KHOA H O C - C O N NGLfOl - X A H O I
Xay dung he thong danh phap va thuat ngu' hoa hoc Viet Nam
HUYNH VAN TRUNG
Tren ctf sd dam bao nhifhg nguyen t i e chung ve tinh khoa hpc, he thong, nhat quan, tinh dan tpc va pho cap, tinh quoc te va hoi nhap, tinh ke thuTa, ciing vdi viec xem xet lai nhiThg quy djnh da tiAig la nhiikig quy t i c cho viec phien chuyen ten cac htfp chat hoa hoc tuT tieng mi6c ngoai (Anh, Phap, Latin] ra tieng Viet, cac nha khoa hoc da xay diAig thanh cong mot he thong danh phap hoa hoc va thuat ngif hoa hoc. Day la cong trinh co y nghTa quan trong, dap uhg doi hoi cua xa hoi dang trong qua trinh phat trien va hoi nhap quoc te cua ITnh viA: hoa hoc.
Danh phap hda hoc (OPHHl va thuat ngir hoahoctTNHH)
DPHH va TNHH la hai khai niem ddng hanh va lien quan chat che vdi nhau trong mot ket cau den mdc nhieu khi ta noi va bien giai cho nhutng quy tac cua DPHH nhUng cung ngam hieu dd cung la nhdng quy tac cua TNHH va ngUPc lai. Cd the coi DPHH cung la mot loai TNHH chi ten cac chat hda hpc. Tuy vay, cung nen tach bach phan quy tac nao cua DPHH dp dung dUpc cho TNHH va nhOCng van de cua TNHH cung cd nhdng quy tac dac thii rieng can lam ro va cd sU nhat tri cao.
TrUdc day, cd y kien cho rang cudn td dien "Danh td Khoa hpc" cua GS Hoang Xuan Han (xuat ban nam 1942) thUc chat la ve thuat ngd khoa hpc sao dng khong gpi ludn la thuat ngd khoa hoc ma lai gpi la danh td khoa hpc. Chung tdi nghi, GS cd ly vi trong cudn td dien dd, ngoai cac TNHH la chu yeu cdn cd cac ten phien chuyen (DPHH) cua cac hoa chat, dung chd "danh td" la bao ham dupc ca hai khai niem DPHH va TNHH, ddng thdi cung phan anh tinh ddng hanh lien quan chat che cua hai khai niem nay. Tuy nhien, den nay con sd cac hpp chat hda hpc da len den vai chuc trieu, mdi ngay lai xuat hien them nhieu hpp chat mdi, sd cac khai niem va TNHH mdi cung rat nhieu va khd (ngay ca ddi vdi cac nha chuyen mon) nen rat can thiet tach bach rieng hai khai niem
nay. Hiep hdi Hoa hpc thuan tuy va dng dung qudc te (lUPAC) cung da lam nhu vay. 0 Viet Nam, Danh phap lUPAC, nhat la Danh phap hpp chat hOfU cP da dUpc mpi ngUdi sd dung, tuy nhien, chUa cd sU nhat quan va con rdi rac, thieu cap nhat.
Dac biet, hien nay khi chung ta chua cd sU thdng nhat ve nguyen tSc xay diftig TNHH bang tieng Viet va each phien chuyen thuat ngd (phan Idn la ten cac hpp chat hda hpc) td tieng nUdc ngoai sang tieng Viet, thi viec sd dung Danh phap lUPAC lai cang kho khan, thieu nhat quan va gay lung tdng cho ngUdi sd dung.
Trong bd^i canh dd, Hpi Hoa hpc Viet Nam nhan thay, viec xay dUng mOt he thdng DPHH vk T N H H ' la yeu cau bet sdc cap bach, dac biet cho gidi giang day va nghien cdu, nhdng ngUdi lam viec trong cac linh vUc hda hoc va cdng nghiep hda chat.
Dupc sU ung hp cua Bp Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe. Lien hiep cac Hpi Khoa hpc va Ky thuat Viet Nam, Hdi da thuc hien thanh cdng de tai: "Xay dung he thdng Danh phap va Thuat ngd hda hpc Viet Nam". Dudi day la mpt sd ket qua chinh cua de tai.
Cac quy tac phien chuyen DPHH va dat TNHH
Viec phien chuyen DPHH phai tuan theo cac nguyen tac chung sau:
Tinh khoa hpc; tinh he thdng va nhat quan; tinh dan tdc va phd cap; tinh qudc te va hdi nhap; tinh ke thda.
Cac quy tac phien chuyen trong he thdng DPHH Viet Nam bao gom:
Cdc nguyen tdc siC diing phu dm:
Bd sung cac phu am khong co trong tie'ng Viet: f (ferum), j (jasmin), z (benzen); md rdng pham vi sd dung hai phu am k va p de phu hpp vdi ky hieu (kali, krypton, paladi) ciing nhiJ ten hda chat (pentan) hoac Danh phap lUPAC (alkan).
- Chap nhan cac td hpp phu am: Br (brom), cl (clor), cr (cromi), dr (hydro), fl (fluor), fr (freon), gl (glucose), gr (graphit), kr (krypton), pi (platin), pr (proton), ps (pseudoionon), sp (spin), st (sterol), str (stronti), tr (natri).
Phu am g ddng trUdc nguyen am e khong chuyen thanh gi hoac gh, doc nhu phu am bd sung j .
Phu am d khdng chuyen thanh d nhung vSn doc nhU d trong tieng Viet (hydro, indi).
Phu am c ddng trUdc cdc nguyen am i, e, y trong nhutng td thdng thudng, tUPng ddi phd bien (acid, acetone...) cd the chuyen thanh x (axit, axeton..) hoac gid nguyen (acid, aceton...), cdn trong cac hpp chat it phd bien (phan Idn la trong cac tai lieu dung cho cac ddi tUcmg cd hpc van d bac dai hpc trd len) thi khdng chuyen thanh x (citronelol, cephalexin, cerebroside...).
Khdng thay phu am s bang x hoac z d am van cudi (hydrogenase, glucose).
Hoat dong
K H O A H O C s°*^^"9« 2011
KHOA H O C - C O N N G J O i - XA HOI
- Nhutng phu am kep tao van trong tieng Viet dUpc gid nguyen (methan, thiophen, chitin, naphtha..).
- Bo bdt mpt trong hai phu am cua phu am ddi (sacarose, paladi, amoni, ytri...), trd trong td ammin la phdi td cua phdc chat.
Cdc nguyen tdc sd dung nguyen dm:
- Gid nguyen cac td hpp nguyen am va doc nhanh tdng am theo tieng Viet (caesi, tautomer, seaborgi, einsteini, neodymi, eugenol, iod, niobi, fluor...).
Khong doc eu thanh P nhU trong tieng Phap.
- Khong ddng i thay cho y (hydro, ethylen, molybden...).
Bo bdt nguy§n am e d cudi td neu khong gay nham iSn (benzen, propan...).
Ve sd dung ddu:
- Bo dau sac tr§n cac van (carbonat, nitrit..).
Bd cac dau mu d, e, P (trd trUdng hpp nitp).
Cdc nguyen tdc ve thu nhdp vdn ngUdc vd mgt sd hgu td:
- Thu nhap mpt sd van ngUpc khong c6 trong tieng Viet (cadmi, hafni, magnesi, argon, arsenic, germani, osmi, hydrocarbon, alkaloid...). Ddi vdi mot sd td thong thudng, tUPng ddi phd bien cd the sd dung hai phUPng an:
Viet nhu phat am tieng Viet hoac thu nhap van ngUpc (canxi/calci, ankan/
alkan, oxit/oxide, bitmut/bismuth, bo/
bor, niken/nickel...). Ddi vdi cac nguyen td B, Cl, F, I can giff cac phu am r va d of cudi td de dl dang chuyen sang cac dan chat cua chung nhU cloric, fluoric, boric, iodic, iodat..
Ddi vdi cac nguyen td cd hau td -um thi bd hau td nay, cac nguyen td va ion cd hau td -ium thi chi bd phan -um (lanthan, mangan, platin, cromi, dubni, franci, natri, paladi, praseodymi, samari, seaborgi, urani, titani, ion carboni, ion amoni, ion oxini...). Trudng hpp ngoai le la hai nguyen td Cm (curium) va Tm (thulium) van gid nguyen hau td -ium.
J
de cd sU tUPng hpp giffa ky hieu va ten nguyen td, ddng thdi khong gay nham iSn.
Dung hau td -ide thay cho cac hau td -ua va -ur (cd ngudn gdc phien chuyen td tieng Phap) va co the doc nhu
"ai" trong tieng Viet (carbide, cloride, sulfide...). Cac hau td -ate va -ite giff nguyen, chi bo nguyen am e d cudi td.
Nhffng nguyen td da co ten Viet hoac Han Viet dang dUpc sd dung rpng rai thi cd tiep tue gpi nhU vay, nhu cac nguyen td bac (Ag), vang (Au), nhom (AI), ddng (Cu), sat (Fe), thuy ngan (Hg), chi (Pb), thiec' (Sn), lUu huynh (S), kem (Zn). Tuy nhien, de co sU lien he vdi ngudn gdc cua ky hieu nguyen td va danh phap cac dan chat lien quan, can thiet phai viet kem theo ten Latin trong dau ngoac dPn.
Cdn lai cac nguyen td khac, noi chung khong phien chuyen ma chi rut gon phan dudi nhu da trinh bay d tren.
Nhu vay, viec gpi ten cac nguyen to', dpn chat va hpp chat hoa hpc, ve nguyen tac, tuan theo Danh phap lUPAC nhUng ap dung cac quy tac phien chuyen neu tren.
Cac nguyen tac phien chuyen DPHH cung ap dung cho ca he thdng TNHH, trong dd cd phan Viet hoa (phien chuyen/phien am) va gpi ten cac nguyen td hda hpc, cac don chat va hpp chat hoa hpc cung nhU phan thuan tuy la thuat ngff, tdc la phan dich ten cac khai niem, hien tUpng va qua trinh hoa hpc ra tieng Viet, hoac dat ten Viet cho cac thuat ngff do, hoac phien chuyen mpt sd thuat ngff ma viec Viet hda khd cd phUPng an thda dang. Ddi vdi phan TNHH, con phai tuan theo nguyen tac ve ngon ngff hpc va logic hpc.
Ddi vdi DPHH chung ta phien chuyen, cdn cac TNHH thi phai dat. 0 day khdng chi la phien dich, chuyen ngff thong thUdng ma la cdng viec mang tinh tim tdi, sang tao, dat TNHH sao cho bieu dat chinh xac khai niem hoa hpc, dac biet la nhutog khai niem mdi ma khdng gay nham
lln, mu md. Ve ccf ban, co 3 phffpng sach chinh de dat TNHH: Dung td thong thudng; dung td Han Viet (chff Nho); phien am thuat ngff nffdc ngoai.
Day la 3 phffpng sach do GS Hoang Xuan ^Han lan dau tien de xuat va dupc Uy ban qudc gia soan thao Danh td chuyen mon (do GS Le Van Thdi lam Chu tich) sd dung tai mien Nam trUdc day (nam 1967).
Diing td thong thudng (tieng thuan Viet) nhff: Ddng, bac, chi, thiec, kem, vang, thuy ngan...
Dung td Han Viet nhff: Nhiet ke (thuat ngff thermometer neu khong diing td Han Viet la nhiet ke thi phai dich la dung cu do dp nong lanh).
Phien chuyen: Hoan toan co the ap dung cac quy tac phien chuyen ciia DPHH nhff da neu tren cho he thdng TNHH.
Tff cac ket qua nghien cdu cua de tai, Bp Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe da cdng bd cac bo tieu chuan: TCVN 5529:2010: TNHH Nguyen tac co ban (thay the cho TCVN 5529:1991) va TCVN 5530:2010: TNHH Danh phap cac nguyen td va hpp chat hoa hoc (thay the cho TCVN 5530:1991).
Cac npi dung chi tiet hon dffpe trinh bay trong cudn sach Danh phap va thuat ngff hda hoc Viet Nam (Nha xuat ban Khoa hpc va Ky thuat, nam 2010) kem theo 6.200 thuat ngff gdc, bao gom cac danh tff chi cac hien tffpng va khai niem hoa hpc. Trong thdi gian tdi, can hinh thanh bp tff dien khong chi CO cac thuat ngff gdc ma con co cac thuat ngff dan xuat cung nhff bd sung va cap nhat them mpt sd thuat ngff mdi va chuyen biet •
Hoat dong ,„
So th^ng 8.2011 j ^ j ^ O A H O C *"
