS blnh ciia Kiiu Thanh Q u i Iai bj phe phan nhu met "mdn d l eo It ngudi md din"...
Xet rieng d pham vi dieh thuat cd t h i ghi nhan ddng gdp ciia Kiiu Thanh Que tren ba phuong dien co ban:
True tiep djch tae pham - Djeh thuat phuc vu nghien euu, phe binh - Ly luan djeh thuat... D i t h l y dugc nhDng ddng gdp cua dng vdi djch thuat d l u the ky XX, dudi day ehung tdi se tim hieu ky ludng hon nDa v i loat bai Kilu Thanh Q u i v i l t v l djch thuat tren Tap ehi Tri tan t u nhung nam 1942 - 1944 ehu y l u tren phuong dien quan diem, ly thuyit, ly luan dieh thuat.
Trong cac loat bai v i i t v i djeh thuat in tren Tap chi Tri tin, Kiiu Thanh Q u i da khong it l l n nhae d i n ten tuoi nhung nha djch thuat t h i he d l u tien d Viet Nam nhu Truong VTnh Ky, Truong Minh Ky, Nguyin Van VTnh, Pham Quynh, Phan K l Binh... Dp
NGUYEN PHyONG THAO - KlEU THANH QUE VC^I VAN H6A...
hpan canh Ijch sir, Viet Nam la thude dja cua Phap nen viae djch thuat d l u t h i ky XX da xuat hipn tac pham dich van hpc Phap sdm hgn ea, sau dd mdi d i n cac djch phIm van hpc Trung Quoc.
Cy bai Phiin dich cung la each dio luyin van chwang, Kliu Thanh Q u i ehii trpng ghi cdng eae t h i he djch gia tiin boi. Djeh Han van trude tien phai ndi tdi Phan K i Binh da dien quoc am Viit Nam diin le toit yiu ciia Hiep Bo, Bai Nam nhirt thing ehi cua Hipp Cao, Vigt Nam khai quoe ehi truyen eua Nguyin Bang Trung... Sau dd la Tan Da djch Bwdng thi, Kinh thi. Lieu Trai ehi di-, Ngd Tat T l , Tung Van Nguyin Don Phuc cung djeh Bwdng thi,... Cdn djeh van Tay, ed hai ong Nguyin Van VTnh (Chu but Bdng Dwang tap ehi), Pham Quynh (Chu but/ Chu nhlpm Warn phong tap ehi).
Nguyen van VTnh sd trudng djch truypn nhl d i n g , truyen phieu luu, truypn truyin ky trpng leal saeh Hong (Livres Roses) eua nude Phap, djch tiiu thuyit eiJa Fenelon, Balzac, A.
Dumas, V. Hugo, dieh ngu ngdn La Fontaine, hai kich Mcllere. Mot d i i m dang ehu y khi Nguyen Van VTnh cdng b l ban djch la dng thudng de nguyen tae ngay ben ban djch, d i i u nay cho thly djch gia m u l n thanh that vdi eong ehung va eung d i dpe gia d i b i del chilu so sanh... Hpe gia Pham Quynh da djeh eae dean thien 6/7 thieu nien ciia George Courteline, Ai tinh ciia Guy de Maupassant, Thwang vay cua Pierre Loti va dieh nhiiu
truyen n g l n gia trj eua Phap... Tren eg sd dd Kiiu Thanh Que di sau giai thich, nhan manh cae nguyen tac djeh thuat eg ban;
"Nude ta hipn nay, b l i t phep phien djch, cd tai phien djch eung edn thly It lam. Bdi vay toi ndi su phien djch eung phai ed eo quan d i ma tim phuong phap va giam doe l l n nhau.
Day tdi lam eai phuong phap djch cu cua ngudi Tau v l n diing, xin giai thieh va gidi thidu ra nhu sau: 'Phuong phap l y e l n d ba d i l u la; Tin, nha va dat'.
a) Tin tdc la dung. Phai dung tung ChD, du tirng y va het vdi gipng cila hang ngudi nao v i thdi dpi nao. Song nhu t h i thi dung d l y , nhung d l i vdi van ly nude minh cdn hlng ldi hay la tdi nghTa, thi lai phai them bdt vao mpt hai tilng phij ciia nd eho d l y dii va sang nghTa ra. Lai hoae nhu t h i thi doi vdi dieu ndi nude minh thanh dien dao khd nghe, thi lai phai djeh dae mpt eau hay la met mach lac eho xuol ma v l n khdng thilu Idi thilu y gl.
b) Nha la d i i m nha em tai. Cd khi djeh ra tilng l y thi dung nhung thee van y nude minh thi nghe lai ra thd, Ipi phai dung tiing khae eung tinh each ay ed y nha hgn thay vao. Lai phai tiiy tDng mdn leal eiia bai nguyen van, saeh nguyen thu d i dung tiing ciia minh ma thay vao eho d l i chpi. Khi nao tiing s i n khong dii thi ghep tiing mdi, nhung phai chua eho rd rang. Khi nao phep thudng khong dii phai tim phep mdi mdi djch dugc, thi phai dat ra cai pham le ndi rd v i duyen ed ly...
TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HQI so H-2 (257*256)2020 c) Dat la dat dugc eai y ra thi thdi,
khdng eau ne phai dung. Song phep nay khd lam, h i i m cd ngudi Iam dugc. Phep nay la hda tan ea nguyen van vao tam minh, roi rut l l y toan t h i n ciia nd ra, thay vao b l n g nhDng dien c6, thanh ngu va van t h i eua nude minh. Dpc ra nhu nd la saeh nguyen thu eua nude minh, ldi le gipng dieu d l u t u nhien nhu cua nude minh, ma y tudng thi v l n eua ngudi ta, khdng thilu ti nao" (Kiiu Thanh Q u i , 1942, s i 49; 5-7).
0 bai Gii tri mdt ban dich, Kilu Thanh Q u i nhae nhd lai kinh nghiem "Gerard de Nerval mdi hai mugi tuoi dien Phap van xeng v d kjeh Fausf eua Goethe, thi hao Due, v i i t hdi thi hao ham ba tuoi xuan", "Nghe thuat djeh van cua hai ong Nguyin Van VTnh va Pham Quynh? Gia trj cung cd, edng phu cung cd, luu loat eung ed, pho epp eung ed; nhung neu dem d l i chieu vdi nguyen tae, ta thly nd thudng khdng qui theo nguyen tac phien dieh eua Au Tay mpt each chat che; hoae mach van eua nguyen tac di mdt dang thi nd lai dl met nga; hope ce dpan nd chi thoat y nguyen tac thdi, chu ehang djeh dung thee nguyen van", sau dd n h l n manh eae yeu c l u b i p nue eua nghp thuat djch: "Nhung mpt ban djch phai dau la ngwdl that, nd ehi la mpt bire chin dung thdi: mot ong thly ten tuoi ed t h i hpa nen mpt bire ehan dung tuyet my: danh rang nhu vay; nhung n l u ban ehanh duge dat g i n ban sao lai, xem se thay nd m i l ngudi theo each minh va khae
han nhau v i phe phan d l i vdi sir gilng. Phien djeh, chlnh la tan tuy vdi cai n g h i bae beo nhlt va khdng bao gid dugc them muon d l u rang it nhat;
la danh giae vdi cae chO', d|ng khiln tra lai cho eac chii' ay, b l n g mpt tho ngu la, mpt tinh cam, mdt t u tudng biiu hidn each khae, mpt am thanh ma eae ehO' l y kheng ed trong tiing mp de eiia tae gia" (Kilu Thanh Que, 1942, so 54: 6-8, 11).
Mat khae, khi ban tdi gia trj mpt ban djch, Kieu Thanh Q u i dac bidt d i cae djeh nguyen van hgn la viee phong djeh hay phdng tae, cd nghTa la dng phe phan, eanh bao 111 phdng tae hay l l i djeh thoat, djch tdm tat. That ra, ban than Kiiu Thanh Q u i eung la mpt djch gia, hon ai h i t , ong am hiiu edng viec djch. 6 n g d i biet dau la gia trj, ddng gdp va dau la gidi han, khiim khuylt d mdt ban djeh, mpt each djch, met ngudi djeh.
& bai Quan niem dieh tho, Kilu Thanh Q u i gidi thieu bai hpe kinh nghiem dung cdng, can than, ky ludng, ti mi eua Tan Da va nhln manh qui trinh ciia viec djch: "Trude khi iam s u djch. Tan Da bao, toi e l n phai t i n edng xem xet bai nguyen van, eho dugc nhan thay rd ^ nghTa, n i u ed eau nao ehD nao khong rd nghTa thdi phai tra saeh, tra tD dien, rdi lai nhan s u i t Ipi mpt lugt. Ngam di dpc lai bai nguyen van, tung chD tung eau, that thay dugc y thai tinh t h i n ciia tae gia, khi dd mdi dam ndi d i n djeh" (Kiiu Thanh Que, 1942 sd 56; 4-5, 20).
NGUYEN PHL^ONG THAO - KlEU THANH QUE VQl VAN HOA . D i n bai Cam twdng vi hy vgng doi vdi
sach bien dich a xir ta, K i l u Thanh Q u i meng muon su djeh thuat, truyin ba eln "ed mpt hpe hdi", ed "thong he"
va xac djnh e l n cham chut, khuyin khieh, eoi trong nhung bude di ban dau: "Ngay tD bay gid ta nen td mpt dp iDgng thanh that trudc cae cdng vISc d i n gid ben phugng vap dd thanh van hpe Viet Nam. Cdng viec
"din gid..." ay cd ba each: dieh nguyen vin, phdng djch va bien dieh...
Djch nguyin van, ta ed t h i thi hanh vdi eae tae pham eua danh sT Phap - Hea... Phdng djch, ta ed t h i dCjng truyin ba tae pham eua eac danh sT Nga, Bire, Anh, My, Y, Tay Ban Nha, Thuy Dien... S/er7 djch, ta ed t h i dung mpt each khon ngoan de gidi thieu vdi qulc dan nhung hpc thuyet dpi danh tren t h i gidi" (Kilu Thanh Que, 1944, s i 129, ngay 10/2/1944: 3).
Xet tren phuong dien ly luan, Kiiu Thanh Q u i da ed mpt quan nipm, phugng phap va djnh hudng djch thuat rd rang, cap nhat duge phan nae vdi ly thuyit djeh thuat tran t h i
gidi qua ngupn saeh bae tilng Phap cung nhu van dung vao thue tiln ddi song van hpe dugng thdi (Nguyin Phugng Thap, 2016; 824-834).
5. KfiT LUAN
Cei trong n i n tang truyin thong dan tpe, eoi trpng tuong quan van hda - van hpe eung nhu t i l p nhan, gidi thieu van hpe t h i gidi v i Viet Nam, nha van Kilu Thanh Que, nha phe binh hang d l u ciia m i i n Nam va ea nude nira dau t h i ky XX, da d i lai nhiiu tae pham van xudi va edng trinh nghien euu, phe blnh, dieh thuat sang gia.
Vdi mdt sire dpe, sire v i l t dang n i trpng, Kiiu Thanh Que da dua d i n each xae dinh eae gia trj van hpc tren eg sg can ban truyin thing van hda dan tpe, phat huy vai tra "su but", the hien d l y du ban ITnh trung thuc trude nhieu hien tugng phuc tap thdi ky nay. Kiiu Thanh Q u i xung dang la nha van, nha phe binh van hoc xuat sac ciia ca nude va la t i m gugng sang trong heat dpng nghien cuu, phe binh va djeh thuat van hpe. u
CHU THICH
'^'Cu6n sach dugc lly tSn iam nhan de cho cdng trinh bifin sopn tap hgp cac tac pham cua Kieu Thanh Que (xem thSm Nguyen HCru Son, Phan Manh Hiing, 2009. 688 trang).
'^'"C6 Hing Minh, ngudi tinh PhiJc Kien, sinh nSm 1856 a Tan Lang DCr (Nam Dirong quin dao); bdi cha me tiSn sinh biy gid l<ilu ngu d id. C6 tiSn sinh thud nho thSng minh tOt chiing, tCr nho den 13 tuoi, hoc vdi trudng giao tpi nha, ma hpc li/c kha dT thi vao dpi hoc du'6'ng dupe. Nam 1869, tien sinh theo mpt ngirdi da tring sang Anh quoc, vao hoc d mpt tru-p-ng dpi hgc cho den 21 tuoi thi tot nghiep. Roi tien sinh sang nude Dire, vao thy gi^o tai mot trudng dpi hpc. Tot nghiep d day ra, tien sinh chu du sang Phpp quoc va cac nirc^c ben Chau Au. Trong khoang thdi gian ay, tien sinh hoc thong dugc 9 thir tieng: Anh, Phap, Bire, y, Nhat va hai thir tir v5n La - Hy. Ve tieng TPu, ngoai tieng Quan thoai ra, tien sinh c6n n6i du-gc 6 thu tho ngir cua cac mien Trung Quoc. Nam 24 tuoi, Co tien sinh quay ve to quoc
TAP CHI KHOA HOC XA HQI s6 H-2 (257*25jl2020 dugc Tong doc ludng Quang la Trirong Chi BSng m&i lam mac tan, chuySn vi$c giao thiSp vol ngoai quoc. Sau Truong doi iam Tong doc Ho Quang; C6 tien sanh theo Truong ve kinh lam Quan CO dai than, tien sinh cung theo ve giCr chirc Thi lang giup vi$c cho Truong. Ke ra, Co tiSn sinh c6ng sir v*i Truong cC den 20 nSm. Sau khi Dan Qu6c thanh lap, Co tiSn sinh dugc bo iam giao thu tai Trudng Bai hoc Bae Kinh, chuyan day tieng Latinh, Duoc non ba nam, nhan c6 vipe loi thoi, roi a B^c Kinh viet bao vp day hpc tu dp nhat. Nam 1924, tifin sinh sang Nhat day hpc; roi tpi trd ve 8^0 Kinh, de den nam Dan Quoc thir mudi bay (1928) lam banh, roi tho ehung tai dp" (theo Ki^u Thanh Que, 1943a; 214-215).
TAI LIEU TRiCH D A N
1. MOo Khue. 1942. Ba mwai nim van hgc. HiHt>\: Nxb. Tan Vipt.
2. Kieu Thanh Qui. "cam tudng va hy vpng doi vdi sach bien djch d xir ta". Tri Tin, so 129, ngay 10/2/1944, tr. 3.
3. Nguyin HCru Son, Phan Manh Hung (bien soan, gidi thilu). 2009. Cudc tiin hda vin hgc Viit Nam. Ha Npi: Nxb. Thanh nien.
4. Kiiu Thanh Que. 1943a. Cudc tien hoa van hgc Viit Nam. Hi N6i: Nxb. Odi Mdi, tr.
16-84.
5. Kilu Thanh Que. 1941. Oua con ciia tdi io. Hi Npi; Nxb. Mai LTnh.
6. Kieu Thanh Que. 1942. "Gia tri mpt ban dich". Tri Tin, sd 54, ngay 8/7/1942, tr. 6-8, 11.
7. Kiiu Thanh Que. 1940. Hai mwai tuoi. SaiGon; Nxb. Due Luu Phuong.
8. Kieu Thanh Que. "NhCrng xu hudng van hpc Vipt Nam treng nam qua". Tri Tin, s6 175-178, thang 2/1945, tr. 32.
9. Kieu Thanh Que. 1942. "Quan nipm dich tho". Tri Tin, so 56, ngay 22/7/1942, tr. 4-5, 20.
10. Kilu Thanh Que. 1943b. "Phe blnh vdi van hpc sii'". Tri Tin, so 111, thang 9/1943, tr. 16, 21.
11. Kieu Thanh Que. 1942. "Phien dich cDng la each dao luy^n van chuong". Trt Tin tap chi, so 49, ngay 9/6/1942, tr. 5-7.
12. Kilu Thanh Que. 1941. "Su hpe iujn dam". Tri Tan, so 23, thang 11/1941, tr. 4.
13. TrIn Nho Thin. 2007. Van hoc trung dai Viet Nam dwdi goe nhln van hda. Ha Npi;
Nxb. Giao due.
14. TrIn QuIe Vugng. 1996. "So do dien trinh lich su' va van hda Vipt Nam", in trong Vin hda hoc del cwang vi ca sd van hda Viet Nam. Ha Npi; Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hpi.
