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\J Pinh Phung- TJm hieu inh hudng ciia vin hoi An B
l>^ TIM HIEU ANH Hl/dNG CUA VAN HOA AN DO 6 MIEN TRUNG VIET NAM
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di nhdng tai lieu h i l n b i l t dupe ght c h i p trong ljch sd, eie dt tich, dt vat Champa da dupe p h i t hten, eung nhdng ket qua nghiin cdu eda nhtlu the he, bude dau chung tdi thd tim hiiu, dUng lai tien trinh i n h hudng eua v i n hoa An Dp tren dit dat milnTrung trong ijch sd {chu yeu t d Quing Binh tdi Binh Thuan).?- NhQng tien de kinh ti, vdn hod, xa hdi d miin Trung trUdc khi chiu dnh hudng eda vdn hod An Dd
MilnTrung ndi chung cddja hinh kha phdc tap, v l cd b i n , phia Tiy la nhdng ngpn nui cao chat ngat thudc diy TrUdng Sdn keo dai t d Ble vao Nam, phia Odng la bien ldn, vdi mot dii"ddng bang"nhd hep ehay dpc ven bten. Oja hinh mien dat lat bj cat chia bdi nhCfng d i i nut thap t d TrUdng Sdn dam ngang ra b i l n eung he thdng sdng ngdi chang chjt Tren mien dat nay, qua nghien cdu d i tim dupc k l i i nhtlu dau vet n i n van hoa t i l n - sd sd, dac b i l t la n i n van hoa Sa Huynh phat t r i l n rUc rd. Theo nhQng phat trien khio cd hpe, eho den nay, van hoa Sa Hu^nh da p h i t hien dUpe d khap ndi tren 100 di tieii thudc dai dat m i l n Trung t d Quing Binh den Binh Thuin, tren eao nguyen (Kon Tum, Dae Lie) va eie h i i d i o xa xdt (eu lao Cham - Quing Nam, cu lao Re (Ly Sdn) - Quing Ngii), die biet tap trung d i m d i e tat dong bang eie ttnh Quang Nam, Quing N g i i Nhdng dt tieh, di vat tim dUde eho thay ngUdi Sa Huynh cd nen kinh t l k h i phat trien, hp sin xuat ndng nghiep, ehan nudt, l i m dd gdm, ehe t i e dd trang sdc d trinh dp cao, ttnh xao, ed g i i trj my thuat. Trin ed sd dd, hp da ed sU giao lUu thUdng mat vdt cac cdng dong ngUdi trong khu vUe (trudc v i d i u Cdng nguyin). Nhdng gUdng ddng, tten Ngu thu thdt Han d i ed mat trong ddi song eda cU d i n Sa Huynh tai cac dt ehi Hau Xa, Q u i Sdn (Quing Nam). Ddi song ttnh t h i n ciia eU dan Sa
Huynh k h i phong phu dupe, the hten tren nhdng toai hinh, hoa van trang tri do gdm k h i dep, hoin ehinh. Die biet v l t i n g tue, nhCfng tat lieu l(hio co hpe eho biet ngudt Sa Huynh dupe chdn trong mo chum cd kich thUdc Idn, trang tri dep, nhtlu mp sd dung chum kep gdm hai chum Idng vao nhau.
Trong md chdn nhilu dd tuy tang, kim locit mau, d i qu^, ma nao, do ddng, do gdm... TrUdc day, khi nghien cdu v l van hoa Sa Huynh, nhieu ngudi eho rang"... ngudi Cham cd kha nang la h^u du^eiia ngUdi Sa Hu^nh","... td tien ngudi Cham den duyen h i t Viet Nam va de lai dau tfeh trong cic di chi thudc phdc he v i n hoa Sa Huynh"^; y kiln nay cho den nay dUpe tai lieu khio cd hpe d i n l i m sang t6, gdp p h i n khang djnh ngUdi Cham la hau du# eiia tdc ngUdi d i tao nen van h o i Sa Huynh. DUa vao tien de t d van hoa Sa Huynh, ngUdt Cham da xay dung mdt n i n kinh te - v i n h o i kha phat trien. HQ la nhdng ngUdi gidi lam rudng, cd t i i khat thac rdng, vuon ra khai thac bien, tao nen n i n kinh te phat trien t r i n nhtlu ITnh vUc Ngoai mdt giao luu truyen thdng vdt ngudi Trung Hoa, t d nhCfng nam dau edng Ijch ho cdn t i l p xuc giao lUu budn ban vdl ngudl An Dp.Theo sd lieu cho bilt, nhCfng the ky trUde Cdng nguyin, nhtlu thUOng n h i n An 06 d i giong thuyen vupt bten den budn b i n va truyen giao d nhilu khu vUe thudc Odng Nam A. NhCfng the ky sau cdng nguyen, I i n sdng thuong mat va truyin g i i o lai eing gta t i n g , dd la nhdng tien de de cie qudc gia trong khu vUe dan chju i n h hUdng eua van h o i An Dp. Truyen thuyet eda ngUdi Cham cho b i l t , nhdng nam d i u Cdng nguyen, ngUdi Chim cd n h l l u bd tdc sinh sdng r i i r i c dpc ven b i l n mien Trung, trong dd cd hai bd tpc Idn l i bd tdc Diia (Narikela Vamsa) d dia ban phia Ble v i b$
tdc Cau (Kramuka Vamsa) d dja ban phia Nam. Cic
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bp tdc ngudi Cham cd td chde xa hot kha chat ehe, CO mdi lien quan mat thiet vdi nhau. Cd le, tdc Cau la hat nhan chinh de hinh thanh nen tleu qudc ban d i u cua ngudi Cham d phia Nam, ma t i i lieu tim dupe la tam bta Vd Canh (Nha Trang). Ndi dung bia d l cap den vj vua dau tten sang lap ra trieu dat Sri Mara. Tdc Dda d phia Bac cung cac edng ddng ngUdi khae bj d l che phong k i l n Trung Hoa xam lang dd hd nhUng hp van cd mdt l i l n he thudng xuyen vdt bp phan cu dan Cham phia Nam. Khdng khuat phuc dudt su dd hd, vdt y thdc ddc lap, Ipi dung dia hinh htem trd, hp da lien ket vdi nhau dau tranh khdng met mdi chdng lai sU dd hd cua quan xam lupc Sau nhtlu l l n ndt day trong eie n i m 100, 137,183 va dinh cao la cudc ndi d l y nam 192, n h i n dan huyen Tupng Lam d i gianh dupe dpc lap, dUng n i n qudc gia rieng cua minh (Lim Ap - LinYt),
"Lim Ap nguyen l i huyen Tupng Lam, q u i n Nhat Nam thdt Tay Han, ve cudi ddi Han, ngUdt nUdc ay giet quan lenh, t u l i p nude gpi la Lam Ap.. ."^ Qua eae thdt ky Ijeh sd nUde Lam Ap, ed nhieu ten gpi khae nhau: Lam Ap - Hoin VUdng - Chiem Thinh...
T d t t i n de n i n dpe lap ban dau, ngUdi Cham eung cd diing xay mdt n i n van hoa Champa phat trien khi rue rd, trong dd v i n hda An Dp gid vai trd i n h hudng chu dao. Su i n h hudng cua v i n h o i An Do ed nhdng tten de Ijch sd, nhUng chi d i n khi ngUdi Cham gianh dupc ddc lap thi eie dieu kien ban dau mdi cd cd hdi de phat t r i l n , tham siu vao ddi sdng tinh t h i n eda ngUdi Cham.
Nhdng d i l u kten cd b i n do dUde the hten qua cac yeu to: nen ddc l i p t u ehd cua ngUdi Chim, eung vdi n i n van hoa ban dja dupe dung xay trong Ijch sd, hp chu ddng tiep thu v i n h o i , thtet c h i xa hdi, tdn giao phu hpp vdi dieu kten t i m ly tinh cam eda dan tdc, d i l u kten kinh t l k h i phat trien va yeu td dja 1^ kha thuan ipi cho n i n van hda ben ngoai du nhap. Dd l i nhdng iy do g i i i thieh tat sao nen van hoa Trung Hoa ed mdt giao lUu i n h hUdng k h i sdm vdt cu dan t r i n vung dat n i y nhUng khdng i n h hudng sau dam n h u v i n h o i An Od.
2- NhQng dnh hudng cua nen vdn hod An Dd vdo miin Trung
Theo nhdng ngudn t i i lieu eho biet van hda An Od d i cd sU tiep xuc den vung Ddng Nam A ndi chung, Viet Nam ndi r i l n g t i i nhdng the ky dau edng nguyen: "Vao khoing nda d i u the ky I sau Cdng nguyen chic ehan d i cd cude ttep xuc gida nhtifng ngudt mang van hda An Dp vdt nhdng ngUdi dan b i n dja 3 vung Bac - Trung - Nam nUde ta luc bay gid... Nhtlu tu si d i den t u va truyen g i i o d nUdc ta, dd l i edsd hinh t h i n h mot Idp van minh Phit giao - Ba la mdn giao d i u tten. .."^ Trong 5 tuyen dUdng bten ma van h o i An Od vao nUdc
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in - B l n l ^ ^ l nh O j n h , p ' ^ ta, d i n g chu y la cac tuyen vao Ninh Thuin - Blnl Thuan - Khanh Hda - Phu Yen, tuyen vao Binh Djnh, Quang Nam la nhCfng diem v i n hoa An Dp ddng chan va phat trien thupe dja ban eU dan Chim ed, hinh thanh nen nen van h o i Cham sau nay. Theo J eae n h i n g h i i n cdu, hap luc dau tien den Odng ] Nam A la budn b i n , trao ddt thUdng mat, nhat la j tim kiem v i n g ehd chUa phai l i truyen giio, "Hap - ^ lUe kinh te ma chd yeu la v i n g da dUa ngUdt An Dp ^ den Ddng Nam k"\ Kht vUpt bien dt xa budn ban "vdt nhCfng chang dudng dly htem nguy, hp thudng mang cac s u t i n g , thay tu, thay Ba la mdn dt theo d l cau sU binh yen. The l i cung vdi budn b i n , v i n hoa An Dp eung nhdng g i i o ly tdn giao cung ed d i l u k i l n lan t o i . Trong nhdng tdn g i i o t d An Op du nhap, chd yeu ed hai dong: An Dp giao hay B i la mdn giao v i dao Phat
An Od giao cd ngudn goc t d nhdng tin ngUdng CO thd cac vat td, cac sdc manh t u nhien, sau dupe t i p hpp lai, trpn lan nhau, hinh t h i n h mpt tdn giio da t h i n , trong dd, than Brama dupe coi la dang tdi eao, sang tao ra mudn loai, ehua te cua chUthan va eua con ngUdi. Trong giao ly cua dao Ba la mdn, cau true x i hdi ehia ra cac dang cap ngat ngheo vdi vai trd, ehdc nang va vj tri x i hdi khae nhau, Mae du ed sU khlc nghiet nhUng tdn giio nay lai ed y nghTa td ehdc x i hdi cao, phd hdp vdt vile xay dUng nha nUde. H I thdng da than eua Ba la mdn giao kha da dang, phong phu gan l i l n vdi cac hien.
tupng t u nhiln nhu: than Ida (Agni); than mat trdi (Surya); than mUa, sam set (Indra); than gid (Vayu);
than bien (Varuna); t h i n mat trang (Soma), hay cie bieu tupng trdi - cha (Dyaus), dat - me (Prithtvi), t h i n rang ddng {Usa), than binh minh va hoang hdn {Asuin). Ben eanh dd la nhdng vj than g i n vdi quan niem i m dUdng {Yont - Linga), quan niem tinh cam, nhuthan chit (Yama), than yeu (Kama), quan n i l m pha huy, sang tao v i b i o ton (thin Siva - Brama - Visnu), hay nhdng hoa t h i n eiia than Visnu t h i n h eie loit v i t quen thude gan gut nhU ca, rua, ldn ning, sU t d . . . eung cac y l u td phdn thUc sinh sdt n i y nd gan vdi nen sin xuat ndng nghiep, nhCfng chat thi ca l i n g man eua t h i n thoat, sd tht trong Rig Veda, Mahabharata, Ramayana cua van h o i An Dp d i thdt vao ddi song x i hdi Champa, gap dupe sU ddng dteu, g i i i toa dUpc bde xuc khi mdi gianh dUpc dpc l i p n i n ngUdi Cham da chap nhan md hinh x i hdi, tdn giao van hoa An Od trong eau true xa hot eua minh. Od l i t i l n d l de sau niy An Dp giao gid vai trd ehu dao trong ddi sdng xa hdt va ttnh t h i n eua ngudi Chim theo sudt tien trinh ljch sd va ho da s i n g tao n i n mdt n i n van hda ddc dao, i n h hudng cua van hoa An Op nhung mang dam b i n sac cua d i n tdc minh.
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Le Pinh Phung: Tim hieu inh huong cua vin hoa An 96...
Dao Phit doThich Ca M i u Ni (Sakya Muni) sang lap, ra ddi trong Idng xa hot Ba la mdn giao, nham p l i i n ddi ehe dp dang cap ha khae eua Ba la mdn.
Oao Phit chu trUdng mpi ngUdi deu binh dang, nliung chu yeu binh dang tren mat tdn giio, ehd khdng chu trUdng eai tao xa hdi. D i y la tdn giao hoa binh, phu hpp vdi tinh than eua xa hdi cU d i n ndng nghiep. Ciing vdt dao Ba la mdn, nhCfng nam d i u Cdng nguyin, dao Phat theo cac thuyen budn t o i khap vung Ddng Nam A va cd mat tai m i l n Trung nude ta. Cudi the ky II dau t h i k;^ III, Iin sdng v i n hoa An Dp do vua Kaniska true ttep thue day lai d at tran den ban dao Ddng DUdng va cic nUdc trong khu vUc Day la thdi d i l m thuan Ipi khi d i n tdc Cham vda giinh dUpc dpc lap, van hoa An Op da cd dieu kien tdt d l ddng ehin, dupe nudi dUdng v i p h i t trien. "Tdng k i t lai, ngUdi ta nhan ra eae each truyin g i i o hay p h i t tan van hda An Dp nhU sau: kht den dja phUdng nio, cac thay Ba la mdn xin cUdi eon gai thu ITnh dja phUdng do. Qua hon nhan, t d viec lay con gat thu linh, den lay con gai thd ITnh elp thap han ma dan dan djnh hinh ra Idp ngUdi mdt. Chinh ho la ngUdl tuyen truyen Ba la mdn g i i o eho nhan dan... Cie qude gia vCing nay trUde day ehUa cd t h i l t ehe chat che, ma ehi thdng qua anh hUdng nay ma day nhanh to chde nha nUdc ngay mdt chat che han"^. "An Dp giao da dupc truyen b i sang Odng Nam A t d nhdng the k<j dau Cdng nguyen va da ddng mdt vat trd quan trpng trong sU hinh thanh cac nha nUde sdm d khu vUe nay. Cae thu ITnh bd lac, thj tdc trong khu vUc ttep nhan md hinh to ehdc vuang quyen, to chde xa hdi cua An Op giao dem dng dung trong lanh dja cua minh. Din chung cijn^de dang t i l p nhan nhCfng vj t h i n thien nhiln eua An Dp g i i o vdi tam niem cau mong dupe ban p h i t am no, phdn vinh tren rudng ddng, ngoat bten ca..."^
Van hda An Dp anh hUdng den ngUdi Cham mang ca hai yeu td Ba la mdn giao va Phat giao, nhung Ba la mdn g i i o ed p h i n thang the han bdi ngoai y l u to thUe dung xay dUng va to chde cd eau x i hdt, giao ly gan gui vdi tdn giao nguyen thuy eda cU dan, thi "Tat c i eie sU tang t d An Od sang d i u da tdng hpe dao Ba la mdn. Cho n i n , Phit g i i o An Od sang Viet Nam vda ed tinh chat Phit g i i o vda ed tinh chat Ba la mdn giao"'. Kht ttep xuc vdt van hoa An Dp, "Dan tpc Chim ddng h o i nhanh vdi n i n van minh ay; hp theo tdn giao va phong tue, chdviet v i tutudng; h i n h chinh v i p h i p luat eda n i n v i n minh ay. Tdn g i i o ehinh cua ngUdl Chim la An Od g i i o , nghTa la chi thd mot trong 3 vi hay l i thd ehung c i 3 vj trong tam t h i n g i i o An Op la Brama, Visnu va Siva.,. NhUng hp cung cdn theo ea dao Phit. .."^
5- NhQng di tich, di vdt - bang chdng lich sQ Cho den nay khi nghien eCfu van h o i mien Trung trong Ijeh sd, eu t h i han la van hoa Champa, eie nha nghien cdu nhan t h I y rd, vin hoa Champa chiu i n h hudng sau dam eda vin hoa An Dd, dae biet la sutham dam cua van hda B i la mdn giao va Phat giio. Anh hudng dd dUdc t h i h i l n qua hai ngudn t i t lieu chinh: nhdng ght ehep trong sd lieu, bi ky va nhCfng dau vet di tich, di vat d l lai eho den n g i y nay t r i i dpe theo chilu dai dai dat milnTrung.
Theo nhieu nguon sd lieu eho biet sau khi gianh dUpe doe lap, x i y dUng nen eae qudc gia tU ehu eua dan tdc minh, ngudi Chim d l nhilu lan phit chdng lai sU x i m l i n g cCia d l c h i phong kien Trung Hoa. Trong cae eupc chinh phat nay, cae sCf gia Trung Hoa deu ghi lat cac cdng trinh kien true cCia ngudi Cham la " t h i p quy" Theo Thuy kinh ehO ghi, trong thanh D i l n Xung eda ngUdi Cham "Oen than thap quy 8 mieu, dal cao nhtlu tang, hinh tUa t h i p Phat..,"^. Trong cudc chinh phat eCia LUu PhUdng {605), ngoai vtec eUdp di 18 bd than ehii trong mieu deu due bang vang, theo tU lieu lieh sd eCia Ngan Tdng {610-657) thi Luu PhUdng cdn thu v l 1350 pho kinh Phit gdi l i m 564 bd va viet bang ehd Cham. Nhdng vi du v l tU lieu Ijch sd dd eho biet van hoa An Od cd mat sdm va ddng vai tro quan trpng trong ddi sdng xa hdi Champa.
Cung nhdng ghi c h i p trong Ijeh sd, thi dau tich van hoa Champa de lat den ngay nay kha phong phu. DUa vao nhCfng dt tich, di vat tim dupe CO the thay nhdng i n h hudng eda van hoa An Dp vao vdi eU d i n m i l n Trung nUde ta trong lich sd.TrUdc hit la ve Phat giao.
Dau tien p h i i ndi den tam bia phat hten taiVd Canh (Khanh Hda). Theo cac n h i nghien edu eho b i l t tam bta Vd Canh "dUpc viet bang tieng Phan dung each, cho ta thay rang ho chju i n h hUdng sau sac eda nen van minh An Dp... ngudisoan bai bia d i de Id sUtin ngUdng rd ret vao dao Phat"'°.Theo Finot "y nghT cho rang tran t h i niy la khdng vTnh cdu, y nghTa ve su hoa k i l p nay sang kilp khae, Idng thUdng chung sinh, sU hy sinh eda cii cua minh eho Ipt ich ngudt khae, tat ea nhdng eat do chdng td Idng khoan dai cua vj hau due eda Cri Mara v i ed khuynh hUdng rd ret ve dao Phat"^'.
N i i n dat eua bta Vd Canh dUdc xac djnh vao the ky II-III sau Cdng nguyin.
NhCfng p h i t hien v l eie tUdng Phat bang dong tai Cao Lao Ha (Quing Binh) cd n i l n dai the k;?VI - Vll'^ d i cho thay i n h hudng cCia dao Phit tdt mien Bac Champa k h i rd. Tai kinh do Stmhapura (Tra Kieu- Quing Nam), n i m 1989 -1990 da phat hten dupe 4 hien v i t Phat giao b i n g dat nung tat chin
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dot Bdu Chau, trung tam t h i n h Tra Kieu. Od la nhdng hinh i n h the hien Phit ngdi thien. Nien dai nhdm tupng nay thupe the ky VII - VIII, phu hpp vdt cac ghi c h i p eda n h i su NghTa Tjnh khi dng ghe t h i m kinh dd n i y {671 - 695)'^ Phat giao d Champa dupe the hien vao nhdng t h i ky ttep theo, do la suxuat hien eua Phit vien Odng DUdng (Quing Nam). Theo bi ky tim dupe d Odng DUdng eho b i e t vua Indravarman 11 eho xay diing d day mdt ngdi den va mdt tu vien Phit g i i o , c i hai ngdi niy deu kinh dang cho Lakasmtndra Lokesvara. Bta v i l t nam 875 ghi lat "Do Idng tin vao Phat vua da cho xay dting nen mpt t u vien Phit giao (Vihara) v i den thd Lakasmlndra"'^. Trong sd cac liien v i t Idn cd g i i tri d|e sac tim dUpc d diy, d i n g chu y ed pho tupng Phit b i n g ddng eao 1,80m mang phong cich tUdng Phit vung Amaravattl. Theo J.Boisselier "tUpng nay chae chin n l u khdng la t i e ph^m n h i p thi eung l i t i c pham cd quan he sau sic vdi truyen thdng An Op den not khdng the n i o phat hien ra vet tich eda mpt t r u y i n thdng ban dja..."". Cung tat day, nam 1978 da tim dUpc pho tupng Lokesvara b l n g ddng eao 1,14m, the hien hoin my vdi gUdng m^t day tinh nhan chdng eCia ngUdi Cham.
Cling vdi trung t i m Phat g i i o Odng Duong, nhieu bi k)? Champa eung nhan manh tinh chat Phat giao dUdi vUOng trieu Indrapura nhu bia Ble Ha (hay gpi bia 6 Rdn - Quing Binh) nien d^i n i m 889 ndi v l mot trung tam Phat glao Idn tren dja b i n Ble Champa. Nhdng tUpng Avalokitesvara bang ddng tim dupe tai Thu;}' Cam - Thda Thien Hue {2 tupng), tat 0?t HCfu, My Ode - Quing Binh (6 tupng), hay nhdng phu dieu dat nung gdm vdt hinh i n h Phat tim dupe tat Nui Choi (Quang Ngai)'^
Cling 4 tUpng Phat bang dong tim dupe tai Phan Th t i t (Binh Thuin) ed n i l n dai theky IX-X... da ndt l l n Phat giao rat phd bien trong xa hot, die biet la vung Ble Champa. Mae du vay, trong eae trung tam Phat g i i o , yeu td Xn Op g i i o van thay rd, vl do ehinh b i n than cac nha sU cung chiu i n h hudng eda Ba la mdn g i i o va An Dp giao) tao nen mdt tdn giio chi phdi trong sudt chieu d i t Ijch sd eda d i n tpe Cham.
NhCfng t h i ky ttep theo, khi ngUdt Cham chuyen dd ve vung dat Vijaya, thi dd thanh eua ho cung dupc biet d i n vdt kinh thanh Phit The. Mac du vung dat Vijaya la kinh dd k l o d i i den 5 the k^
(XI - XV), dii cd t i l n d l eda giat doan Phat giao Odng DUdng nhUng dau tieh Phit g i i o tim dupe d d i y khdng ndi trdi. Tat thanh Cha Ban (kinh dd Vi- jaya) hien ehi cdn lai dau tieh gpt la ehua Vua, nhung chUa rd day la dau tich ehua thdi Champa hay cua Trung Udng Hoing d l Nguyen Nhae sau
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nay. Tren dja ban Binh Oinh hien nay cdn tim d u p d ^ mdt tupng Phat ngdi t h i l n dUdt tan ran 7 d a u * (Phudc Hiep - t u y PhUde). Tai Bio tang Ljch sd « Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh lUu gtQ mdt tUpng Phat bang ddng t h i ky X. Du cac hien vat chUa n h i l u nhung cd the tin giai doan Vijaya, Phat giao d Champa kha phat trien. Nam 1069, vua Ly v i o Vi- jaya, dng da dua mdt nha sU gde Trung Hoa ve Thing Long, ngUdt nay da gdp p h i n l i p ra Thiln p h i i Thao Oudng d phia Bae". Su phat trien va phd bien eda Phat giao Champa trong sudt thdt ky d i i vdt dau tich cdn de lai d i n t h i ky XV, ed t h i dd la nhQng t i l n d l tutudng kht vung dat nay h o i n h i p vao edng ddng lanh tho Viet Nam, tao t i l n d l eho Phat g i i o d vung dat n i y t i l p tue phat trien vao nhdng t h i ky sau, vdt cac trung tam Idn, nhU Hue, Quing Ngat, Btnh Ojnh, Phu Yen...
Trong khi cie di tich, dt v i t v l Phit giao p h i t hien ehUa nhilu thi eae dt tfeh, di vat l i l n quan d i n Ba la mdn giao d Champa lat glQ vai trd chu dao.
Theo thdng ke, th) vao dau the k;^ XX cdn den 229 dja diem cd di tich, di v i t van hoa Champa, trong dd cd 70 den t h i p , vdi hai khu t h i n h dja Idn l i My Sdn (Quing Nam), Pd Nagar (Khanh Hda)'^ eung hang ngan t i e pham dieu khae da, Nhdng di tieh nay ed mat sdm nhat trong lich sd, thude t h i ky VII vdi dt tich phong each My Sdn El. NhUng theo tat lieu bi ky cho biet sU cd mat eua cac di tfch edn sdm hdn, vao thdi ky vua Bhradravarman I, mdt d i m ehay da thieu mat "ngdi den thd vj than eda cae vj t h i n " , nha vua cho xay lai mot ngdi den thd
"ehua Bhadresvara"'^ m i sau nay eon dng la vua Cambhuvarman lam lai hoan toan mdt ngdi d i n khie b i n g gaeh. Sau do, mupn nhat la d i n Pd Rdml {Ninh Thuan) ed nien dat cudi t h i ky XVI.
Cung nhUcie dt tieh trong khu vUe i n h hUdng eua An Od g i i o , cac d i n thap Champa dUpc xay dUng chd y l u thd 3 vi than ehinh: Brama - Visnu - Siva eung cac vj than An Dp giao lien quan. Dtem khae biet cd the do yeu td dja ly, yeu td kinh te {!), du tuan thu xay dung theo nguyin t i e den nui (Srikhara) nhung eae d i n thap Champa chi md phdng theo bteu tUpng nut Meru vdl he thdng m i l t h i p nhteu tang chd it quan t i m xiy dUng cic tang de nhu thap Khmer. Theo eie tat lieu bi ky eho biet cac d i n thap Champa thudng Supc xay diing dUdi su b i o trp eda eie nha vua, hoang toe, cac quan dai t h i n , nhu mdt b i l u hien ket hpp than quyen vdi vUdng quyIn; cho nen eie thap du quy md khdng Idn nhung dupc khae tac trang tri dep nhu mdt edng trinh nghe t h u a t tham dam nhCfng d l t i t , hinh tupng mang not dung An Od giao sau sac Nhdng canh t u luyen, nhdng trudng doan khae tae the hien theo not dung sQtht Ramayana dUde biet
Le Dinh Ftiyng: Tim hiiu inh hudng ciia vSn hoi An 96...
/ d e n t r i n cac be thd My Sdn El, be thd Tra Kieu...
1 d i cho b i l t khdng nhdng ndi dung tdn giao ma ca v i n hoe, sdthi An Op da tham siu trong ddt sdng tinh t h i n eda ngudi d i n Cham. Trong q u i trinh tdn tai va phat trien, ngUdi Cham d i n dUa nhieu yeu to van hoa tin ngUdng cua d i n tdc minh hdi nhap vdi giio 1^ B i la mdn giao, d i e biet kht tdn g i i o nay d An Od ed sU cich t a n ^ thi yeu td v i n hda dan tpe dupc the hien rd trong nhQng edng trinh k i l n true eda ngUdi Cham chju i n h hUdng cua An Dd giao.
Dd l i sU hpi nhap vdi van h o i b i n dja, nhU trudng hpp nd than ndng nghiep - Me xd sd - the hten trong t h i p Pd Nagar (Khanh Hda) hoa t h i n t h i n h Sagravattt, mdt b i l u h i l n eda Siva giao (tren casd dd, sau niy khi sip nhap vao edng ddng, ngUdi Viet da t i l p thu va ttep tue t h d eung theo y thdc t h d Mau. Hien tUpng nay kha phd b i l n nhu thdThten Y A Na tat d i l n Hdn Chin {Hue), Ddc Phd (Quang Ngii)). Nhieu the k^ tiep theo, anh hUdng eCia v i n hoa An d i n suy t h o l i , eie vj t h i n trong An glao dan chuyen hoa tiianh anh hung dan tdc, nhU vua Pd Klong Garai, Pd Rdme hay eie vj hoang hau dUpc thd cung nhU cac vj than. Dae b i l t the ky X - XVI, Hdi giio tQ eie nude hit d i o qua budn ban, truyin giao da ddng ehin v i ed mat trong edng ddng ngUdi Cham, chia ngudi Cham thanh jiat nhdm:
Chim B i nt (Cham Hdi giio) va Cham An Dp glao (ChamU Kaphir). Mac du vay. An Od giao van la tdn giao truyen thong, chi phoi chd dao trong ddi sdng ttnh than eda ngUdi Cham. "Nhdm ngUdt Cham B i nt (khoang 1/3 tong sdcudan Cham) ngay nay.., d ben le Hdi giao hon la thUe sU thupe gtdi nay... Vile nghien edu nhdm nay, ma tam quan trpng ddi vdl n i n nghe thuat nudc Champa, tren thUe te chang ed gi", "Hoi giao dudng nhu chang tham nhap vao dau ngoai tinh Pandurandga"^\
Nhin chung, trong m i l n dat v i l n ddng thi van hda An Op da cd mat sdm va gid vai tro ehCi dao tren d i i dat mien Trung. Trong sudt tten trinh tdn tai v i p h i t trien cua minh, hoa cung van h o i b i n dia, van hda An Od da h o i than tao nen van hoa Champa phat t r i l n rUc rd. Do nhieu d i l u kten cu the, cho den nay, i n h hudng eua van hda An Op mdt ehi hteu b i l t han che trong cie dt tieh tdn giao, m i ehu yeu la cac dt tich An Od g i i o , eie ITnh
VUe khae hau nhUchUa duac biet den la bao. Khlc phuc nhQng han e h i nay trong tUdng lai can ed sU nghien edu, phdi hpp lien nganh, da nganh khoa hoe va cd nhdng d l t i t n g h i i n cdu eu the, de gdp p h i n hteu rd hdn ve van hoa Champa trong Itch sd.D
LD.P Chu thfeh;
1-Nguyen Binh Kho, Nhdn chiing hoc Ddng Nam A Nxb, DaihocvaTrunghocchuyennghiep, HaNdi, 19S5, tr. 153.
2- Le TrSc, An Nam chfluac, bSn dich tif l i l u Vien KhSo co hoc.
3- Nguyen Duy Ninh,"OenOoc CUdc - dau chan than - bieu tuong Phat", Tap chf Khao cohoc. so 1 - 2.1998, tr. 82 - 83.
4-Cao Xuan Pho,'Nhutig Snh hudngcua vdn hoa An Do vac Viet Nam", Gido trinh ddo tao sau dal hoc chuyin ngdnh fc/ido CO hoc, t u lieu Vien Khao co hoc.
5,6,7- Cao Xuan Pho, tai lieu da dan.
8- M. Georges Maspero, Vuang quoc Chdm, bdn dich t u l i l u VienKh^oc6hoc,tr.12-13.
9- Lich Dao Nguyen, Thuf Kinh chii, b i n djch tV lieu Viln Khiio CO hoc.
10- M. Georges Maspero, Vuang quoc Chdm, Sdd, tf, 12 n - L. Finot, T6n gidocOangudIChdm, BEFEO XV,tr.2 - 4.
12- H. Parmentier, Th6ng id l(hdo td cdcdl tIch Chdm dTtung K% Pans, 1909 -1919, hin dich tU lilu V i l n Khio c6 hoc.
13-Tran Ky PhucJng,"Ghi chii ve nhUngtieu pham Ph|t giao mdi phat hien tai Trd Kieu - QuSng Nam", NPHMVKCH, 1993, tr 301.
14- L. Finot, Lapremiere stele deDdng DUang, BEFEO, Vol, IV, 1904
15- J. Boisselier, La Statuaire du Champa (Nghe thudt t<}c (i/ong cila ni/*cC/jampa), Paris, 1963, b i n dich tulieu Viin Khio CO hoc,
16-Boan l^goc Khoi, "Phat hien noi sin xuat do thd cila ngi/cii Cham", NPHMVKCH. 1993, tr, 292,
17- Thiin uyen tdp anh, Nxb, Van hoc, Ha Noi, 1990.
18- H.Parmentier, Thong lii khdo td cdc dl tich Chdm x^
Trung K^,S3d.
19-BiaMySondenA1,dantheoHuber.eEFEOXI,tr,357, 20-Theo tai lieu cho biet, vao the kJ VI, do nhiing han che cua giao fy Ba la mon trudc nhCfng sU bien doi phat tnen cua xa hoi, ton giao nay co nhuing st/ c i i each ldn cho phii hgp. 6a la mon gtao sau nay t r d thanh dao Hindu trong xa hoi An Do.
21-J. Boisselier, Sdd, tr. 617-618.
Le Dinh Phung: Discovering the Influence of Indian Culture in Central Vietnam Champa culture vi/'ith many architecture types of temples, towers, statues, embossments, citadels lasted from centuries 2 and 3 until century 18, was rich influenced by Indian culture, especially tn religion. Some documents has revealed this relation of Champa culture, contributed to create a rich and diversified Viet- nam culture.
