TRI^T HOC, SO 1 (284), T H A N G 1 - 2015 oi.g^.O-f
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VAN oe LOI ICH VA LOI fCH NHOM TRONG KHAI THAC
CAC NGUON TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN 6 NU6C TA HI£N NAYHO C O N G D t r c ' ' '
Ldi ich nhom dang ngdy cdng dnh hudng khong nho den qud trinh phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi cHa nudc ta. Trong linh vUc khai thdc cdc nguon tdi nguyen thiin nhiin, ldi ich vd ldi ich nhdm, mdt mat, cd nhitng dong gop nhdt dinh cho qud trinh phdt trien kinh ti'- xd hdi; mat khdc, ldi ich nhdm cdng dgt ra nhiiu vdn di cdn phdi gidi quyet. Bdi viet ndy gop phdn ldm ro khdi niim ldi ich, ldi ich nhom, tii dd niu lin mot sd vdn de do ldi ich nhom dgt ra trong qud trinh khai thdc cdc nguon tdi nguyen thiin nhiin d nUdc ta hiin nay.
1. Ldi ich
Ldi ich la mdt khai nidm da dfldc cac nha tfl tfldng ban de'n tfl thdi Cd dai.
Tuy nhien, cho de'n nay, khai niem ldi fch vdn dang cd nhiing each hieu khac nhau. Chiing tdi tan thanh vdi quan nidm cho rdng, *ldi fch khdng trung vdi nhu cdu, nhflng nd cung khdng hodn todn tach bidt vdi nhu cdu", rdng, ldi ich
"la cai dap flng lai nhu cdu va vi le dd nd cM cd nghia la Idi fch khi dfldc dat
trfldng thudn ldi cho nhflng hoat ddng chiira linh ldi ich rieng, cung nhfl tao ra sU thd'ng nhat, dinh hUdng cho cac ldi ich rieng. TUdng tU nhU vay, trong moi quan he giQa ldi fch trflde mdt vdi ldi ich lau dai thi vide thflc hien ldi ich trflde mdt la tiln de de thUc hien ldi ich lau ddi va ldi ich trUdc mdt phai phuc tung, chiu sfl chi dao cua ldi ich lau dai.
Ngfldc lai, ldi fch lau dai phai gdp phdn dinh hfldng cho ldi fch trUdc mdt. Tfl d6 trong mdi quan he vdi nhu cdu. Dieu dd cdn xay dflng cac k l hoach lam cho ldi cd nghia Id xet ve mdt ban chd't, "ldi fch
chfnh Id mdi quan he - quan he gifla cac sfl vat, Men tUdng cua the' gidi ben ngodi vdi nhu cdu cua chu the"(l).
Cd nhieu loai ldi fch nhU lpi fch ridng vd ldi ich chung, idi ich trflde mdt vd ldi fch lau dai, ldi fch chfnh dang va ldi fch khdng cMnh dang, v.v.. Gifla cac ldi ich ndy cd mdi quan he vdi nhau. Trong quan hd gifla ldi fch rieng vd ldi fch chung, ldi fch rieng Id cd sd, la nen tang cua lpi ich chung va ngfldc lai, ldi ich chung se tao ra nhflng dilu kien va mdi
fch trUdc mdt thd'ng nhd't vdi ldi fch Idu dai trong qua trinh phat tridn bin vflng kinh t l - xa hdi.
Ldi fch, dac bidt Id ldi fch kinh tl, ludn ddng vai trd Id ddng luc thuc day qua trinh phat tridn kinh te - xa hdi d mpi qud'c gia, mpi dan tpc. Thttc t l cho thd'y, "ldi fch la khdu quan trpng cdn tac dpng de khdi day va thue ddy tfnh
(*) Thac a, Nghign cflu smh Hpc vien Khoa hoc xa hdi.
(1) Le Hflu T£ng. Vi tri cua nhu cdu vd lai ich trong he thdng cdc dgng lUc cua sU phdt triin xd hgi. Tap chi TrUt hgc, sdZ, 1985, tr!71.
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HO CONG DUC tich ciic cua con ngUdi, phai coi ldi fch
kinh t l cd tdm quan trpng dac biet, cd tac dung quylt dinh"(2). Tuy nhien, mdt ca nhan nao dd khdng the thiic hien dUdc vide tim kiem ldi fch md phai cd sU lien he vdi cac ca nhan khac, tfl dd Mnh thdnh nen ldi fch chung ciia rapt nhdra ngUdi nao dd, hay cdn gpi la ldi fch nhdm.
2. hdi ich nhom
Ldi fch nhom da dfldc hinh thdnh tfl lau d cac qud'c gia tren the' gidi, trong do cd Viet Nam. Tuy nhidn, trdn the' gidi, nhilu nUdc da cd hdnh lang phap ly cho cac nhdra ldi fch hoat ddng mot each cdng khai va hdp phap, cdn d nUdc ta Men nay chUa cd hanh lang nay. O nUdc ta, ldi fch nhdra thudng gdn lien vdi ngfldi cd chflc, cd quyin va ngUdi cd dilu kidn thara 6, tham nhung, nhdn hdi Id, vi vay, ldi fch nhdm thudng dUdc hieu theo nghia tieu cue nhieu hdn.
Trong bai phat bilu b l mac Hdi nghi ldn thfl ba Ban Chd'p hdnh Tnmg fldng Dang Cpng san Viet Nam khda XI (2011), Tdng Bf thfl Nguyen Phii Trpng ydu cdu, "cMin lUdc, quy hoach, ke hoach vd chfnh sach ddu tfl phai cd tdm nhm xa, khdng hi tfl duy nMem ky, tfl tfldng cue bp, benh thdnh tfch, chu quan duy y cM hay "ldi ich nhdm" cM phdl"(3).
Ciing vdi quan diera tren, cd y kieh cho rdng, "ldi ich nhdm (hay nhdm ldi fch) dUdc Meu nhU la ldi fch cung loai, tao dilu kien va cM phdi nhau, mang tmh ca nhan, fch ky cua mdt so' ngudi hodc nhdm ngUdi cd cac quan he xa hdi tnic tilp hay gian tie'p vdi nhau, thudng di ngUdc lai hay ldm tdn hai Idi ich tap
the va qud'c gia. Vi vay, vl cd ban va trong da so' trUdng hdp, chflng deu hi phap Mat ngan cam vd xa hdi len an"(4). Nhu vdy, cura tfl ldi ich nhdm d day mang hdm y tieu ciic, chi phoi cac loai ldi fch khac.
Tuy nMdn, ldi fch nhdm cdn dfldc hidu theo nghla khac, nhfl "ldi ich nhdm Id ldi ich chung cua nhilu ca nhan hdp tac vdi nhau theo nhflng muc tieu, phfldng thflc nhd't dinh. Vl ban chat, ldi fch nhdm cung la nhflng gia tri vdt chat va tinh than de thda man nhu cdu cua cac ca nhdn trong nhdm..."(5); hay "ldi ich nhdra Id ldi ich cua mpt nhdm ngfldi gdn kd't vdi nhau, hd trp, mdc ngoac vdi nhau, giup dd ldn nhau de ciing nhau cd ldi ich va bao ve ldi ich dd"(6); "ldi fch nhdm la ldi ich cua rapt nhdra ngfldi hay radt tap doan ngfldi nhat dinh"(7)...
Nhfl vdy, ldi fch nhdra hieu theo nghia ndy mang tinh khai quat hdn.
Mac du cd nhieu quan niem khac nhau nhfl vdy vl ldi fch nhdm, nhflng
(2) Nguyin Trong Chua'n (chu bien). Tiin bd khoa hgc ky thudt vd cdng cugc ddi mdi. Nxb Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Noi, 1991, tr.35.
(3) Bao Tudi tri, ngky I I thang 10 nSm 2011, tr.3.
(4) Nguyin Minh Phong. Nhdn dien ldi ich nhom vd tu duy nhiem ky trong phdt triin vd tdi cdu true kinh te. 8/7/2012, http://www.petrotimes.vn/20l2/O7/
nhan-dien-loi-ieh-nhom-va-tu-duy-nhiem-ky-trong- phat-trien-va-tai-cau- truc-kinh-te/.
(5) D^ng Quang Dinh. Vai trb cua ldi ich doi vM sU phdt triin xd hgi. Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia - Sfl that, Ha Ndi, 2012, t r . l 4 .
(6) Nguyen VSn M^nh. Mgt sd' y kie'n ve lgi ich nhdm d Viet Nam, 01/08/2013, http://noichinh.vn/
nghien-cuu-trao-doi/201308/mot-so-y-kien-ve-loi-ich- nhom-o-viet-nam-hien-nay-291898/.
(7) Ky ye'u Hoi thao Khoa hoc. Ldi ich nhdm vd nhom lgi: Mgt sd vd'n di ly ludn vd kinh nghiem qudc te. De tai ca'p nha nUdc kX.02.15/11-15, Ha Ndi, 2013, tr.3.
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VAN DE LOI ICH VA LOI fCH NHOM...
ve cd ban ede y kiln diu thd'ng nhdt rdng, lgi ich nhom Id lgi ich cua mdt nhdm, tap hgp ngUdi ndo do, cd chung nhitng lgi ich.
Ldi ich nhdm cd nMlu loai, cd ldi fch nhdra da so, cd ldi fch nhdra thieu sd', ldi ich nhdm tieu cflc, ldi fch nhdm tfch cflc... Trong bdi viet nay, tac gia phdn loai ldi ich nhdra thdnh hai losii cd ban, dd la ldi ich nhdm tich cflc va ldi fch nhdm tidu cflc. Ldi fch nhdm tich cflc la ldi ich nhdm cMnh dang, phfl hdp va thd'ng nha't vdi ldi ich chung ciia toan xa hpi. Cdn ldi fch nhdm tidu cflc la ldi I'ch nhdm khdng chinh dang, cM lo vun vdn cho ldi ich ca nhan, hoac nhdm cua minh ma khdng quan tam den ldi ich chung cua xa hdi, cua cpng ddng, gay mau thudn vdi ldi fch chung cua qu6c gia dan tdc, can trd sfl phat trien kinh te' - xd hdi cua dat nfldc.
Ldi fch va ldi ich nhdm da dUdc hinh thanh tfl lau, nhflng tfl kM nfldc ta chuyen sang nen kinh t l thi trfldng thi ldi xch ca nhan va ldi fch nhdra cd dieu kidn phat trien manh me hdn. Cung vdi dd, qua trinh phat tridn cua khoa hpc - ky thuat vd cdng nghd da tao dieu kidn cho con ngudi khai thac cac ngudn tdi nguydn thien nhidn rapt each nhanh chdng, mang lai ldi nhudn cao hdn, gdp phdn kfch tMch tfnh tich cUc cua ngfldi lao dpng, ndng cao ddi sd'ng cua nhdn dan. Ben canh mat tfch cflc dd, ldi fch nhdm ciing dang iam nay sinh khdng ft tieu cflc gdy bflc xuc trong nhan ddn, gay mau thudn gifla cac loai ldi ich dan din kim ham sfl phat trien kinh t l - xa hdi cua dat nflde. Vi vdy, tac gia chu ylu neu ldn mdt so van dl nhflc nhdi
md lpi fch nhdm tieu cflc gdy ra trong qua trinh khai thac cac ngudn tdi nguyen tMen nMdn d nfldc ta Men nay.
3. Mot so van de dat ra do ldi ich nhom trong khai thac cac nguon tai nguyen thien nhien d nfldc ta hien nay
- Mdu thudn giita lgi ich ed nhdn, lgi ich nhdm vdi lgi ich chung cua cgng ddng, xd hgi hay Id sU mau thudn giUa lgi ich riing vdi lgi ich chung.
Ddi vdi bd't ky qud'c gia hay ddn tdc ndo thi cac ngudn tdi nguyen thidn nhien diu la tdi san chung cua todn the nhan dan. Tuy nhien. Men nay d khdng it nfldc trdn t h l gidi, nhd't Id cac nUdc kem phat trien, cac ngudn ldi tfl tai nguydn thien nhien dang chay vao tiii cua rapt s6' ca nhan, mpt so' doanh nghidp vd nhdm ngfldi ndm quyin lflc.
Dieu dd khdng cM gdy ra nhiing mau thudn giQa ldi fch ca nhan, ldi ich nhdra vdi ldi ich chung cua cdng ddng vd xa hdi, raa cdn lara nay sinh mdu thudn giQa cac nhdm ldi fch. Dilu nay gdp phdn giai thich v l tinh trang xung dot bao lflc trien mien dang dien ra tai nMlu ndi d chau Phi va Trung Ddng hien nay.
O Vidt Nam, mot trong nhQng thu doan cua ldi fch nhdra tieu cUc the Men d chd, nhiing ngUdi cd chflc, cd quyin da cdp phep tran lan, cd'p phdp khdng dung ddi tUdng, bao kd cho vide khai thae cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nMdn mpt each v6 tpi va nhdm dn chia Ipi fch vdi cac doanh nghiep vd cac ca nhan khac. Cdn ldi ich chung cua ngudi dan thi hdu nhu khdng dUdc quan tdm din.
Hien nay, d nfldc ta cd tinh trang "vl
HO CONG DUG mat quan ly, viec phan cap giQa trung
Udng va dia phUdng rat tuy tien, khdng dUa tren quy hoach chung nao, raa giao todn quyin cho dia phfldng. Tfl do, dia phUdng ed qua nhilu quyen cap giay tham dd khai thac tren nhflng dien tfch dd't chUa h i dfldc dilu tra ldn quy hoach... Dilu ndy tao ra dpng lflc an cMa gifla cac nhom ldi fch"(8).
Ben canh do, vide cd'p phdp khdng dung doi tfldng ciing ddn de'n chuyen nhUdng gidy phep cho rapt so ddn vi khdng du ndng liic khai thac nhdm thu ldi bat chinh cho rapt nhdm ldi fch. Chii tich Tong hpi Dia chat Viet Nam da chi rd rdng, "xin mpt gid'y phep khai thac khoang san cM phi h i t khoang 7 ty ddng nhUng chuydn nhfldng gid'y phep dd se thu dflde 30 ty ddng. Lai kinh khung"(9). Va ngfldi hUdng ngudn ldi do viec khai thac khoang san dd Id nhflng ngfldi thupc nhdm vd cung cM cd mdt so'
"dng" md thdi.
Ngodi ra, viec bao kd cua cac cd quan cdng quyin cho cac ca nhdn, cae doanh ngMdp sai phara trong khai thac cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien da gay sfl nhflc nhdi trong nhdn ddn vd gdy thidt hai ldn de'n ldi fch chung cua da't nfldc.
Hidn tfldng khai thac lau md quang d Bdc Can, khai thac cat d huyen Hdng NgU, Ddng Thap... trong thdi gian vfla qua la rapt minh chiJtng.
Cac ca nhan, doanh ngMdp, cac nhdm ldi fch khdng chi hudng ldi tfl viec khai thac cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien rad cdn hudng ldi tfl stt dung dudng sa, giao thdng, hfldng ldi tfl viec chay i nop thui. Didn hinh vl dilu ndy la cac cdng ty vdng Phflde Sdn va Bdng
Mieu. Hien nay, "Phudc Sdn nd t h u i 230 ty ddng, cdn Bdng Mieu la 55 ty ddng khi hp da ban sach 6,22 tan vang khai thac dudc"(10).
Ldi ich ca nhdn, ldi ich nhdm tieu cUc trong khai thac cac ngudn tdi nguyen da dUdc cac nha khoa hpc canh bao rat nMlu tren cac diln dan, cac cude hpi thao khoa hpc nhUng cac nha quan ly, cac ca nhan vd cac doanh ngMdp chdng cdn quan tam; hp cM quan tam din ldi ich ciia phe nhdm hp, cdn ldi fch chung cua nhdn dan thi khdng cdn bidt. Didn Mnh nhu vd'n dl khai thac bdxft d Tay Nguyen, khai thac Titan d Binh Dinh, vide pha rflng de trdng cao su d cac tinh mien Tnmg vd Tay Bdc... Theo Bao Ddt viet, "phat trien cao su tai cac dia phUdng nay chi cd the dem lai ldi fch kinh t l cho cdng ty. Nghich ly cua nganh cao su Men tai dan Id ldn, doanh ngMdp lai khiing - la minh ehttng rd rdng ve rtii ro trong viec doanh ngMdp lam dung cd che thi trudng dd gay thua tMdt cho ngUdi ddn nhdm thu ldi nhuan cao nha't cho minh"(ll).
Nhu vay, cac ldi ich tfl ngudn tai nguydn thien nhien le ra la tai san chung cua toan nhdn dan, nhUng Mdn
(8) Anh Khdi. Chdy mdu tdi nguyen: Tt£m^ trinh tii diem ndng. 2/7/2010. httpy/sgttmioi-su/125107/Bai- cuoi-Phan-chia-tai-nguyen-theo-loi-ich-nhona.html.
(9) Ifoang Van. Thdn quen, chi tien Id (fid* quyai khai thdc khodng son?, 03/03/2012, http://www.baomoLcom/
Than-quen-chi-tien-la-duoc-quyen-khai-thac-kiioang- san/45/7989872.epi.
(10) Tul'n Vii, Dang Nam, Om hdng tdn vdng nhiing vdn nd thue. 27/7/2014, tuoitre.vn/kinhte/
620021/om-hang-tan-vang-nhung-van-no-thue.html.
(11) Nguyin Vu. Niidc mat ddn trong cao su Tiiy Bdc ldm gidu doanh nghi^. 22/10/2013, http:/Aaodatvi^vn/
kinh-te/doanh-nghiep/nuoc-mat-dan-trong-cao-su-tay- bac-lam-giau-doanh-nghiep-2357894/.
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VAN DE LOI ICH vA LOI ICH NHOM...
nay dang bi mdt sd' ca nhan vd doanh nghidp khai thac thu ldi bd't chfnh cho ban than vd doanh nghiep cua hp.
Ngudi dan d ndi cd cac ngudn tai nguyen tMen nMdn tM hau nhU khdng dfldc hfldng ldi gi, ddi song ngdy cdng khd khan, mat viec lam, tfldc raat cd hpi thu nhap bin vflng. Nhieu ngudn tai nguyen thien nMdn de khai thac dfldc ddi hdi cdn cd mdt didn tfch dd't rat ldn cho khu rad, cac bdi dd chat thai cung cac hang muc hen quan. Vi the', nhilu didn tfch dd't ndng nghiep bi anh hfldng, khdng the san xud't dflpc, dung nhU C.Mac da nhdn dinh rang, "ldi fch tU nhan khdng bie't de'n to qud'c, dd'n tinh, din tinh thdn chung, tham cM ca dd'n tinh yeu que hUdng nfla"(12).
Tfl sfl phdn tich d tren ta thay, lpi ich thu dUdc cua vide khai thac cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhidn d nUdc ta hien nay chu yd'u dang tap trung vao mdt sd' ca nhan, doanh ngMdp, nhdm ngUdi cd chflc, cd quyen, cdn ngfldi ddn khdng dfldc hfldng ldi ich gi tfl viec khai thac dd, mac du cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhidn la tdi san chung ctia todn dan.
Dilu nay dang lam cho mdu thudn gifla ldi ich ea nhan, ldi ich nhdm vdi ldi ich chung cua cdng ddng trd thanh va'n dl bflc xuc cua xa hdi ta Men nay.
Ngodi radu thudn vl raat ldi fch kinh td', thi hien thdi vd nhdt la trong tfldng lai, chung ta se phai ddi mat vdi hang loat nhflng van d l khac, nhfl d nhilm mdi trfldng, sfl can kiet cac ngudn tdi nguydn thien nhien, thien tai, lu lut ngay cdng gay gdt. Dd chinh la mdu thudn gifla ldi fch trUdc mdt vdi ldi fch lau dai.
- Mdu thudn giUa lgi ich trUdc mdt vdi lgi ich Idu ddi.
Gdn liln vdi radu thudn gifla ldi fch ridng vdi ldi ich chung trong qua trinh khai thac cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien d nflde ta Id vd'n d l vl raau thudn gifla ldi fch trflde radt vdi Idi ich lau ddi.
Ai cung bie't rdng, khai thac cac ngudn tai nguyen tMdn nhien de phuc vu phat tridn kinh t l - xa hpi la mpt viec ldm can thie't ddi vdi mpi qud'c gia, dan tpc. Tuy nMdn, viec khai thac cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhidn do phai cd ke' hoach vd tuan theo quy ludt vl radi quan he bidn chiing gifla con ngfldi vd tfl nhien. Hidn nay, bat chap rapi quy luat, rapi sfl canh bao cua cac nhd khoa hpc, mdt bd phdn khdng nhd, ke ca nha quan ly dd vi ldi ich ca nhdn, vi ldi fch phe nhdm eua minh, vi ldi fch trflde mdt ma khdng quan tam hodc bd qua nhiing hau qua sau nay, sdn sdng tie'p tay khai thac cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhidn mpt each vd tpi va, lam cho cac ngudn tai nguyen thidn nhidn dd khdng nhflng bi can kiet, raa cdn gay ra nhilu he My lau dai nhfl d nhiem mdi trfldng, nan thdt nghiep, ngheo ddi, dich benh...
Sfl can kiet cac ngudn tdi nguyen thien nhien, ke ca tren rflng ldn dfldi bien, dac biet la cac ngudn tai nguyen tMen nMen khdng the tai tao dfldc, mdt phan do sfl cap phep trdn lan, quan ly long leo cua cac cd quan quan ly Nhd nfldc, mdt phdn do sfl khai thac khdng
(12) C.Mae va Ph.Angghen. Todn tdp, t . l . Nxb Chinh tri QuSc gia. Ha Ndi, 1995, tr.228 - 229.
HO CONG DUC cd k e h o a c h vd t h i e u d i n h hfldng, chay
theo ldi n h u d n , ldi fch trUdc m d t vdi cdng n g h e k h a i t h a c lac h d u cua cac ca n h a n , t a p t h e t h a m gia k h a i t h a c . C u n g vdi dd la viec chii y l u x u a t k h a u cac nguyen lieu thd nhU t h a n da, d a u thd...
ddn de'n t i n h t r a n g can k i e t t d i n g u y e n . Thflc t l cho thay, "gan 100% t h a n x u a t k h d u vfla q u a cd t h e d u n g de p h a t dien vd san x u a t xi raang, day la nhflng loai t h a n du kie'n se t h i e u t r o n g tUdng lai gdn"(13). D i l u n a y chflng td rdng, vi ldi fch trflde mdt, vi ldi n h u a n raa cac doanh nghiep da bdt chd'p ldi fch lau dai cua dd't nfldc, cua cac n g a n h n g h e k h a c . Ne'u c h u n g t a k h d n g cd ke hoach bao vd vd k h a i t h a c t a i n g u y e n mot each hdp ly t h i cd t h e con c h a u c h u n g t a se p h a i nhdp k h d u td't ca nhflng thfl m a c h u n g t a da va d a n g xud't k h a u vdi gia r e m a t Men nay.
Cung vdi sfl can kidt t a i n g u y e n k h o a n g san, t a i n g u y e n rflng cua nfldc t a cung d a n g bi suy giam m a n h theo thdi gian, do cac ca n h d n , cac d o a n h ngMdp k h a i t h a c dfldi n h i l u h i n h thflc khac n h a u n h u p h a rt t n g t r d n g cao su, p h a rttng ldm t h u y dien, do l a m tac k h a i thac... Theo so h e u thd'ng ke, chl rieng t h u y didn "tfl n d m 2006 de'n n a y cd hdn 50.000 h a da't rtfng cac loai dfldc chuydn ddi muc dich stt d u n g de xdy d u n g t h u y dien... Rflng da coi nhfl h i t , cdn nhflng con sdng vd vun, mdi trUdng sinh t h a i sdng bi tac dpng manh"(14).
Sfl suy giam didn tfch rflng dd keo t h e o ngdi n h a c h u n g cua cac lodi ddng vdt va thiic vdt cung bi suy giam, vi c h u n g k h d n g cdn ndi cU t r u . Cac ngudn
gen quy M e m d a n g bi suy giara va d a n d a n b i l n md't. Ngoai r a , n a n sdn b a t t r a i p h e p cac lodi dpng vdt quy M e m n h d m t h d a m a n sd thfch ca n h a n , p h u c vu cho ldi fch n h d m da lam cho cac loai dpng v a t va thttc vat cd n g u y cd bi t u y e t chung, a n h h u d n g d i n can bdng sinh t h a i cung nhU md't di n h i e u n g u d n gen quy hie'm sau nay.
Ben c a n h do, dien tfch da't ndng nghiep ciing d a n g bi suy giam, Vdi hdn 80% d a n so' ldm ndng nghiep vd h e n q u a n de'n ndng l a m nghidp nhUng hidn nay, dien tfch dd't dd san x u d t n d n g nghiep d a n g bi t h u h e p va suy giam do q u a t r i n h cdng n g h i e p hda, dd t h i hda, sa raac hda va hi d n h i e m d mflc bao dpng. Chi t i n h rieng viec Id'y ddt t r d n g lua t r u y l n thd'ng de chuyen cho viec p h a t t r i d n k h u cdng nghidp, k h u dd thi, trong 10 n a m qua, c h u n g t a da sQ d u n g 270 nghin ha(15).
N l u n h u t r e n dd't l i l n , n h i l u thfl da can kiet, t h i dfldi bien, cac loai t h u y s a n cung d a n g bi t d n diet k h d n g kera. Hidn nay, cac tai nguyen s i n h vat, h e sinh t h a i bien, ven bien va h a i dao cung d a n g rdi vao t i n h t r a n g suy thoai n g h i e m t r p n g do d n h i e m radi trfldng, do k h a i thdc theo loi h u y diet vi ldi (13) Nguyin Ngan. Viet Nam sdp phdi nhdp ddu thd ud than sau khi xudt re. 28/10/2013, http://baodatviet.vn/kinh-te/doanh-nghiep/viet-nam- s ap-nhap- dau - tho- va-than-sau- khi-xuat-r e- 2 3 58463/
(14) Bich Ngoc. Viit Nam dd "kit ddi' ldm thuy dien. 25/8/2014, http://baodatviet.vn/khoa-hoc/quan- diem/viet-nam-da-het-dat-lam-thuy-dien-3052267/
(15) XuSn Diing. Ndm 2020 dien tich ddt n6ng nghiip cua cd niidc la 26.732 nghin ha. 20/10/2011, http://www.qdnd.vn/qdndsite/vi-vn/61/43/trong-nuoc/
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VAN DE LOI ICH VA L O I ICH NHOM..
n h u d n vd ldi fch trflde mdt, hoac thidu quy hoach, ke' h o a c h cho sfl p h a t tridn b i n viing vd l a u ddi.
Ngoai sfl can kidt cac ngudn tdi nguyen tMen nMdn, Men n a y nfldc t a ciing dang phai ddi m a t vdi nhflng vdh d l ve mdi trUdng sinh thai, van de suy giara chd't lupng cupc sdhg cua n h a n dan.
N h u c h u n g t a d e u bie't, k h o a n g s a n thudng n d m s a u dUdi long ddt, mud'n khai t h a c t h i p h a i c h a t bd cay rflng, phai dung cac loai m a y mdc vd hda chd't de k h a i t h a c , dieu dd dd ldm m a t can bdng s i n h t h a i , 6 nhidm mdi trUdng ddt, nUdc, khdng kM; gay a n h hudng ngMdra trpng de'n sflc k h d e eua con ngfldi.
Chdng h a n , vide k h a i t h a c t i t a n d t i n h Binh Dinh, khai thac bdxit d Tay Nguyen vd khai thac vdng, cat... O n M l u ndi cung dang dat r a n h i l u he luy v l mdi trfldng nhfl ldm raat di ldp bao ve trdn be raat dia Mnh, lam m d t rflng, t d n g td'c dp xdi mdn, 6 n M i r a dd't trdng...
Khdng nhflng viec k h a i t h a c tai nguydn k h o a n g s a n gay r a nhflng h d u qua ve radi trfldng, m a viec p h a t t r i e n t h u y dien, p h a riing trdng cao su, p h a riing nudi tdra, p h a riing lara ao nudi ca d khdp cac dia phfldng cua nfldc t a hien n a y cung d a n g gay nhflc nhdi k h d n g kem, do p h a vd cdn b d n g h e s i n h thai, hp ddng - thflc vat, Idra t h a y ddi ddng chay, t h u h e p k h d n g gian sd'ng cua ngUdi ddn. Vao m u a mUa lu, ngfldi ddn cac dia phfldng p h a i g a n h chiu c a n h l u lut cud'n trdi n h i e u tdi san, nhd ctta, hoa mau, bi d n h i l m ngudn nUdc s i n h hoat, gay t h i e t h a i ve ngudi vd tdi s a n h a n g ty ddng.
N h u vay, vi ldi fch trflde radt, vi ldi n h u d n raa cac ca n h a n , d o a n h n g M e p thupc cac n h d m ldi fch k h a c n h a u da t h i e u q u a n t d m dd'n h a u q u a l a u ddi ve sau, da k h a i t h a c cac n g u d n t a i n g u y e n thidn n h i e n mdt each t a n bao, vd tpi va, tMe'u quy hoach, kd' hoach,... d a n de'n n h i l u h a u q u a va hd luy k h d n Ifldng.
Mac du vay, vi ldi fch ca n h a n , vi ldi fch phe n h d m ciia m i n h , vi ldi ich trflde m a t t h i nhflng ngfldi k h a i t h a c tdi nguydn vdn ba't c h a p ta't ca. D u n g nhU ldi C.Mac n h d c lai T . J . D u n n m g r a n g , "vdi rapt ldi n h u a n thfch d a n g t h i tU b a n trd ndn c a n dara..., dfldc 50% t h i nd trd n e n t h a t tao bao, dfldc 100% t h i nd cha dap Ien rapi M a t le ciia xa hpi loai ngfldi, dfldc 300% t h i k h d n g cdn rapt tpi ac ndo ma nd k h o n g d a m p h a r a , dii cd n g u y cd bi treo cd'"(16).
Tdm lai, ldi ich va ldi fch n h d m t r o n g k h a i t h a c cac n g u d n t a i n g u y e n t h i e n n h i e n d nfldc t a hidn n a y d a n g d a t r a n h i l u v a n d l c a p bach can p h a i giai quye't. Mot Id, m a u t h u d n giQa ldi ich ca n h a n , ldi fch n h d m vdi ldi fch c h u n g cua cpng ddng, d a n tpc. Hai Id, m d u t h u d n gifla ldi fch trflde radt vdi ldi ich lau ddi.
Viec k h a i t h a c t h i e u quy hoach, k l hoach, sfl q u a n ly Idng leo cua cd q u a n q u a n ly, cpng vdi h a m mud'n ldi fch, ldi n h u d n trflde m d t ciia con ngfldi da l a m can kiet eae n g u d n t a i nguydn, gay d n h i e m mdi trfldng, md't can b d n g s i n h t h a i . D a y c h i n h la nhflng vd'n d l cdn dfldc q u a n t a m giai q u y l t Mdn nay. •
(16) C.Mac va Ph.Angghen. Todn tdp, t.23. Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia. H i Noi, 1993, tr.l056.
